Sensitivity Analysis of Counterweight Double-Row

Pile Deformation to Weak Stratum Parameters

Qiongyi Wang
Liaoning Technical University
Liang Zou
Shenzhen Dasheng Surveying Technology Co
Yungang Niu
Dalian University
Fenghai Ma
Liaoning Technical University
Shasha Lu (  lilyherb@163.com )
Liaoning Technical University
Cun Zhang
Liaoning Technical University

Article

Keywords: deep foundation pit engineering, weak strata parameters, counterweight double-row piles,
deformation in uence, sensitivity analysis

Posted Date: May 9th, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2858158/v1

License:   This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Read Full License

Additional Declarations: No competing interests reported.

 Sensitivity Analysis of Counterweight Double-Row
Pile Deformation to Weak Stratum Parameters
Qiongyi Wang 1, Liang Zou 2, Yungang Niu 3, Fenghai Ma 1,3,*, Shasha Lu4,* and Cun Zhang4
1 School of Mechanics and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
2 Shenzhen Dasheng Surveying Technology Co., Shenzhen 518000, China
3 College of Architecture and Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
4 School of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
Abstract: For deep excavation projects with weak strata such as filled stones and mud, not only is
excavation difficult, but instability and deformation problems are also prone to occur. In order to
explore the sensitivity of weak strata parameters to the deformation of counterweight double-row
piles, this paper takes a deep foundation pit project in Shenzhen as the research background, uses
the finite element analysis software MIDAS GTS NX to conduct numerical simulation analysis of
the excavation process of the foundation pit project, and compares the numerical simulation
analysis results with on-site measured data. Finally, orthogonal test method and theoretical
analysis method are used to analyze the sensitivity of three weak strata parameters on the
deformation of counterweight double-row piles. The results show that the cohesive force C is the
key influencing factor, the internal friction angle φ is an important influencing factor, and the
elastic modulus E is a general influencing factor. The research results have certain engineering
guidance significance for the design and construction of deep foundation pit projects in weak
strata.
Keywords: deep foundation pit engineering; weak strata parameters; counterweight double-row
piles; deformation influence; sensitivity analysis
1. Introduction
With the rapid development of coastal city construction, the development and utilization of
land reclamation and underground space have effectively solved the problem of urban land
shortage, but it has also brought many challenges to the construction of underground engineering,
mainly manifested in complex geological conditions and high requirements for controlling the
deformation of the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on the
influence of soft soil parameters in the reclamation area on the deformation of support structures.
In recent years, with the increase of soft soil foundation pit engineering projects, many
research achievements have been made in this field. Xiao et al. [1] combined with examples of
foundation pit engineering in soft soil areas, used parameter sensitivity analysis to determine the
key parameters of strata, and proposed a dynamic construction inversion analysis method based on
parameter sensitivity analysis and BP neural network. Li et al. [2] effectively combined the
treatment of weak soil foundation with excavation and support of foundation pits, and proposed a
new method of deep excavation of foundation pits in weak soil —— the method of excavating
deep foundation pits using a vacuum curtain to prevent water and atmospheric pressure support.
This provides a new design concept and direction for the development of deep foundation pit
engineering technology. Jiang et al. [3] studied the influence of soil creep on the interaction
between the soil of foundation pit and pile, and proposed a calculation method for calculating the
vertical additional stress of pit bottom soil caused by excavation unloading and a nonlinear
analysis method for single pile considering the creep deformation of pit bottom soil after
excavation unloading. Lehane [4] conducted a series of field displacement pile installations and
tests in reconsolidated glacial soil to obtain the effective stresses at different depths of the pile. He
analyzed the factors that affect the failure of pile bearing capacity under different effective
stresses.
Based on the definition of stress consolidation degree, Wang et al. [5] proposed a settlement
calculation method considering the negative pore water pressure and three-dimensional
deformation of soil, and determined the range of calculation parameters by conducting vacuum
drainage preloading indoor model tests. Truong et al. [6] studied the effect of pile shape and pile
end condition of kaolin displacement pile on the lateral load transfer curve in soft clay. They
validated their findings through centrifuge tests and finite element analysis, and the results showed
that the pile shape has a significant impact, while there is no significant effect under the pile end
condition.
Fan et al. [7] discussed the quality problems that occurred in the excavation of foundation
pits in soft soil areas of coastal cities, providing reference value for the excavation of foundation
pits in soft soil areas. Zhang et al. [8] established a finite element analysis model based on MIDAS
software, analyzed the influence of changes in soft soil thickness, burial depth, and excavation
depth on the surface settlement around the narrow and deep subway foundation pit under 108
different calculation conditions. Meng et al. [9] analyzed the influence of the size effect of
foundation pit model width and depth on the deformation of foundation pit excavation based on a
three-dimensional foundation pit example model in a soft soil area. Li et al. [10] studied the
distribution characteristics of internal forces in the comprehensive pipe gallery foundation pit
support in deep soft soil areas. By constructing a three-dimensional numerical model and
simulating the entire process of excavation and support of the foundation pit, the variation law of
internal forces of internal support, temporary columns, and earth-retaining wall structures under
different excavation stages was analyzed.
Through the analysis of the above literature research, it can be found that there are still few
related studies on the influence of soft soil parameters in the reclamation area on the deformation
of support structures. Therefore, based on a deep foundation pit engineering project in Shenzhen,
this paper uses MIDAS GTS NX finite element software to conduct orthogonal numerical
simulation experiments to analyze the sensitivity of three parameters of soft soil to the
deformation of the pile body of a balance cantilever double-row pile, and the research results have
certain theoretical value and engineering significance.
2. Project Introduction
This project is located in the Shenzhen Bay reclamation area of Nanshan District, Shenzhen
City. The site's geological layers, from top to bottom, are mainly composed of fill, silt,
fine-grained clay, gravelly clay, and completely weathered granite. The foundation pit design
adopts a counterweight double-row pile support structure. The foundation pit is excavated in three
layers, with the first layer excavated to a depth of 2.7m, the second layer to a depth of 8.6m, and
the third layer to the bottom of the pit, at a depth of 11.0m. This article selects the profile with the
worst geological conditions for analysis, namely the 1-1 profile on the east side of the foundation
pit, as shown in Figure 1. According to the foundation pit engineering manual and relevant
specifications for foundation pit engineering in the Shenzhen area [11-12], deformation
measurement points for the counterweight double-row pile were arranged on-site, as shown in
Figure 2.
 Figure1. Design diagram of double-row pile

Figure2. Layout of on-site measurement points

3. Three-dimensional numerical simulation analysis

3.1 Establishment of Finite Element Model and Selection of Calculation Parameters
A three-dimensional numerical simulation analysis model was established using the finite
element software MIDAS GTS NX to analyze the excavation stages of the foundation pit. The
dimensions of the soil model were 72m horizontally along the 1-1 profile, 36m vertically
perpendicular to the 1-1 direction, and 54m vertically, resulting in a model size of 72m×36m×54m.
The support piles were simulated using one-dimensional implanted beam elements, the crown
beam and connecting beam were simulated using one-dimensional elastic beam elements, and the
counterweight plate and retaining plate were simulated using plane plate elements. The soil was
modeled using a modified Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model, and the parameter values for each
soil layer are shown in Table 1, with an elastic modulus of C30 concrete taken as 3×104MPa, a
Poisson's ratio of 0.20, and a density of 25kN/m3. The boundary conditions of the calculation
model were set as: vertical displacement constraints at the bottom and horizontal constraints
around the model, limiting horizontal and vertical displacement. The entire model was divided
into a regular hexahedral mesh with a total of 26366 mesh units and 27616 node elements. The
three-dimensional finite element analysis model and support structure model are shown in Figures
3-4.
 Figure3. Three dimensional finite element model

Figure4. Support structure model

Table1. Parameter values of each soil layer.

Natural Weight Elasticity Cohesion Internal Friction Permeability

Stratigraphic(Genetic)
(kN/m3 ) Modulus (MPa) (kPa) Angle (◦ ) Coefficient (m/d)
1-1 Rockfill (Q4mL) 20.0 106 6 32 3.0
2-1 Silt (Qm) 16.5 10 10 6 0.005
3-1 Silty clay(Q4al+pl) 18.5 45 20 16 0.05
4-1 Gravel clay (Qel) 18.5 54 21 23 0.1
5-1 Completely
19.0 150 23 28 0.2
weathered granite (γK1)
3.2 Numerical simulation results
After the excavation of the foundation pit to the bottom, the deep horizontal displacement
variation curves of the front and rear rows of piles are shown in Figures 5 and 6. Both the top and
bottom of the piles have a certain amount of horizontal displacement, and overall, the deformation
of the front and rear piles is of the tilting type. Due to the constraint of the counterweight platform,
the deep horizontal displacement deformation law of the front and rear piles is basically identical,
and it gradually decreases with increasing depth. The maximum deep horizontal displacement of
the front and rear piles occurs at the pile top, and the horizontal displacement values at the pile
bottom and top are basically equal.
 H orizontaldisplacem ent / m m

0 10 20 30 40

-5

-10

D epth/m
-15

-20 F ront-row pile

-25

Figure5. Horizontal displacement of deep layer of the front-row piles

H orizontaldisplacem ent/mm
10 20 30 40
0

-5

-10
D epth/m

-15

-20

B ack-row pile
-25

-30

Figure6. Horizontal displacement of deep layer of the back-row piles

4. Comparison and analysis of numerical simulation and field measurement

data
The deep horizontal displacement of the front row pile at the on-site measurement point X3,
and the deep horizontal displacement of the rear row pile at the on-site measurement point X4 are
shown in Figure 2. The results of the comparison between the finite element calculation values
and the field measurement data after excavation are shown in Figures 7 and 8. The deep horizontal
displacement deformation law of the front and rear pile bodies obtained by finite element analysis
is basically consistent with the field measurement values. The horizontal displacement calculation
results of the pile bottom of the front and rear rows are both greater than the measured data, and
the horizontal displacement calculation results of the pile top are both smaller than the measured
data. As the excavation depth of the foundation pit increases, the horizontal displacement of the
front and rear row piles at deep levels is also increasing.
 H orizontaldisplacem ent /m m

0 10 20 30 40

-5

-10

D epth /m
-15

-20
S im ulated values
M easured values
-25
Figure7. Comparison of deep horizontal displacement of front-pile in the third stage
H orizontaldisplacem ent /m m

0 10 20 30 40

-5

-10
D epth /m

-15

-20
S im ulated values
-25 M easured values

-30
Figure8. Comparison of deep horizontal displacement of back-pile in the third stage
5. Sensitivity analysis
5.1 Orthogonal experimental analysis
In this paper, an orthogonal experimental design is used to investigate the effects of the
cohesion C, internal friction angle φ, and elastic modulus E of the two weak layers of filling
stones and silt on the numerical simulation. A three-factor and five-level orthogonal numerical
simulation experiment is conducted, with a total of 25 groups of experiments. The specific
parameter values for each factor are shown in Tables 2 to 4.
Table2. Parameters of cohesiveness of soil

Cohesion /MPa
Stratigraphic(Genetic)
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
1-1 Rockfill (Q4mL) 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
2-1 Silt (Qm) 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
3-1 Silty clay(Q4al+pl) 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
4-1 Gravel clay (Qel) 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0
5-1 Completely weathered granite (γK1) 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0
mL) 25.0 25.0
1-1 Rockfill (Q4 25.0 25.0 25.0
 Table3. Parameters of internal friction Angle of soil

Internal Friction Angle /°

Stratigraphic(Genetic)
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
mL) 28.0 29.0 30.0
1-1 Rockfill (Q4 31.0 32.0
2-1 Silt (Qm) 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
3-1 Silty clay(Q4al+pl) 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0
4-1 Gravel clay (Qel) 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0
5-1 Completely weathered granite(γK1) 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0
mL) 32.0 32.0
1-1 Rockfill (Q4 32.0 32.0 32.0

Table4. Parameters of elastic modulus of soil

Elasticity Modulus /MPa

Stratigraphic(Genetic)
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
mL) 103 104 105
1-1 Rockfill (Q4 106 107
2-1 Silt (Qm) 7 8 9 10 11
3-1 Silty clay(Q4al+pl) 45 45 45 45 45
4-1 Gravel clay (Qel) 54 54 54 54 54
5-1 Completely weathered granite (γK1) 150 150 150 150 150
1-1 Rockfill (Q4mL) 240 240 240 240 240
According to the above data, the orthogonal experimental factors and levels are shown in
Table 5. Based on the orthogonal experimental design plan and parameter values, 25 numerical
simulation schemes can be obtained. The numerical simulation analysis is carried out using
MIDAS GTS NX, as shown in Table 6.
Table5. Orthogonal test factors and levels

Factors Cohesion /kPa Internal Friction Angle /° Elasticity Modulus /MPa

Levels
1 A1 B1 C1
2 A2 B2 C2
3 A3 B3 C3
4 A4 B4 C4
5 A5 B5 C5

Table6. Orthogonal experimental design scheme and simulation results

Maximum horizontal Maximum horizontal
Trial
Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 displacement of displacement of
number
front-row piles /mm back-row piles /mm
1 A1 B1 C1 42.13 42.10
2 A1 B2 C2 40.39 40.35
3 A1 B3 C3 38.8 38.77
4 A1 B4 C4 37.37 37.33
5 A1 B5 C5 36.05 36.02
6 A2 B1 C2 40.20 40.16
7 A2 B2 C3 38.6 38.57
8 A2 B3 C4 37.18 37.14
 9 A2 B4 C5 35.87 35.83
10 A2 B5 C1 37.76 37.73
11 A3 B1 C3 38.37 38.34

12 A3 B2 C4 36.94 36.91

13 A3 B3 C5 35.63 35.60
14 A3 B4 C1 37.5 37.47
15 A3 B5 C2 36.09 36.06
16 A4 B1 C4 36.62 36.62
17 A4 B2 C5 35.34 35.31
18 A4 B3 C1 37.21 37.18
19 A4 B4 C2 35.8 35.77
20 A4 B5 C3 34.51 34.48
21 A5 B1 C5 35.03 35
22 A5 B2 C1 36.88 36.85
23 A5 B3 C2 35.48 35.45
24 A5 B4 C3 34.21 34.18
25 A5 B5 C4 33.06 33.03
Front Back Front Back Front Back
Range R 20.08 20.06 17.88 17.90 13.56 13.57
Relative
10.88 10.87 9.68 9.70 7.29 7.36
range(％)
5.2 Orthogonal Experimental Results
This paper uses the relative range of the maximum horizontal displacement of the pile body
in the orthogonal experimental results to study the sensitivity of the balance-type double-row pile
deformation to weak stratum parameters. The results show that the larger the relative range, the
greater the impact of the corresponding factors on the target parameters, and vice versa. From the
above calculation results and the relative range value curve of the influencing factors of the front
and rear row piles in Figures 9 and 10, it can be seen that in the front row piles, the relative range
value of the cohesive force C factor of the soil is the largest, with a value of 10.88%, which is the
key factor; the relative range value of the internal friction angle φ factor of the soil is 9.68%,
which is an important influencing factor; and the relative range value of the elastic modulus E
factor of the soil is 7.29%, which is a general influencing factor. Similarly, in the rear row piles,
the results of the analysis of the influencing factors are consistent with those of the front row piles.
 12

11 F ront-row pile

10

R elative range /%
9

6
C φ E
Influencing factors

Figure9. Comparison of relative range of each influencing factor of front-pile

11

B ack-row pile
10
R elative range /%

6
C φ E
Influencing factors

Figure10. Comparison of relative range of each influencing factor of back-pile

5.3 Theoretical Analysis Method

Assuming a system, the system variable is Q, which is determined by m main factor
parameters β1, β2, β3, ... , βm. The relationship between the variable Q and the parameters can be
expressed as Q = f (β1, β2, β3, ... , βm). Assuming that the parameters under certain conditions are
set as the reference parameters, the system reference variable Q* can be obtained as Q* = f (β1*, β2*,
β3*, ..., βm*). When multiple factor parameters are adjusted, the trend and degree of deviation of the
system variable Q from the reference variable Q* indicate the sensitivity of parameter influence
[13].
In order to compare the sensitivity of multiple parameters, sensitivity functions and
sensitivity factors in dimensionless form are defined. The relative error of the system variable Q
and the relative error of parameterβk are defined as the sensitivity function Tk(βk). When △βk/△Q
is small, Tk(βk) can be approximately expressed as:

df (  k )  k
Tk (  k ) = (k = 1,2,3) (4-1)
d k Q

Replacing βk* into equation (4-1) yields the sensitivity factor Tk* of factor βk, with a larger Tk*
indicating a higher sensitivity of Q to parameter βk at the reference state. By comparing Tk* values,
the sensitivity evaluation of system parameter Q to each factor can be obtained.
5.4 Theoretical Analysis Results
In this section, due to the consistent method used for sensitivity analysis of soft soil layers
such as fill and silt, and considering the length of the paper, the sensitivity analysis is only based
on the cohesive force C, internal friction angle φ, and elastic modulus E of the silt layer.
(1) Sensitivity analysis of cohesive force C
Keeping the internal friction angle and elastic modulus constant, the maximum deformation
of the front and rear pile bodies under different cohesive forces is extracted, and the relationship
between the maximum pile deformation and the cohesive force is shown in Figure 11: the
maximum pile deformation decreases with the increase of cohesive force C. The polynomial
function curve fitting the relationship between the maximum pile deformation μ and C is:

 = −0.176C 2 + 1.951C + 38.059 (4-2)

The sensitivity factor function is obtained from equation (4-2):

T ( ) = − 0.352C + 1.951 
C (4-3)

Substituting the reference value of C into equation (4-3) yields a sensitivity factor S1 of 0.393
for the maximum pile deformation μ.
44

F ront-row pile
43
M axim um deform ation value /m m

42

41

40

39

38

37
7 8 9 10 11
C ohesion /kP a

Figure11. Relationship between pile maximum deformation and cohesion

(2) Sensitivity analysis of internal friction angle φ

Keeping the cohesion and elastic modulus constant, the maximum deformation of the front
and rear pile bodies under different internal friction angles is extracted, and the curve of the
maximum deformation of the pile body versus the internal friction angle is shown in Figure 12.
The maximum deformation of the pile body decreases as the internal friction angle φ increases.
The polynomial function curve of the relationship between the maximum deformation μ of the pile
body and the internal friction angle φ is fitted as follows:
 = −0.198 2 + 0.182 + 42.818 (4-4)
Based on formula (4-4), the sensitivity factor function can be obtained as follows:

T ( ) = − 0.396 + 0.182  (4-5)

By substituting the base value of φ into formula (4-5), the sensitivity factor S2 of the
maximum deformation μ of the pile body can be obtained as 0.358.
 43

M axim um deform ation value /mm

42
F ront-row pile

41

40

39

38

37

36
2 3 4 5 6
InternalF riction A ngle /( °)

Figure12. Relationship between pile maximum deformation and internal friction angle
(3) Sensitivity Analysis of Elastic Modulus E
Keeping the cohesion and internal friction angle constant, the maximum deformation of the
front and rear pile bodies under different elastic moduli is extracted, and the curve of the
relationship between the maximum deformation of the pile body and the elastic modulus is shown
in Figure 13. The maximum deformation of the pile body decreases with the increase of the elastic
modulus E. The polynomial function curve of the relationship between the maximum deformation
μ of the pile body and the value of E is fitted.
 = −0.164 E 2 − 4.433 E + 65.169 (4-6)
According to formula (4-6), the sensitivity factor function can be obtained.

T ( ) = 0.328 E − 4.433 
E (4-7)

By substituting the benchmark value of E into formula (4-7), the sensitivity factor S3 of the
maximum deformation μ of the pile body can be obtained, which is 0.310.

44

F ront-row pile
Maximum deformation value /mm

42

40

38

36

7 8 9 10 11
E lastic M odulus /MPa

Figure13. Relationship between pile maximum deformation and elastic modulus

In summary, the sensitivity factors of various parameters to the maximum deformation of
the double-row pile body are shown in Table 7: the sensitivity factor of the cohesion C value to
the deformation of the pile body is 0.393, which is the key factor; the sensitivity factor of the
internal friction angle φ value to the deformation of the pile body is 0.358, which is an important
factor; the sensitivity factor of the elastic modulus E value to the deformation of the pile body is
0.310, which is a general factor. The three parameters will have certain effects on the deformation
of the double-row pile body. Therefore, when designing the support structure values, the influence
degree of each parameter should be comprehensively considered.
Table7 Summary table of sensitive factors
Maximum Deformation
Indicator
Sensitivity Factor of Pile Shaft

Cohesion C 0.393

Internal Friction Angle φ 0.358

Elasticity Modulus E 0.310

6. Conclusion
(1) A three-dimensional numerical simulation analysis model of the excavation of the
foundation pit was established using the finite element analysis software MIDAS GTS NX. The
comparison analysis of the numerical simulation results with the field measured values showed
that the numerical analysis results were basically consistent with the field measured values. This
validates the rationality and accuracy of the model and parameter selection established in this
paper, and provides guidance for the design and construction of similar deep foundation pit
projects.
(2) Sensitivity analysis was carried out using the orthogonal test method, and the sensitivity
of the horizontal deformation of the front and rear pile shafts to various soft soil parameters during
excavation was studied through 25 groups of orthogonal numerical simulation experiments with
three factors and five levels. The results showed that the cohesion C of soft soil such as fill stone
and silty clay was the key factor, the internal friction angle φ was an important influencing factor,
and the elastic modulus E was a general influencing factor.
(3) Sensitivity analysis was carried out using the theoretical analysis method, and the
relationship curve between each soft soil parameter and the maximum deformation of the pile
shaft was obtained by controlling the variables. The sensitivity factors were calculated by curve
fitting to study the sensitivity of each soft soil parameter to the horizontal deformation of the pile
shaft during the excavation of the foundation pit. The results showed that the cohesion C of soft
soil such as fill stone and silty clay was the key factor, the internal friction angle φ was an
important influencing factor, and the elastic modulus E was a general influencing factor.
Therefore, the reasonable selection of various soft soil parameters is extremely important for the
design and construction of deep foundation pits.
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding
author on reasonable request. The materials used in this study are commercially available or can
be obtained from the corresponding author upon request.
In addition, all relevant codes and protocols used in the study are available on GitHub and can be
freely accessed and used for non-commercial purposes.
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The data that support the findings of this study are available from Shenzhen Dasheng
Surveying Technology Co. but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were
used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however
available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of Shenzhen
Dasheng Surveying Technology Co.