maths grade 5 last

Grade 5 Mathematics book
UNIT ONE
Revision on whole number up to million
Unit objective: At the end of this unit the student should be able to;
 Understand and have deep knowledge about whole number
 Identify the place value and total value of indicated number
 Compare and order whole numbers.
 Apply their knowledge of whole numbers to solve problems.
In grade 4 you have studied that whole number greater than 9 are formed
by combining some or all the basic digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 & 9) together.
These basic ten digits are used to make numbers with two, three, four,
digits .
Example
 The numbers 2,5,3 and we can form the digit numbers 2563, 3652,
6532, 5,236
 The numbers 7,6,7,8 and 9 we can form the digit numbers 76,789,
78,967, 96,787, and so on
 The numbers 9,8,2,3,7,5, and 0 we can form the digit numbers
9,823,750, 8,937,250, 5,097,325 and so on
1.1 Place value
The most important feature of whole numbers are that of place value
The place value of a numbers is he position or place of a

particular digit in a number that determines its value.
1
Let us see this number in place value chart.

Billions Millions Thousands Ones
H T O H T O H T O H T O
100,0000,000,000
10,0000,000,000
1,0000,000,000
100,0000,000
10,0000,000
1,000,000,
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
2 8 9 6 7 4 3 1 5
Exercise 1
I. Write the place value of the number 4 in each number .
A. 47,872,225= ___________
B. 187,653,845 = __________
C. 964,231,763 = __________
D. 25,141,000= ___________
E. 987,653,214 = __________
F. 675,824,207= ___________
G. 948,392,673= ___________
II. Write the place value position for each digit number .
A. 54,321,760 A. 76,310,896 C. 806+,157,093 D. 120,793,534
5 = _______ 7= ________ 8= _________ 2= ________
3 = ________ 1 = ________ 1 = ________ 7= ________
2 = ________ 0 = ________ 7 = ________ 3 = ________
7 = ________ 8 = ________ 9 = ________ 5 = ________
0 = _______ 6 = _________ 3 = ________ 4 = ________
2
Write the following numbers in words .

A. 187,369,456 =
B. 854,476,321 =
C. 365,211,458 =
D. 365,211,458 =
E. 198,367,624 =
F. 732,645,213 =
G. 574,112,584 =
Write the number names in figures (numerals) .

1.Five hundred twenty -five million ,nine hundred forty- four thousand
six hundred and seventy- nine .
____________________________
2.Three hundred forty -five million, one hundred sixty -two thousand
nine hundred and seventy – seven .
____________________________
3.Six billion ,eight hundred one million ,two hundred thirty -four thou-
sand six hundred and fifty- eight .
_______________________________
4.Eight hundred twenty -eight million, one hundred twenty three -
thousand seven hundred and ninety.
_________________________________
5.Eight hundred nine million ,seven hundred seventy- five thousand
two hundred and seventy- six .
_________________________
3
Number concept
 As a young child, you first learned to count, and thus become acquaint-
ed with the natural numbers .

 The most familiar natural numbers are 1,2,3,4,5 . . .
 They are also called cardinal numbers .
 The set of numbers {1,2,3,4 …} is often referred to as the set of count-
ing numbers .
 Usually, the set of counting numbers is called the set of natural numbers
and it is denoted by N={1,2,3,4,5,…}

Numeration and Notation of large numbers .
Numeration
Numeration is the process of expressing a numeral in words
Example
124,258,354: one hundred twenty - four million, two hundred fifty -eight
thousand ,three hundred and fifty- four .
2,598,687,124:Two billion, five hundred ninety- eight million, six hun-
dred eighty -seven thousand, one hundred and twenty -four
Exercise 2
Write the following numerals in words .
A . 3,122,254,438= _________________________________________
__________________________________________
B. 8,457,563,324 = _________________________________________
__________________________________________
C.7,258,456,384= __________________________________________
__________________________________________
D.574,112,584 = ___________________________________________
__________________________________________
4
Notation
Notation is the method of expressing number names by their symbols, i.e
stating them in numerals (figure).
Example
1. Eight hundred one million, two hundred forty -one thousand, three
hundred and forty -nine = 801,241,349
2. Seven billion ,five hundred million, six hundred forty- eight thou-
sand ,five hundred and sixty -six = 7,500,648,566
Exercise
Write the number names in figures (Numerals) .
1. Eight billion, one hundred five million ,three hundred fifty-five thou-
sand ,six hundred and sixty ___________________
2. Three billion, nine hundred ninety million ,five hundred fifty- nine
thousand ,nine hundred and ninety- nine = ____________________
3. Five billion, three hundred twenty -five million, two hundred eighty-
seven thousand, two hundred and ninety five= _________________
4. Nine billion, two hundred six million, four hundred fifty- four thou-
sand, two hundred and Twelve = ___________________________
5
In the numeral 736 289 647.315

 The digit 7 is in hundred billions place i.e 700,000,000,000
 The digit 3 is in ten billion place i.e 10,000,000,000
 The digit 6 is in one billion place i.e 6,000,000,000
 The digit 2 is in hundred million place i.e 200,000,000
 The digit 8 is in Ten million place i.e 80,000,000
 The digit 9 is in one million place i.e 9,000,000
 The digit 6 is in hundred thousand place i.e 600,000
 The digit 7 is in ten thousand place i.e 70,000
 The digit 4 is in one thousand place i.e 4,000
 The digit 3 is in hudred place i.e 300
 The digit 1 is in ten place i.e 10
 The digit 5 is in one place i.e 1
Let’s see this number by using place value chart
Billions Millions Thousands Ones

H T O H T O H T O H T O
100,0000,000,000
10,0000,000,000
1,0000,000,000
100,0000,000
10,0000,000
1,000,000,
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
7 3 6 2 8 9 6 7 4 3 1 5
6
Exercise 3
Write the place value of the number 9 in each number.
1. 5,947,278,520 = __________________
2. 87,839,320,001 = __________________
3. 137,347,392,371 = __________________
4. 543,603,279 = _______________________
Write the place value position for each digit number.
A. 7,695,842,307 b. 263,478,910,827
7 = __________ 2= ______________
6= ___________ 6= ______________
9=____________ 3=______________
5=____________ 4= ______________
8=____________ 7= ______________
4=____________ 8= ______________
2=____________ 9= ______________
3=____________ 1= ______________
0=____________ 0= ______________
7=____________ 8= ______________
2= ______________
7= ______________
Write the following numbers in words.
1. 97,187,639,341 = __________________________________________
= ___________________________________________
2. 183,324,218,321= _________________________________________
= __________________________________________
3. 74,821,324,982 = __________________________________________
= __________________________________________
4. 890,327,103,392 = ________________________________________
=__________________________________________
5. 7,913,764,104= ____________________________________________
=____________________________________________
7
Expanded notation of large numbers

 When the place rules of the digit number in a numeral is connected by the
sign of addition, it is known as an expanded form.
 A numeral in expanded form can be written in different ways.
Example
875,364,126 = 800,000,000 + 70,000,000 + 5,000,000 + 300,000
+ 60,000 + 4,000 + 100 + 20 + 6
Or
875,364,126 = 8 hundred-millions + 7 ten millions + 5 millions + 3 hundred
Thousands + 6 ten thousands + 4 thousands + 1 hundreds
+ 2 tens + 6 ones
Or
875,364,126 = 8×100,000,000 + 7×10,000,000 + 5×100,000 + 3
×100,000 + 6×10,000 + 4×1000 + 1×100 + 2×10 + 6×1
Or
875,364,126 = 8×10 + 7×10 + 5×106 + 3×105 + 6×104 + 4×103 + 1×102 +
8 7
2×101 + 6×100
Exercise
1. Write the following numbers in expanded notation using words.
Example
154,246,387 = 1 hundred millions+ 5 ten millions+ 4 millions + hundred
thousands + 4 ten thousands + 6 thousands + 3 hundreds + 8
tens + 7 ones
1. 963,132,487 =________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
2. 5,789,321,654 =______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
3. 9,298,541,720= ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4. 7,896,407,900= ______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
5. 930,205,404 = ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
8
2. Write the following numbers in expanded notation by using figures

(numerals).
Example
8,523,234,265 = 8×1,000,000,000 + 5×100,000,000 + 2×10,000,000 +
3×1,000,000 + 2×100,000 + 3×10,000 + 4×1000 + 2×100 +
6×10 + 5×1
1. 3,947,421,714 = _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
2. 347,295,705 = _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
3. 783,346,093 = _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
4. 4,400,400,400 = _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
5. 222,222,200 = _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
3. Write the following numbers in expanded notation using numbers.
Example = 267,321,984 = 200,000,000 + 60,000,000 + 7,000,000 + 300,000 +
20,000 + 1,000 + 900 + 80 + 4
1. 258,369,987 = _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
2. 8,254,741,963 = _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
3. 6,352,924,486 = _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
4. 7,700,700,700 = _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
5. 963,258,147 = _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
9
4. Write the following numbers in expanded notation using exponents.

Example: - 3,527,398,470 = 3×109 + 5×108 + 2×107 + 7×106 + 3×105 + 9×104
+8×103 + 4×102 + 7×101 + 0×100
1. 5,714,354,981 = _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
2. 9,200,005,405 = _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
3.1,654,389,009 = _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
4. 8,542,480,152 = _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
5. 25,352,547,199 = _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
 Comparing and ordering whole numbers
 Comparison of large numbers
Trichotomy property: If you take two numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ only one of the fol-
lowing is true
1. a<b
2. a>b
3. a=b
Comparison rules
Rule 1.Given two number s, the number with more digits is lar ger.
Rule 2.Given two numbers with equal numbers of digits, to compare the num-
bers, compare the respective digits .
Example Compare 687,954,321 and 754,368,321
Solution: 687,954,321 < 754,368,321, because 6 < 7
Compare 2,547,938,214 and 2,547,893,214
Solution: 2,547,938,214 > 2,547,893,214, because 9 > 8
10
Exercise
Put ‘>’ , ‘<’ or ‘=’ signs in the blank spaces .
1. 3,258,654,724 _______________ 4,258,987,357
2. 987,634,478 ________________ 987,643,478
3. 8,521,600,247 ______________ 8,621,600,247
4. 5,783,436,874 ______________ 5,783,436,874
5. 1,852,258,701 ______________ 1,852,258,710
Arranging numbers in ascending and descending orders
Ascending order
Ordering numbers from the least to the greatest
Example: 143,456,357 93,258,420 230,687,324 140,369,521
Order from the least to the greatest (ascending order) : 93,258,420
148,369,521 143,456,357 and 230,687,324
Descending order
Ordering numbers from the greatest to the least
Example: 2,563,456,357 6,424,208,120 980,807,300 and 6,987,376,521
Ordering from the greatest to the least (Descending order) :
6,987,367,521 6,424,208,120 2,563,456,357 & 980,807,300
Exercise
Order the number from the least to the greatest (ascending order).
1. 875,235,200 124,365,472 780,123,654 100,258,697
_____________________________________________________________
2. 963,500,200 421,301,723 212,345,573 657,845,600
____________________________________________________________
3. 520,423,146 720,543,413 299,147,476 832,102,354
_____________________________________________________________
11
II. Order the numbers from the greatest to the lease (descending order).
1. 235,200,231 1,024,378,427 2,125,211,621 96,963,564
_____________________________________________________________
2. 369,111,221 721,371,220 874,305,373 576,812,632
_____________________________________________________________
3. 211,321,157 187,963,475 2,321,124,275 987,574,542
_____________________________________________________________
Successor and predecessor of number
Successor numbers
The number that comes just after the given number is called its successor.
The successor of a number is found by adding 1 to the first number.
Example: The successor of 2,514,687,321 is 2,514,687,322
Predecessor numbers
The number that comes just before the given number is called its predecessor.
The predecessor of a number is found by subtracting 1 from the given number.
Example: The predecessor of 852,324,697 is 852,324,686
Exercise
Write the successor following of the numbers.
1. 809,467,860 _____________________________
2. 369,654,980 _____________________________
3. 2,753,300,900 ___________________________
4. 8,140,251,321 ___________________________
5. 624,671,270 _____________________________
12
Write the predecessor of the following numbers.

1. 2,789,740,716 ___________________________
2. 989,205,140 _____________________________
3. 678,763,000 _____________________________
4. 472,976,470 _____________________________
5. 894,457,813 _____________________________
Rounding whole numbers
Round for steps whole number
Step 1. Identify the rounding place value .
Step 2. Look at the digit to the right of the rounding place value
 If the digit is less than 5, leave the rounding place value digit as it is.
 If it is 5 or greater than 5, increase the rounding place value digit by 1.
Step 3. Change all the digit to the r ight of the rounding place digit to zero
and write the rounded whole number.
Example 1. Round 7234 to the nearest thousand .
Step 1. The rounding place digit is 7.
Step 2. The digit to the r ight of 7 . is 2 Since 2<5,the rounding digit re-
mains as it is.
Step 3. Make all the digits to the r ight of 7 zero. Hence, when 7234 is
rounded to the nearest thousand, it becomes 7000.
Symbolically 7234 ≈ 7000
‘≈’ à sign of approximation
Example 2. Round the 76,807,390 to the nearest million
Step 1. The rounding place digit is 6.
Step 2. The digit to the r ight of 6 is 8. Since 8>5, add 1 to the rounded dig-
it 8 and it become 9.
13
Step 3. Make the all the digit to the r ight of 9 zero, hence when 76,807,390
is rounding to the nearest it becomes 77,000,000
Symbolically 76,807,390 ≈ 77,000,000
Exercise
1. Round the following numbers to the nearest thousands.
A. 4563 —————————-C. 372,490 ———————
B. 13,940 ————————D. 5392 ————————-
2. Round the following numbers to the nearest ten thousands
A. 87,351———————-C. 3,947,341————————
B. 341,217 —————— D. 7,875,200————————-
3. Round the following numbers to the nearest millions.
A. 3,434,021—————————C. 24,502,351———————
B. 17,821,709————————D. 7,673,452 ————————
4. Round the following numbers to the nearest billions.
A. 9,374,502,792 ———————-C. 2,548,021,534 ——————
B. 18,689,534,021——————— D. 27,834,215,300 ——————
Unit Summary
 Numeration is the process of expressing a numeral in words.
 Notation is the method of expressing number names by their symbols.
 Place value is a system for writing numbers in which the position of the dig-
it determines its value.
 Expanding notation is expressing numbers in the form of expansion. There
are four ways for expansion. Example:
1. By using words as 2 ten thousands + 3 thousands + 4 hundreds + 5 tens +
6 ones
2. By using number as 20,000 + 3000 +400 + 50 + 6.
3. By using figures (numeral) as 2×10,000 + 3×1000 + 4×100 + 4×100 +
5×10 + 6×1.
4. By using exponents as 2×104 + 3×103 + 4×102 + 5×101 + 6×100.
 Ascending order is ordering numbers from the least to the greatest.
 Descending order is ordering numbers from the greatest to the least.
 Predecessor is the number that comes before the given number.
 Successor is the number that comes after the given number.
14
Review exercise
Write the following numerals in words.
1. 5,235,351 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2. 3,521,594,320 _____________________________________________
____________________________________________
3. 537,913,876 _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. 9,876,543,210 _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Write the number names in figures (numerals).
1. One billion, two hundred three million, four hundred fifty-six thousand
seven hundred, and eighty
= _____________________________
2. Nine billion, eight hundred seven million six hundred fifty-four thou-
sand three hundred and ten
= _______________________________
3. Ten billion, two hundred million, three hundred thousand, four hundred
= ___________________________
4. Two hundred million, seven hundred, thirty thousand, eight hundred
and twenty -nine
= ____________________________
5. Four billion, six hundred eight million, two hundred forty-one thou-
sand, five hundred and twenty -two =
_________________________________
15
Write the place value of the digit number 8 in each number.

1. 4,836,167,410 = _______________________________
2. 76,728,210,312 = ______________________________
3. 248,450,471,482 = _____________________________
4. 8,056,469,204 = ________________________________
5. 135,394,328 = __________________________________
6. 7,034,304,100 = ________________________________
Write the number in expanded notation by using four ways.
6,678,232,543
1. By using words ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2. By using numbers ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
3. By using figures (numerals) ______________________________________
_______________________________________
4. By using exponents ____________________________________________
___________________________________________
List in the order of ascending order
1. 764,124,311 235,476,583 670,112,542 200,147,697
_______________________________________________________________
2. 56,360,134 138,048,257 40,769,321 86,395,147
______________________________________________________________
3. 641,520,423 301,314,027 238,102,453 929,741,000
_______________________________________________________________
List in the order of descending order
1. 765,308,112 543,031,102 214,634,235 876,463,431
____________________________________________________________
2. 101,210,057 176,852,364 2,312,241,572 789,475,245
____________________________________________________________
3. 532,311,132 2,204,873,724 2,621,112,521 69,456,369
____________________________________________________________
16
Put ‘>’ ‘<’ or ‘=’ signs in the blank spaces.

1. 4,369,765,635 ______ 5,369,998,468
2. 7,410,500,136 ______ 7,510,500,136
3. 5,678,942,389 ______ 5,678,942,390
4. 1,017,301,230 ______ 1,017,301,231
Round the following numbers to the nearest thousands.
1. 29,347 3. 8,965,400
2. 347,915 4. 19,376,517
Word problems
1. Girma has 7,296,321,521 birr in bank. How much money did Girma
has in notation?
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. I am a number found between 724,527,324 and 724,527,326. Who am
I?
______________________________________________________
3. I am a number found between 3, 523,412,569 and 3,523,412,571. Who
am I?
_____________________________________________________
4. I am the largest six digit number. Who am I?
______________________________________________________
5. I am the smallest six digit number. Who am I?
______________________________________________________
6. What is the next even number from 345,246,724?
______________________________________________________
7. I am the predecessor of 724,564,238. What number am I?
______________________________________________________
8.I am the successor of 804,245,341. What number am I?
_______________________________________
17
Unit two
The four operation on whole numbers
Unit objective:- At the end of this unit the student should be able to;
 Find the value of variables using the four operation
 Identify estimation and simplification of mathematical expressions
 Apply the operation of addition, subtraction , division and multiplica-
tion on whole numbers.
 Solve word problems using the four operations.
2.1. Addition of whole numbers
2.1.1 Revision on addition of seven digit whole numbers
Adding numbers horizontally
Note: to add whole number s hor izontally ar r ange the digits of the
numbers horizontally according to their place values, that is ones under
ones, tens under Tens, Hundreds under hundreds, and so on
In adding numbers, the numbers which are added together is called add
ends and the result obtained is called sum
Example: 3,452,763 + 4,213= 3,456,976
Exercise
Add the following numbers horizontally.
1. 1,321,415+723,111+321,440=
2. 3,001,421+1,230,000=
3. 2,001,331+243,416,+4201=
4. 4,302,123+3,411,761=
5. 1,000,000+1000+100,000=
18
Add the following numbers vertically.

1. 25,765 4. 1,394,000 6. 3,413,401
+2,354 +26,347 +4,313,000
_______ ___________ _________
2, 123,405 5. 7,312,431 7. 9,000,000

+276,720 +234,347 +900,000
.
3. 542,347
+ 7,125
.
Adding whole numbers up to billions.
Example
32,421,347,021 + 13,012,072,475 =45,433,419,496
Exercise
Add the following numbers horizontally.
1. 13,214,596,000+7,917,314,000= ______________
2. 27,006,121,473+314,596= ____________________
3. 9,321,567,314 +10,000= _____________________
4. 7,002,475,324 +10,000= _____________________
5. 8002.456 + 130.314 + 227 = _________________
6. 1,234,567 + 76,342 + 324 = _________________
7. 245,349 + 5012 + 973 = ____________________
8. 2,347,567,003 + 421, 759 + 3214 = _________
19
Exercise: Add the following numbers vertically.

Example:
2,347,947,012
+ 341,911
2,348,288,923
1. 4,491,321,713 3. 9,347,514,060
+ 914,234 +2,333,456
2. 10,222,333,444 4. 5,394,201,532
+ 7,917,555 + 3,461,917
311
Find the sum of the following numbers.

1. 53904586 3. 204102185
30380470 178932626
+12763036 + 5928834
__________
2. 80839645 4. 251508353
46948434 318456432
+ 976020 + 3287358
______________
20
Find the sum of the following numbers.

1. 60256151 + 38740364 + 42358 = _______________
2. 325469872 + 145627862 + 10870 = ____________
3. 257946581 + 65432101 + 36896 = ______________
4. 2517631521 + 356498774 + 786 = _______________
Variables
Examples
340 = 60 + x 2. 340 = x + 68 3. X = 340 + 68
340 – 68 = x 340 – 68 = x x = 408
272 = x 272 = x
Exercise
Find the value of ‘x’.
1. 1248 + x = 2600 = ___________ 5. X + 3 100 = 5000= _________
2. 2447 + x = 3897 = ___________ 6. X + 1234 = 2914= _________
3. 3917 + x = 4000 = ___________ 7. 9999 + x = 10,000= ________
4. 1234 + x = 4321= _________
Fill in the missing numbers.
X 495
X 6931 10,000
317
X 10,278 20,000
828
317 19,000
819
828
819
21
Replace each variables by the correct digit in each of the following

questions.
Example:
75A 845 B 24
+889 107 9 72
972 953 296
1. 834,587832 4. 12,347,AB2
+20041B1A3 3c,212,340
1,034,999,995 49,559,762
2. 721,A93 5. 4,314,3A7
3B4501 34B,000
1,075,894 4,659,397
3. 987,654
10A34C
1,088,998
Solve the following word problems.
1. Find the sum of the greatest and the smallest 6 digit numbers.
2. A grocer stored 4,260 bags of wheat, 3,982 bags of rice and 870 bags
of corn in his store. Find the total number of bags stored in the store.
3. Which number should be added to 37,290 to get the number 46,500?
4. Ato Alemu has 4382 story books, 2334 science books and 45 mathe-
matics books. How many books does Ato Alemu have in total?
5. W/t selam and Ato Bekalu spent br. 24,357 for house maintenance br
18,967 for furniture and br 3,289 for clothing. How much money did
they spend?
22
Subtraction of whole numbers

The number to be subtracted is known as the subtrahend and the number
subtracted from is called minuend. The result is known as difference.
Example
6,987,658
4786,939
2,200,719
Exercise
Subtract the following numbers .
1. 987,45632 4. 879845832
- 68799538 - 95754508
_________ __________
2. 85743214 5. 565763256
- 56478326 - 286579828
_________ __________
3. 75648937
-47568329
_________
Subtract the following numbers.
1. 7896543247 – 5874369348 = __________________
2. 6987923581 – 987453247 = ____________________
3. 5478963276 – 2587410369 = ___________________
4. 98744587436 – 65435794679 = _________________
5. 6987213870 – 874524797 = ____________________
23
Variables
Find the value of “x” .
Example:
1. 2A6 = 426 –X 2. 246 = X - 426
X= 426-246 246+426=X
X = 180 672=X
1. 148= 269 –X 4. 973= X –213

X= X=
X= X=
2. 229= 483 –X 5. 894= X –215

X= X=
X= X=
3. 4235= 6346 –X 6. 5121= X –3202

X= X=
X= X=
24
Replace each variable by the correct digit in each of the following

questions.
Example:
75A845B24
-605512312
154323512
1. 75A845B24 3. 8A7425B85
- 8C784D78 D956C8597
670060946 280776888
2. 6A965B435 4. 56A23B675
D9763873C 2D6349C69
190326699 277E8806
Exercise
Subtract the following word problems.
1. Naol had 12 pencils. He gave some to Yohannes. Then Naol left with 5
pencils. How many pencils did he give to Yohannes?
2. A class was lining up to play. There were 15 children in the line. 8 of
the children were girls. How many were boys?
3. Jonathan drew 18 shapes on his paper. 5 were squares, 4 were circles
and the rest were triangles. How many were triangles?
25
Simplification involving Addition and Subtraction

Reducing the given expression to the simplest form is called simplifica-
tion. Between the two operations-addition and subtraction, first perform
addition and then subtraction.
Example:
1. Simplify 384 – 165+ 243
Step 1: Find the sum of 384 and 165.
384
+ 165
549
Step 2: Subtr act 243 from the sum.
549
+ 243
306
Thus, 384 + 165 – 243 = 306
2. Simplify 562 – 340 + 456
Step 1: Find the sum of 562 and 456.
562
- 456
1018
Step 2: Subtr act 340 from the sum.
1018
340
678
Thus, 562 – 340 + 456 = 678
Exercise: Simplify the following numbers.
1. 649 + 325 – 530 = _________ 6 . 1920 – 830 + 1240 = ______
2. 847 – 312 + 395 = _________ 7. 20,16,203+12,502-5,650 = ___
3. 1,200+ 325 – 426 = ________
4. 37,654-11,370 + 4, 748 = _____
5. 4,135 – 2,331 + 702 = _____
26
Estimation involving Addition and Subtraction

We know how to round off the numbers to the nearest ten, to the nearest
hundred, to the nearest thousand, etc. The result obtained by considering
the rounded off numbers is called estimated result.
Example
Calculate the estimated answer by rounding off the numbers to the
nearest thousand.
3875 + 2225 + 1980
Actual answer
Rounding off the numbers to the nearest thousand 3875
+2225
+1980
8080
3875 + 2225 + 1980
4000 2000 2000

4000 + 2000 + 2000 = 8000
The estimated sum is 8000.
27
Exercise
nearest hundred also, calculate the actual result.
389 + 105 – 210
389 494
Rounding off the numbers to the nearest +105 - 210
hundred 494 284
389 + 105 – 210
Actual result = 494
400 + 100 - 200 = 300
Actual result = 284
Estimated result = 300
807 + 492 – 305
Rounding off the numbers to the nearest 807
hundred + 492
+ 305
807 + 492 – 305
______________
____ + ______+_____ = ________
Actual result = __________
Estimated result = __________
122 + 312 – 385

hundred +312
+385
122 + 312 – 385 _________
____ + ______+ _____ = ________ _________
Estimated result = __________ Actual result = ___________
697 + 411 – 99
697 105
Rounding off the numbers to the nearest + 411 + 99
hundred _________ _________
697 + 411 – 99 _________ _________
____ + ______+ _____ = ________ Actual result = ___________
Estimated result = __________ Actual result= __________
28

nearest thousand also, calculate the actual answer.
3995 + 2120 – 1800
3995
Rounding off the numbers to the nearest + 2120
1800
hundred
7915
3995 + 2120 – 1800
Actual result= 7915
4000 + 2000 - 2000 = 8000
Estimated result = 8000
5510 + 6812 – 3250 5510

+ 6812
hundred
______________
5510 + 6812 – 3250
Actual result= __________
____ + ______+ _____ = ________
Estimated result= __________
6879– 4962

- 4962
hundred
_________
6879 – 4962
_________
Actual result = ___________

____ - ______= ________
Estimated result = __________
29
Solve the following word problems.

1. Which number should be added to 25,340 to get number
52,420= ___________
2. The difference between two numbers is 13,787.The smaller of the two
numbers is 532610. Find the greater number?
3. Subtract the sum of 19,243 and 15,688 from 35
3960 + 2125 – 3480

3460 5475
Rounding off the numbers to the nearest + 2125 - 3480
_________ _________
hundred
_________ _________
3460 + 2125 – 3480

____ + ______+ _____ = ________
Estimated result = ________
30
Multiplication of whole numbers

Properties of multiplication
1. Closure property : for any whole number a and b ;
Axb=ab
Example : 3 x 4 =12 and is an element of whole number.
2. Commutative property : for any whole number a and b;
Axb = bxa
Example : 125 x20 = 20 x125
2500 = 2500
3. Associative property : for any whole numbers a , b and c;
a x (b x c ) = ( a x b ) x c
Example : 3 x (2 x 4) = ( 3x 2 ) 4
3x8 = 6x 4
24 = 24
4 . Distribution property : for any whole number a, b and c ;
ax ( b + c ) = a x b = a x c
Example : 15 x ( 20 +10 ) = 15 x 20 +15 x 10
15 x 30 = 300 + 150
450 = 450
5. Identity property : for any whole number a , a x 1 = a = 1 x a
Example : 4 x 1 = 1 x 4 =4
6. Multiplicative inverse : for any whole number a ,
1/2 is its multiplicative inverse .
a x 1/a = 1, where a # 0
Example : 2x 1/2 = 2/2 = 1
7. Property of zero : for any whole number a, 0 x a = a x 0 =0
Example : 0 x 3 = 3 x 0 = 0
Exercise : Multiply the following numbers and fill in the blank
space .
A. 522,344 B 2,403,852 C 9,845
x 75 x 104 x 87
D . (60x8) + (7x8) = (60x7) x ——— = —————

E. ( 40x3) x ( 840 x 7 ) = —————————
F. ———— x 47,851 = 47,851
31
Solve the following word problems .

1. Find the product of 125 and 140 .
2. Write the product if the factors are 9 and 12 .
3. If the product of two same numbers is 169, than find the numbers .
Division of whole numbers.
Properties of division
1. Closure property : for any whole number a and b;
a÷b Ɛ W and b # 0.
This property is not always true.
Example : a = 1, b=2 than a÷b = 1÷2 = 1/2 = 0.5 is not an element
of W
2. Zero property : for any whole number a, 0÷a =0 but
a÷0 is undefined.
Example: 0÷4 = 0
5÷0 = undefined
3. Property of one : for any whole number b,b÷1=b.
Example : 84÷1 = 84
In division, commutative and associative propreties are not practical.
i.e 1. a÷b# b÷a
2. (a÷b)÷c # a÷(b÷c)
Exercise: Divide the following numbers.
1. 19,685÷35= ———————-
2. 750,470÷70= —————————
3. 90,825,625÷90,825,625= ———————-
4. 852,310÷310= —————————
5. 42,568,089÷4,824= ————————-
32
Solve the following word problems

1. Every hour 820 people visited a craft exhibition. The exhibition was
open for 12 hours each day. How many people visited the craft exhibi-
tion each dayɁWhat about the total people who visit the exhibition in
12 days Ɂ
2. Helen brought 72 soda bottles to the recycling center. She put them in-
to cases of 24 bottles each . How many cases did she fillɁ
33
Factors and multiples of whole numbers

Factors
20: 1x 20
2x10
4 x 5 ….. 1, 2,4,5,10 and 20 are factors of 20.
Another name of factor is divisor. If one number is divided by another
number exactly, the first number is said to be a factor of the second num-
ber.
Example: 7 is a factor of 504 because 50 ÷ 7 = 72
8 is a factor of 1472 because 1472 ÷ 8 = 184
Note: 1 is the factor of ever y number.
Each number is a factor of itself.
Exercise
Write all the factors of the following numbers .
Example: 324: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 27, 36, 54, 81, 108, 162 and 324
1. 582:__________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
2. 985:___________________________________________ ______
__________________________________________________
3. 1458: _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
34
Highest common factor of numbers (HCF).

The highest common factor of two or more given numbers is the
greatest number which will divide each of the given number exactly
without any remainder.
The highest common factor is also called greatest common factor
(GCF).
Method of finding the HCF
1. Using listing all the factors methods
Step 1. Wr ite all the factor s of the number s dupulatly
Step 2. Take the factor s which are common to all the number s
Step 3. Find the greatest among the common factor s.
That factor is the HCF
Example: Let us find the highest common factor of the following
three numbers 120, 360 and 256.
Step 1: The factor s of 120 are 1, 2,3,4,5,6,8,10,12,15,20,24,30,40,60
and 120
The factors of 360 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36,
40, 45,60,72,90,120,180 and 360
The factors of 256 are 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128 and 256
Step 2: The common factor s of 120, 360 and 256 are 1,2,4 and 8.
Step 3: The highest of these common factor s is 8. Thus, the highest
common factor (HCF) of 120,360 and 256 is 8.
35
Exercise
Find the HCF of the following numbers.
1. 380, 264 and 420
Factors of 380: _________________________
Factors of 264: _________________________
Factors of 420: _________________________
Common factors of 380, 264 and 420 ____________________
Highest common factor (HCF): __________________
2. 124, 160 and 224
Factors of 124: ________________________
Factors of 160: ________________________
Factors of 224: ________________________
3. 324, 286 and 420
Factors of 342: ________________________
Factors of 286: ________________________
Factors of 420: ________________________
36
The numbers that have 1 as highest common factor (HCF) is known as

relatively prime.
2. Using prime factorization method
Prime number is a whole number greater than 1 whose only factors
are only 1 and the number itself.
Example of prime numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 ….
A composite number is a number that has more than two factors.
Example 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14
Example: Find the HCF for 72, 108 and 180
72 = 2x2 x2 x 3x 3
108 = 2x2 x 3x3 x3
180 = 2x2 x 3x3x3
The common factors are 2,2,3,3. The HCF = 2x2x3x3= 36
72
2 36
2 18
2 9
3 3
This diagram is called a factor tree.
Note:
 1 is neither prime nor composite.
 2 is the only even prime number.
 4 is the least composite number.
 There is no number which is both prime and composite.
37
Exercise
Find the HCF of the following numbers by using factorization
1. 111 and 232 = _________
2. 238 and 595 = _________
3. 612 and 782 = _________
4. 1050 and 1512 = _________
5. 360, 445 and 560 = _________
6. 220, 660 and 1100 = _________
7. 3264 and 4160 = _________
8. 196, 273 and 392 = _________
3. Using long division method
Step 1: Divide the greater number by the smaller number.
Step 2: If there is a remainder, take it as the new divisor and the
previous divisor as the new dividend.
Step 3: Continue the step 2 until there is no remainder.
The last divisor is the HCF
Example: Find the HCF of 48, 64 and 96.
Step 1: Find the HCF of 48 and 64.
The HCF of 48 and 64 is 16.
Step 2: Find the HCF of 16 and 96.
The HCF of 16 and 96 is 16.
Therefore the HCF of 48, 64 and 96 is 16.
38
Exercise
Find the HCF of the following numbers using long division method.
1. 36, 56 and 72 6. 273, 455 and 702
2. 228, 304 and 532 7. 48, 64 and 96
3. 308, 528 and 737
4. 192, 336 and 432
5. 375, 540 and 615
Multiples
Counting numbers are number s star ting with 1 and go on counting
endlessly. Counting numbers are also known as natural numbers.
1, 2,3,4,5… are counting numbers
Multiple of a number is the product of the number and counting number.
Example: Find multiples of 9.
9x 1 9x 2 9x3 9x1 9x5 9x6…
9 18 27 36 45 54
Lowest common multiple (LCM)
Methods of finding the LCM
1. By finding the multiples of the numbers
The lowest common multiple of two or more numbers is the smallest
non zero number that is a multiple of each number.
Example: Find the LCM of 36 and 108
Multiples of 36: 36, 72, 108, 144, 108
Multiples of 108: 108, 216, 324, 432, 540 …
The LCM of 36 and 108 is 108
Exercise
Write the first five multiples of each number
1. 24: _________ _________ _________ _________ _________
2. 36: _________ _________ _________ _________ _________
3. 78: _________ _________ _________ _________ _________
4. 125: _________ _________ _________ _________ _________
5. 285: _________ _________ _________ _________ _________
39
Find the LCM for each by discovering the multiples of the numbers.
1. 15, 20 and 25
Multiples of 15: _____________________
Multiples of 20: _____________________
Multiples of 25 : ____________________
Common multiple of 15, 20 and 25: __________________
The LCM of 15, 20 and 25 is: _______________________
2. 18, 27 and 45
Multiples of 18: ___________________
Multiples of 27: __________________
Multiples of 45: __________________
The LCM of 18, 27 and 45 is: ______________________
3. 32, 64 and 128
Multiple of 32: __________________
Multiple of 64: __________________
Multiple of 128: __________________
The LCM of 32, 64 and 128 is: ______________________
40
Note: if the HCF of two number s ‘a’ and ‘b’ is 1. Then their LCM is
axb. These numbers are called relatively prime numbers.
2. Finding LCM using prime factorization method.
Steps to find LCM by prime factorization
Step 1. Find the pr ime factor s of each number s
Step 2. Gather the biggest number of occur rence of each pr ime fac-
tor
Step 3. Multiply these gathered factor s. The result is the LCM of the
numbers.
Example: Find the LCM of 27 and 54.
27 = 3x3x3
54 = 3x3x3x2
Factor 3 appears 3 times and factor 2 happens 2 times. Therefore, the
LCM of 27 and 54 is 3x3x3x2 = 39
Find the LCM of 56, 64 and 72
56 = 2x2x2x7 = 23 x 7
64 = 2x2x2x2x2x2=26
72 = 2x2x2x3x3x= 23 x 32
Factor 2 appears 6 times, 7 appears 1 time and factor 3 happens 2 times.
Therefore, the LCM of 56, 64 and 72 is 2x2x2x2x2x2x7x3x3= 4,032
The LCM of 56, 64 and 72 is = 26 x 32 x 7 = 4,032
Exercise
Find the LCM of the following numbers by prime factorization.
1. 280, 384 and 420
2. 75 and 125
3. 24, 60 and 96
4. 582 and 866
5. 124 and 256
41
3. Finding LCM using division method.

Steps to find LCM of given numbers by division
Step 1: Wr ite the given number s in a row and divide them by the
prime number that divides at least two of them exactly.
Step 2: Wr ite the quotients and the undivided number s in the second
low
Step 3: Divide the number in step 2 and wr ite the quotients in the
next low.
Step 4: Repeat dividing the quotients till you reach a stage when no
prime factor is common to two numbers in row.
Step 5: the product of all the divisions and the number s in the final
row is the LCM of the number.
Example
Find the LCM of 27, 54 and 72
Therefore, LCM of 27, 54 and 72 = 3x3x2x3x1x1x4 = 216
Exercise
Find the LCM of the following numbers using division method.
1. 35, 70, 105 and 280
___________________________
2. 28, 42, 56 and 224
___________________________
3. 20, 40, 62 and 72
___________________________
4. 34, 68, 136 and 408
___________________________
5. 125, 150, 175 and 250
___________________________
6. 42, 36, 48 and 54
___________________________
42
Relation between HCF and LCM

Product of the two numbers: the product of LCM and HCF
Example: Find the HCF and LCM of 36 and 18
HCF of 36 and 18 LCM of 36 and 18
36= 3x3x2x2
18= 3x3x2
LCM= 3x3 x2x2= 36
The product of two given numbers HCF x LCM
36x18 18x36
648 648
Example: Find the HCF and LCM 2y and 40
HCF of 24 and 40 LCM of 24 and 40
24 = 23x3 24= 23x3
40= 23x5 40=23x5
23 = 8 23x3x5= 120
The product of two given numbers= HCF x LCM
24x 40 8x120
960 960
Note: If two natur al number s ‘a’ and ‘b’ are relatively prime, then
HCF of ‘a’ and ‘b’ is 1 and LCM of ‘a’ and ‘b’ is ab.
Review exercise
Add the following numbers.
1. 82,324 +13,480 = _________
2. 392,914 + 410,231 = ________
3. 239,415 + 213,415 + 4132 = _______
4. 32,176 5. 69,974
+32,913 + 3,171
____________ ____________
43
Subtract the following numbers.

1. 863,421 2. 9,834,217,749 3. 273,435,907
-231,210 - 2,314,345,123 -123,123,123
_________ ______________ ____________
4. 9432156 – 4321093 = _______________
5. 537,692,147 – 222,331,025 = _________
Find the value of ‘X’.
1. 135 = 315 – x 3. 3558 + x = 5879
X = __________ x = ____________
X = __________ x = ____________
2. 1192=2372 – x 4. 2314 = x – 1567

X = __________ x = _________
X = __________ x = _________
1. Find the HCF of a number by finding their LCM.

A. 45 and 90 B. 120 and 360 C. 64 and 192 D. 85 and 170
2. Find the LCM of a number by finding their HCF.
A. 124 and 64 B. 180 and 540 C. 96 and 108 D. 220 and 660
Find the missed numbers
1. The LCM of two numbers is 100; their product is 972; their HCF is
__________________
2. The HCF of two numbers is 25; their LCM is 1125 and one of the
numbers is 125. The other numbers is __________________
44
UNIT THREE
ALGEBRIC TERMS AND EXPRESSTIONS
Unit objective: At the end of this unit the students should be
able to;
 Realize the use of variables in mathematics.
 Be familiar with algebraic terms and expressions
 Follow pattern and sequence to predict the next value
(number).
Introduction to Algebra
A use of letters to represent Numbers
Algebra is a kind of arithmetic. It is a way of working out
number problems using both letters and numbers. The letters
can stand for any number.
For example: I have a feet a stands for 2
A motor – car has b wheels b stands for 4
2+5 = x x stands for 7
14-8 = Z z stands for 6
Suppose there are 4 red balloons and 3 blue balloons. We say
that there are altogether (4+3) or 7 balloons. If there are x red
balloons and 3 blue balloons, then we say that there are alto-
gether (x+3) balloons. If there are x red balloons and y blue bal-
loons, then we say that there are altogether (x + y) balloons.
Complete this table
Number of boys Number of girls Number of
children
7 5 7+5
X 4
6 M
P 9
45
Definition of basic terminology

Algebraic terms
The basic unit of an algebraic expression is a term – in general, a
term is either a number or a product of a number and one or
more variables.
Example: 5a is a term. In this term, 5 is numerical coefficient
and a is variable.
Algebraic Expressions
Definition 1: An expression is a meaningful collection of num-
bers, variables, and signs, positive or negative, of oper-
ations that must make mathematical and logical sense.
An expression is any statement containing letters or
numbers.
Definition 2: Expression, in mathematics, is any meaningful
combination of fixed quantities, operators, and varia-
bles representing numbers or quantities.
Expressions:
 Contain any number of algebraic terms
 Use signs of operation- addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division
 Do not contain on equality sign (=)
An example of an expression is: 2x-8

Types of Expressions
Names are based on the number of terms
Monomial: mono means one Example: 3x, 2xy, ¼ y…
Binomial: Bi means two Examples: 6x + 2y, x-y, 3xy – 4xz
Trinomial: Tri means three Examples: 2x+5y+2.5x
Polynomial:poly means many Examples: 4x +y+32+8xy2+82+25
Any expression with more than 1 term is a polynomial expres-
sion.
Algebraic Equations
An equation is a mathematical statement that show two expres-
sions are equal.
46
The following three statements are equations.

32+24=56, x – 25=62, 15 x y = 60
The first equation, 32+24=56 contains only numbers; the other
two however, contain variables. All the three contain two ex-
pressions separated by an equal sign:
When an equation contains variables, you will often have to
solve for one of those variables using equations to solve for a
variables will be discussed later in this book.
Remember: subtraction is the opposite of addition and division
is the opposite of multiplication. This fact can be in use to find
answers to variables
Examples:-
Y+ 8 = 18 Y – 15 = 36
Y+8 – 8 = 18 – 8 Y – 15 + 15 = 36+15
Y = 18 – 8 Y = 36 + 15
Y = 51
Y = 10
Y + 6 = 42 X÷ 8 = 5
1/6(yx6) = 42 x 1/6 x/8 = 5
Y=42÷ 6 X =8x5 = 40
Y =7 X=40
Inequality
Inequality: A mathematical sentence that uses one of the sym-
bols <, ≤, >, ≥ or ≠.
An inequality is solved in the same way an equation is solved
Note: Multiplying or dividing an inequality by a positive number
does not change the inequality sign.
Example: 1) 4x>12, use reciprocal of 4 to solve the in equality.
¼ x 4x > ¼ x 12 (multiply both sides by ¼)
1 x >3
Solution: x > 3
2) Z + 5 <8, use the opposite of 5 to solve Z+ 5-5<8-5,
(Subtract 5 from both sides of inequalities.)
Solution: z < 3
47
Exercise 4
Find the value of X.
1. 8+x=25 6. 12 + x = 34
2. 45 + x = 135 7. X + 83 >163
3. X + 36 <84 8. X + 486 = 681
4. X + 92 = 163
5. X + 364 = 540
Find the value of the expression when n is 8.

11)150 – 2n2 12) 5n-7/3
If a=10, b=8, c= 12 and d=40 calculate

1) a+b 2) c-d 3 ) 3a +2b 4) 6a +d
48
6.2. Like and unlike terms

Like terms are expressions that have same variable (letters)
with the same power. Like terms can be grouped together.
Example: 3x +8x; 2xy +5xy and 6y2 + 9y2, there is the same let-
ter/s/.
For instance, 3x + 8x can be grouped together to make 11x.
Unlike terms are expressions that do not have the same varia-
bles (letters) or that do not have the same power. Unlike terms
can not be grouped together.
Example: 1 3x +4y 2. 4x3 + 5x i.e, 3x +4y cannot be grouped
together.
Addition and subtraction
Example:
Simplify 1. 5x +x – 3x +7x – 6x
= 13x – 9x (5x +x +7x = 13x and 3x +6x = 9x)
= 4x
2. 3b +a + 8b +5a +b
= 3b + 8b +b+a+5a
= 12b + 6a
49
Exercise 5
Simplify
a. 12x+5x-8x-4x=_______ b. 9x-5x+6x=_______
c. x +16-10x+3x= _______ d. 15x-12x+10x= _______
e. 10a-5x-3x+4a= _______ f. 24n – 13m – 7m + n = ____
g. 64cd-35ba + 12cd = _____
Multiplication and division
The multiplication and division operation in algebra is
similar to the operation in Arithmetic.
There are certain rules that you need to know when work-
ing with algebra.
m x n = n x m = mn=nm
n x n = n2
n÷ 3 = 1/3n, nx 0 = 0 x n = 0
Example: Simplify 1. 5c x 8d
= 5xc x 8x d = 40cd
2. 36g ÷ 9
= 36/9m = 36x2 /9 =36/9 x 0 = 4t
Exercise 6
Simplify
1. 12d + 200 – 9v 7) 10r – 6w + 9m-4c
2. 11 x 14c x 3cx4+x2v 8) 8d x 12g x 3t
3. 6r x 5m x 4d x b 9) 9v x 56 x 8a x 3b
4. 5m x 10n x 3w 10) 12x X42 x 62 x y
5. 9v +7v - 6L - 2r - 6m
6. 49nm ÷ 2ab
50
16. 11m +3r – 5t +2h – 2v +9w – 8n + 14x

17. A particular ball retains ½ of its height on each bounce
when dropped from a height of 80n. given the height of the
ball on the fifth bounce after being dropped? (will the ball
comes to rest?)
18. At a business meeting, 15 people are in attendance for the
first time. If they all shake hands only once each other how
many total handshakes will occur?
6.3. Equation and formulas

An Equation is a number statement with an equal sign (=)
2000 plus some number t is 2800
2000 +m = 2800
To solve an equation; find the variable that makes the state-
ment true. This value is found to be 800 as calculated as fol-
lows.
Solution
2000 + p = 2800
2000 – 2000 + u = 2800 – 2000
V = 2800 – 2000
W = 800
Check 2000 + 800 = 2800
Formula, in mathematics is a set of symbols and numbers that
expresses a fact or rule.
A formula is evaluated by replacing the letters in equations by
the numbers.
Evaluate each formula for the given value.
1. X = y +470 (Let y = 135) 2. 3d – 36 = 24 (let d = 20)
X = 135 +470 3d = 24 +36
X = 505 3d = 60
d = 60/3= 20
51
Writing formula for a given equation

Example: Write down formula for the perimeter of this shape
W = 2x +y
Exercise
Evaluate each formula.
1. V = r- 15, for d = 84 2. 32a = g for u = 10
3. n= m +47, for t =83 4.a = 5b+32, for u = 3
5. b = 5 +(18 – 3d), for a = 6 6. A = 32, for 1 = 8
7. use the formula y = ½ (x+u) w to find y, when w = 12, x=24
and u = 8
8. Use the formula W = x + av to find W, if y = 18, a = 8 and v
= 10
9. Write down formulas for the perimeter of each of these
shapes
p
A) a b C)
b b
c u
2d
u
w w
B) v x D)
w 2d
6.4. Pattern and sequence

A number pattern is a sequence of numbers in which it is
possible to predict the next number from previous numbers in
the pattern.
A number sequence is a list of numbers that follows a
rule. Certain number sequences have special names.
1,2,3,4,5… Natural numbers
0,1,2,3,4… whole numbers
2,4,6,8,10…. Even numbers
1,3,5,7,9 … odd numbers
1,4,9,16,25 … square numbers
1,3,6,10,15 … triangular numbers
1,8,27,64… Cube number
52
Exercise
Find the tenth number in the series
1. 1,1,2,3,5,8…
2. 3,11,27,59,123…
3. 2,16,42,94,198…
4. ½ ,1/24, 1/72
5.
X 5 6 7 8 9 10
Y 52 63 94 46 18 ?
Study the pattern and fill in the blank space with the
missing numbers.
1. 200,179,158,137, ______, ______, 74, _____, _____11
2. 368, 410, 452, 494, ______, ______, 620, _______ , ______ 746
3. 39, 117, 351, 1053, _____, ______, 28431, ______, 255879
4. Find the next three numbers in each sequence.
½, 2, 8,32, 120 b. 1 3/4, 9/16, 27/64 c. 5, 151/2, 26, 32
½
5. The first number of a sequence is 3. Each successive num-
ber is found by multiplying the preceding number by ¾
Find the first five numbers of the sequence.
6. Find the first number ?
Multiply by 308
Multiply by 10
Divided by 3
462
53
Which rule describes this pattern best?

A. Add 25 subtract 4
B. Add 13, subtract 7
C. Add 7, subtract 4
D. Add 4, subtract 7
1. Find another method that describes the pattern.
2. Find 5 more numbers in the sequence.
3. Find the number in?
Multiply by 0.5
Multiply by 1/3
Square the number
Add 1
50
54
Unit summary
 A term is an indicated product and may have any number of factors.
 (+) or(-) signs separate an algebraic expression into different parts.
Each part is called a term of the expression .
 An equation of expressions.
 An expression which contains one term is called monomial, and which
contains two terms is called binomial.
 When adding or subtracting algebraic expression, we collect difference
of like terms in each group.
 A number or combination of numbers and literal numbers, with the four
operation s (+,-,x,÷) is called algebraic expression .
Review exercise
Find the value of the variables.
1. a+b when a is twice b and a = 16
4
2. 1/2 (a + b) , what is the value of b if a is 10Ɂ
3. If a =1, b =2 and c =3, than a2 + 2b+ 3c is equal to ———

7
55
UNIT FOUR
FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
Unit objective: At the end of this unit, the students should be able
to;
 Understand concept of percentage and principles of conversion and
decimal.
 Know the method of comparing fractions.
 Apply the four basic operations on fraction and decimals.
 Solve word problems with fractions and decimals.
Remember that a fraction is number (usually written as a/b, where a
and b are whole numbers and b is different from 0) equal to the quotient
of a and b or a divided by b.
5.1 The simplification of fraction
To write a fraction that is equal to a given fraction, you multiply or di-
vide the numerator and the denominator by the same number.
Example: 2 = 2x2 = 4
3 3x2 6
12 = 12÷12 = 1
48 48÷12 4
To write a fraction in lowest terms, you write it with the least possible
numerator and denominator. To do this, you divide the numerator and the
denominator by their greatest common factor (GCF).
If the GCF of the numerator and denominator of a fraction is 1,
Then the fraction is its lowest term.
56
Example 1. Wr ite 3 in its lowest terms.

12
3÷3 = 1
12÷3 4
Example 2. Wr ite 15 in its lowest terms.
20
The GCF of is and 20 is 5.
15 = 15÷5 = 3
20 20÷5 4
Exercise :
Write each fraction in lowest terms.
1, 2 2, 14
4 20
3, 9 4, 24
81 40
5.2 The conversion of fraction , decimals and percentage you can

write a fraction as a decimal by dividing the numerator by the denomina-
tor.
Example 1. 1/2 = 0.5
Example 2. 7/2= 3.5
Exercise : Write the following fraction as a decimals.
1. 1 = ————- 2, 12= ————-
8 25
3. 3= ————- 4, 21= ————-

5 30
5. 2 = ————- 6, 17= ————-

25 20
57
Exercise: Solve the following word problems.

1. The average annual rainfall in reemit city is 36 2/3cm .
Write this amount as a decimal rounded to the nearest hundredth.
2. Kindest jogs 29/4 km per week . Write the distance she jogs as a deci-
mal.
5.3 Decimals as fraction.

To write a decimals as a a fraction , or mixed number, write the
tenths, hundredths, e t c . . . As a fraction with a denominator of 10, 100,
e t c . . . Based on the number of decimal places. Than , write the fraction
in lowest terms .
Example 1. 0.6 = 6/10
6 = 6÷2 = 3
10 10÷2 5
Example 2. 0.25 = 25
100
25 = 25÷25 = 1
100 100÷25 4
Exercise : Write each decimal as a fraction or mixed number.
1. 0.5 = 2. 0.125 = 3. 1.11 =
4. 1.94 = 5. 1.24 = 6. 4.0025 =
58
5.6 Percent
Percent is a fraction or ratio with a denominator of 100.
Percent means “per hundred” . The symbol for percent is %.
Example : 63/100 = 63%
To write a percent as a decimal , think of the percent as hundredths and
write the hundredths as a decimal.
Example: Percent Decimal
25% = 0.25
239% = 2.39
0.1% = 0.001
4% = 0.04
To write a decimals as a percent , think of it as a fraction over 100, and
than write the fraction as a percent.
Example: Percent Decimal
1% = 1/100 = 0.01
102.5% = 102.5/100 = 1.025
15% = 15/100 = 0.15
Exercise : Write each of the following percent as a decimal.

1. 36%= ——————
2. 19.5% = —————--
3. 0.104% = —————
4. 800% = ——————
5. 100%= ——————-
59
Exercise : Write each of the following decimal a percent.

1. 0.45 =—————- 6. 0.010103 = ———--
2. 5.026 = ————- 7. 0.071 = —————
3. 1 = —————— 8. 85.0466 = ————
4. 0.4 = —————- 9. 50.1 = —————-
5. 1.0043 = ————- 10. 0.00003 = ————
5.6 .1 Finding a percent of a number
To find the percent of a number, first change the percent to a decimal.
Than multiply the decimal by the given number.
Example1. 25% of 200
Solution: 25 x 200 = 25x200 = 5000= 50
100 100 100
Example2. 0.1% of 400
Solution: 0.1 x 400 = 0.1 x 400 = 40= 0.4
100 100 100
Exercise : Find the percent of the following numbers.
1. 200% of 30 = ———————-
2. 10% of 140 = ————————
3. 32% of 60 = ———————-——
4. 87% of 556 = —————————
5. 31% of 150 = —————————
6. 8.7 % of 135 = —————————
60
Exercise : Solve the following word problems .

1. Our school teachers are taking a 7 days trip. They expect to travel 256
miles the first day. They travelled 34.7% of that . How many miles did
they travel the first day Ɂ
2. The budget for my school trip is birr 1420. I spent 35% on food and
30% on recreation . How much money did I spend on food and recrea-
tionɁ How much money is left for other thingsɁ
Comparing and ordering fractions

To compare fractions with like denominators, compare the numerators.
Example : 3 and 4
8 8
3< 4 so, 3 < 4
8 8
There force, the greater the numerator the greater the fraction is, if both
have the same denominator.
To compare fractions with unlike ( different ) denominator, rewrite the
fractions with a common denominator and then compare the numerators.
Example : 6 and 5
7 3
Multiply numerator and denominator by the same number.
6 = 6x3 = 18
7 7x3 21
5 = 5x7 = 35
3 3x7 21
61
Since, 18 < 35, then 18 < 35 , That is 6 < 5

21 21 7 3
To compare mixed numbers, Compare the whole number part and then
the fraction part.
Example: 2 3 and 2 3
2 4
Since the whole number parts are equal (2=2), we compare the fraction
part :- 1 and 3
2 4
Write 1 as 1x2 = 2
2 2x2 4
Now compare 2 < 3
4 4
So, 2 < 3, 1 < 3, that is < 2 1 3
4 4 2 4 2 4
Exercise : Compare the fractions using < , > or = . Show the
necessary steps.
1) 5 3 2) 2 7
8 4 3 15
3) 6 ——— 3 4) 4 ——— 12
11 11 9 28
Exercise : Write the fractions in order from the least to the
greatest.
1) 2 , 1 , 1 , 3, 1 ——————————-
9 3 6 8 2
2) 3, 2 , 1 , 4 , 2 —————————-——-
10 5 3 5 3
3) 3 , 3 , 7, 13, 15, 14 ——————————-

5 8 10 4 3 9
62
Exercise : Compare the following mixed numbers by writing

< , > or = .
1) 6 3 8 1 2) 6 8 6 16
4 3 9 18
3) 1 1 1 2 4) 1 1 1 3
2 4 3 7
Addition and subtraction of fractions

 To add or subtract fractions with different denominator, use the least
common denominator to rename the fractions as fractions with the
same denominator. Then add or subtract and simplify.
Example 1. 1 + 2
4 5
1 = 1x5 = 5 , 2 = 2x4= 8
4 4x5 20 5 5x4 20
Add the numerators : 5 + 8 = 5+8 = 13
20 20 20 20
Example 2. 7 - 2
8 4
7 = 7x4 = 28, 2 = 2x8 = 16
8 8x4 32 4 4x8 32
Subtract the numerators: 28 - 16= 28-16 = 12
32 32 32 32
The lowest term of 12 is 3
32 8
Therefore, 7 - 2 = 3
8 4 8
 To add or subtract mixed numbers, first add or subtract the fraction ,
and then add or subtract the whole numbers. You may need to rewrite
before you add or subtract.
Example 1. Add 4 3 + 3 1
5 5
63
Add the fraction : 3 + 1 = 3+1 = 4

5 5 5 5
Add the whole numbers: 4+3=7
Combine : 7 4
5
Example 2. subtr act 4 9 - 2 3
13 13
Subtract the whole numbers: 4-2=2
Combine the results : 2 6
13
Example 3. subtr act 10 - 2 1
5
Rewrite 10 as 5
9 —,
5
Since, the denominator of the subtrahend is 5.
1 5 1 4
10 - 2—- = 9 — - 2 — = 7—
5 5 5 5
Exercise : Add the following fractions and mixed numbers.
Write the sum and difference in the lowest terms.
1. 3 + 3 2. 9 + 3
7 14 20 10
3. 6 4 + 2 1 4. 4 + 3
7 3 9 9
64
Exercise : subtract the following fractions and mixed numbers . Put

the result in the lowest terms.
1. 7 - 3 = 5. 7 - 1 =
12 12 15 10
2. 13 - 2 =
25 15
3. 7 - 1 4 =
10 5
4. 1 - 2 =
7
1. Samuel buys 3 4/5 kilograms of lettuce and 5/7 kilograms of spinach.
What is the total weight of the vegetables?
2. A mixture of peanuts and raisins weighs 3 4/5 kg. if the raising weigh 1
1/2 kg, what is the weight of the peanuts?
65
Addition and subtraction of decimals

You add or subtract decimals just as you do whole numbers. You line up
the decimal points and add or subtract.
Examples 1. Add 37.6 +8.431
Line up the decimal points. Write zeros to give the same number of plac-
es.
37.600
+ 08.431
46.031
Example 2. 7.2 - 3.11
7.20
- 3.11 10
4.09
Exercise: Add the following decimals.
1) 62.32 2) 4.684 3) 105.25
+ 17.68 + 15 + 17.384
4) 0.63 +0.81 =
5) 128.52 +31.438=
Exercise: Subtract the following decimals
1) 48.37 2) 7.5 3) 40.99
- 17.68 - 3.682 - 0.1153
4) 4.8 –0.953 =
5) 17.45 –8.623 =
66

1) Amanuel scored 8.53 points on his sport field activity. Semira scored
9.7 on her activity. How many points did they score together?
2) Six members of a gymnastics team scored 9.2, 8.883, 9.316,

9.483,8.89 and 9.325 points respectively in the parallel bars competition.
Order their scores from the greatest to the least.
3) A one year old scorpion is 0.0873m in length. A two years old scorpion
is 0.1243m in length. Which one is larger and by how much?
Multiplication and division of fractions.

To multiply fractions, first multiply the numerators. Then multiply the
denominators. Write the product in lowest terms.
Example: 1 x 4 = 1 x 4 = 4 , the lowest term is 1 .
8 2 8 x 2 16 4
To multiply mixed numbers, first write a fraction for each mixed number,
then multiply the fractions. Convert the product into mixed number.
Example: 2 1 x 3 1
8 9
2 1= (2x8)+1 = 17 , 3 1= (3x9)+ 1 = 28
8 8 8 9 9 9
17 x 28 = 476 = 119 = 611
8 9 72 18 18
67

1) 4 x 3= 4) 3 x 2 x 5=
9 5 14 7 6
2) 6 x 2= 5) 9 1 x 6 3 =
6 5 7
3) 3 4 x 3=
5 5
To divide fractions, find the reciprocal of the divisor. Then multiply the
fraction by the reciprocal of the divisor.
Example: 8 ÷ 4
9 3
8 x 3 = 24 its lowest term is 2
9 4 36 3
Example: 1 3 ÷ 2 1
4 5
First rewrite the mixed number as fractions. Then multiply by the recipro-
cal of the divisor.
1 3 =(4x1)+3 =7 , 2 1= (5x2)+1 =11
4 4 4 5 5 5
7 ÷ 11 =7 x 5 = 35
4 5 4 11 44
Exercise:
Find the quotient of the following numbers.
1) 4 ÷ 2= 4) 1 2 ÷10=
3 7 3
2) 2 3 ÷ 2 1 = 5) 4 ÷ 16=
5 4 9
3) 3 ÷ 2 2 =
8
68

1) In a school there are 360 students. 1/2 of them are boys. How many of
them are girls?
2) Dawit’s car takes 5/8 liters of gasoline to travel 12 1/2 km. how much
gasoline does the car use for each kilometer of driving.
Multiplying and dividing decimals

To multiply decimals, first multiply the numbers without putting any deci-
mals in the product. Then count the total number of decimal points and
write the product having the same number of decimal places.
Example: 42.849 3 places
x 5.1 1 place
42849
214245
218.5299
Exercise:
multiply the following decimals .
1) 0.35 2) 2.001 3) 0.947
x 0.96 x 2.004 x 0.19
4) 0.04530x 3.5 =
5) 47.15 x 5.40 =
69
You divide decimals by whole numbers the same way you divide whole
numbers. Then place the decimal point in the quotient directly above the
decimal point in the dividend.
Example : 12.6 ÷ 6
Example: 0.36 ÷ 0.04 = 0.36 x 100 = 36 = 9
0.04 x 100 4
Exercise: Find the quotient of the following decimals.

37.5 ÷ 5 = 4) 9.1 ÷ 6=
0.02 ÷ 0.01 = 5) 27 ÷ 0.9 =
12.8 ÷ 0.64 = 6) 0.168 ÷ 1000 =
1) Almaz bought 20.23 units of pine. Fifteen workers used 0.35 units
each. How many units of pine did they use?
2) Nathan said he caught 25 ocean fish whose combined mass was 26.035
kg. what was the mass of each fish?
70
Review exercise
Match the fraction with its percentage.
A B
1) 2 = a) 25%
5
2) 3 = b) 80%
8
3) 1 = c) 37.5%
4
4) 5 = d) 40%
8
5) 4 = e) 62.5%
5
Add or subtract
1) 4 + 3 = 4) 11- 3 =
9 4 12 4
2) 4 1 + 2 2 = 5) 1– 13 =
6 3 15
3) 4 1 + 2 1 = 6) 8 –1 2 =
13 2 3
Solve the following word problems
1. Roza spends 4 hours at the beach. She spends 1/3 of the time for swim-
ming, 1/3 of the time for sunbathing. How many minutes does she
spend in each activity?
2. One camper brought 1/2 of a melon and ate 1/4 of it. The whole melon
weighed 4kg. How many grams of melon did the camper eat?
71
UNIT FIVE
MEASUREMENT AND MEASURING UNITS
Unit objective: At the end of this unit the students should be
able to;
 Define measurement and the different units of measurement
 Measure the units of length, mass and time
Introduction
History tells us that early man used measuring system for mak-
ing weapons, building places to live in and even making cloth-
ing. The cubit is one of the first recorded unit of measurement.
 Man first used parts of his body as measuring instruments.
 A span- is the distance from the tip of the little finger to the
tip of the thumb of an outstretched hand.

 A palm- is the distance across the basic of four fingers that
form your palm.

 A digit- is the thickness or width of the middle finger.
 In scientific work measurement of one kind or another are
made all the time. Even in everyday life, the need for meas-
urement arises from time to time.
 Before a measurement is made, some sort of unit must be
agreed up on even if it is a crude one like the length of your

foot, your arm. Your pace etc.
There are two system of standard measurements.
These are:
1. The customary (English) system
2. The metric system of measurements
The customary (English) system measurement
The customary (English) system of measurement is used in
United States. Inch (in), foot (ft), yard (yd) and mile (mi) are
standard units of measurement under the customary system.
But most countries do not use the measurements of the English
system.
72
The metric system of measurement

The system of measurement used in most countries is the met-
ric system. The metric system is used by scientists everywhere
in the world.
The metric system, like our place system, is based on the num-
ber 10. This makes it very easy to change from one unit to an-
other. Operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and di-
vision with metric system of measurements are carried out in
the same way as with decimal numbers.
The chart below shows the relationship between the units in

the metric system and the power of 10.
Kilo Thousand
Hecto Hundreds
Deca Tens
Basic unit Ones
Deci Tenths
Centi Hundredths
milli Thousands
Each place value is ten times the place value of its right.
Deci should remind you of a word involving as decade or deci-
mal.
Centi should remind you of a century, which is 100 years.
Milli should remind you of millennium, a period of 1000 years.
Deca indicates multiplying by 10.
Hecto indicates multiplying by 100.
Kilo indicates multiplying by 1000.
For the above chart you can observe that the affixes.
Milli means 1/1000th of the basic unit.
Centi means 1/100th of the basic unit.
Deci means 1/10th of the basic unit.
Kilo means 1000 times of the basic unit.
73
Hector means 100 times the basic unit.

To change from a smaller unit to larger unit, you need to divide.
Remember that you can multiply or divide a power of 10 by
moving the decimal point to the right on to the left
Measurement of length, mass, volume and time.
Unit of length
One of the most commonly used customary unit of length is the
inch; some others are the foot (ft) yard (yd) and mile (mi)
To change from one unit to another unit in the customary sys-
tem, you can use multiplication or division.
Conversation keys
1 feet (ft = 12 inches (in)
1 yard (yd) = 3 feet or 36 inches (in)
1 mile (mi) = 5280 feet or 1760 yards
Example
Complete the following units.
A.4ft = ___________in C. 60in = ___________ft
B.15ft = ___________yd D. 2mi = _____________ft
Solution:
A. 4ft = 4 × 1ft = 4 × 12inches = 48 in
B. 15ft = 15 × 1ft = 15 ÷ 3yard = 5yd ( 1feet = 1/3 yard)
C. 60in = (60 ÷ 12) feets = 5ft (1inch = 1/12 feet)
D. 2mi = 2 × 1 mi = 2 × 5280 feets = 10560ft
The basic unit of length in metric system is the meter: all other
metric units of length are defined in terms of meter. Decimals
are used in the metric system. Here are some more units that
are used to measure length in metric system.
Unit Symbol Meaning Size in term of basic unit
Millimeter Mm Thousandth 0.001m
Centimeter Cm Hundredth 0.01m
Meter M Ones 1.0m
kilometer km Thousands 1000m
74
The decimeter, decameter and hectometer are seldom used.

Conversion key
To change from a large unit to a smaller unit:
1cm = 10mm
1dm = 10cm = 100mm
1m = 10dm = 100cm = 1000mm
1dkm = 10m = 100dm = 100cm = 1000mm
1hm = 10dkm = 100dm = 10000cm = 100000mm
1km = 10hm = 100dkm = 1000m = 10000dm = 100000cm
To change from a smaller unit to a larger unit:
1mm = 0.1cm = 0.01dm = 0.001m
1cm = 0.1dm = 0.01m = 0.001dkm = 0.0001hm
1m = 0.1dkm = 0.01hm = 0.001km
1hm = 0.1km
Example: Complete the following units.
A. 2100mm =_____________ D) 975cm = _____________
B. _______cm = 6.908km E) _______m = 2400mm
C. 1.2km = __________mm
Solution
A. 2100mm = 210 × 10mm = 210cm (since 1cm = 10mm)
B. 6.909km = 6.909 × 1km = 6.909 × 100000cm = 690900cm
(since 1km = 100,000cm)
C. 1.2km = 1.2 × 1km = 1.2 × 1000000mm = 1200000mm
(since 1km = 106mm)
D. 975cm = 975 × 1cm = 975 × 10mm = 9750mm (since 10m =
10mm)
E. 2400mm = (2400 ÷ 1000) = 2.4m (since 1m = 100mm)
Example: Change each unit to the next larger unit.

A) 84.35mm
Solution:
A) 84.35mm = 84.35 × 1mm = (84.35 ÷ 10) cm
= 8.435cm (since 1mm = 0.1cm)
75
Exercise
Change each unit to the next larger unit.
A. 3245 dm= D. 1.6m=
B. 1500cm= E. 328mm=
C. 0.75hm=
Example: Change each unit to the next smaller unit.
0.01km
Solution
0.01km = 0.01 × 1km = 0.01 × 10hm = 0.1hm (since 1km =
10hm)
Exercise:
Change each unit to the next smaller unit.
A. 3dkm= D . 15hm =
B. 0.0015m = E. 895dm =
C. 3000km=
Addition and subtraction with measuring units
Addition
Example: 1235km + 1500m
Solution
1500m = 1.5km Hence, 1235km + 1500m
= 1235km + 1.5km
= 1236.5 km
Exercise
Add the following measuring units.
A. 7.65m + 245 mm=
B. 1.5dkm + 5300m=
C. 2.54cm + 1.61km=
D. 978cm + 439m =
E. 4392m + 3462 km=
F. 1932 mm + 8976cm=
Subtraction
Example: 7.65m – 895mm
Solution
7.65m – 0.895m
(since 1mm = 0.001m)
= 6.755m
76
Exercise
Subtract the following measuring units.
A. 46925cm – 28468mm d. 9627m – 3472mm
B. 38km – 3000m e. 2893mm – 1320cm
C. 4672dkm – 1279hm f. 5492km – 4763cm
Exercise
1. Either multiply or divide to change each measurement.
A. ________mm = 0.7cm C. 150m = _______km
B. 328mm = _______ D. 5.02km = ______m
2. Complete the following units.
A. 2100mm = _______cm E. _________m = 5240cm
B. 0.0068km = ______m F. _________m = 2400mm
C. ________mm = 0.0817m G. 97.5cm = _______mm
D. 0.593km = ________cm
3. Express the following as decimal of a meter
A. 562cm= C. 4dm 5cm 1cm=
B. 1255mm= D. 6hm 7dkm 5m=
4. Change each of the following units into decimeter.
A. 6m 7dm= D. 175cm =
B. 380mm= E. 7km 5m 9m=
C. 2482hm=
5. Express each of the following units in km.
A. 752dm = D. 3052km=
B. 7km 50cm= E. 15hm 5m 9cm=
C. 3245m = F. 8445cm=
6. A man can cycle 8.25km in one hour. Find the distance he
covers in 3 hours.
77
8. A given material costs birr 84.50 for one meter. What will
6m 70cm of the material cost?
9. Electricity poles stand at intervals of 24m. How many km
apart bare the 1st and 35th poles?
10. How many pieces of string can be cut from a roll of 120m
if each piece is 3m 25cm long.
11. Add or subtract each of the following and express in km.
A. 5km 8hm 4dkm + 5km 5hm + 2m= km
B. 20 82km 42m + 56km 350 + 143km 25m= km
C. 4m 48cm – 10m 2mm= km
D. 15km 777in – 10km 120m= km
13. Add and express the result in units indicated in brackets.
A. 7m +5dm +2cm +4mm =
B. 18km+ 5hm +4m =
C. 6dkm+ 8m +5dm 8cm =
D. 4km +650mm =
E. 6m +2dm+ 5cm =
78
14. Divide and express the result in unit indicated in brackets.

A. 94m and 56cm by 6(m)=
B. 482km, 4km and 8m by 4(km)=
15. How many centers are there in 0.58 meter?
16. How many meters are there in 215 millimeters?
17. What is the basic unit of length in metric system?
18. What operation could you use to change from a smaller unit
to a larger unit?
19. Express each of the following in their respective units.
Km Hm Kdm m Dm cm Mm
2 4 3
2 4 3 1
3 3 3
5 8 2 7
6 6 7 2 3
1 1 1 1
Unit of mass and weight

Mass is the quantity of meter in a body. To measure the mass of
different quantities, we have different types of balances.
Smaller mass may be measured in hectogram, decagram, grams
etc.
The basic unit of mass in metric system is gram. In the metric
system all units are defined in terms of a basic unit.
For example: A kilogram (kg) is 1000 grams (g) and a milligram
(mg) is 0.001 gram (g).
79
Many items you use every day measure in grams, kilograms or

milligrams. The most commonly used metric units of mass are
summarized in the chart given below.
Unit Symbol Meaning Size in terms of

basic units
Mili - gram Mg Thousandth 0.01g
Centi – gram Cg Hundredth 0.01g
Deci – gram Dg Tenths 0.1g
Gram – gram Lg One 1g.
Deca – gram Dag Tens 10g
Hecto – gram Hg Hundreds 100g
Kilo – gram kg Thousands 1000g
Conversion keys
To change a larger unit to a smaller unit.
1cg = 10mg
1dg = 10cg = 100mg
1g = 10dg = 100cg = 1000mg
1dag = 10g = 1000dg = 1000cg = 10000mg
1hg = 10dag = 100g = 1000dg = 10000cg = 100000mg
1kg = 10hg = 100dag = 1000g = 10000dg = 100000cg
To change a smaller unit to a larger unit.

1mg = 0.1 cg = 0.01dg = 0.001g
1cg = 0.1dg = 0.01g = 0.01dag = 0.001hg
1g = 0.1dag = 0.01hg = 0.001kg
1dag = 0.1hg = 0.01kg
1kg = 0.1kg
80
Example:
A. 0.0068kg = ______________g C. ____________g = 1955mg
B. 5.35kg = ________________mg D.176000mg = ___________kg
Solution
A. 0.0068kg = 0.0068 × 1kg = 0.0068 × 1000g = 6.8g (since 1kg
= 1000g)
B. 5.35kg = 5.35 × 1kg = 5.35 × 106mg = 5350000mg (since 1kg
= 106mg)
C. 1955mg = 1956 × 1g = 1955 × 0.001kg = 1.955g (since 1g =
0.001kg)
D. 76000mg = 76000 × 1mg = 76000 × 0.000001kg = 0.076kg
(since 1mg = 0.000001kg)
Exercise
Change the unit to the next larger unit.
A. 68hg= ______________ D. 6700mg= ____________ _
B. 5245dg= _______________ E. 14g = ________________
C. 150cg= ________________
Exercise
Change each unit to the next smaller unit.
A. 0.0025hg = ________________ B. 1.05dag= _______________
B. 0.0068kg= ________________ D. 15dg= ________________
Exercise
Add or subtract the following units.
A.1335kg + 5300g= ___________
B.12kg – 10hg 500g= ____________
C.18.65g – 8959mg= ____________
D.85kg 125g – (48kg 4hg 7dag)= ______________
E.0.0015kg + 150g + 0.01hg= ________________
The force which pulls a body (near the earth) towards the center
of the earth is called the weight of the body. We use a spring
balance to measure weight .
Some metric units used in weighing object are the gram (g) and
the kilogram (kg).
The basic unit used to measure weight is the newton (N).
The force on a mass of 1kg is about 1o N.
81
Note: The difference between mass and weight

Mass is the quantity of matter but weight is the force, the pull of
the earth on the body.
 The most commonly used customary units of weight are
ounce, pound and ton.
Exercise
1. Write whether you multiply or divide to change each.
A. _______mg = 0.13cg
B. 512mg = _________g
C. 15000mg = ________dg
D. 0.00015kg = ________g
E. ________mg = 0.0012cg
F. 0.000038kg = _____mg
2. Express the following as a decimal of gram.
A.451mg= _________g
B. 212dg = _________g
C. 12dg 2mg= _________g
D. 12dag 4g 10dg= _________g
E. 7500g 52cg 20mg= _________g
3. Express the following in grams.
A. 300mg + 50cg + 120g= _________g
B. 0.002kg + 6.02hg + 0.2dag= _________g
C. 50dg + 8cg + 110mg= _________g
D. 0.00058kg= _________g
82
4. Add or subtract the following units.

A. 48kg 462g + 178kg 4dag 6g= _______________
B. 72g 2cg + 58g 70cg + 12g 7dg 5cg= _______________
5. Multiply and express the result in units indicated in brackets.
A. 6dag 8g 5dg 8cg by 16 (kg)= _______________
B. 615dg 8cg 4mg by 12(g)= _______________
C. 5kg 145g by (kg)= _______________
172g 52cg by 24 (cg)= _______________
6. Divide and express the result in units indicated in brackets.
A. 94g 65cg by 6(g)=____________
B. 50kg 6hg 4g by 12(kg)=___________
7. Change 0.6mg to gram.
8. How many grams are there in 215 milligrams?
9. Find the weight of the following masses.
A. 0.15gkg=___________ C. 0.00754g=___________
B. 3.65g=___________ D. 981.85hg=___________
10. Which of the following pair of masses has the greater weight?
A. 0.062kg and 810g=___________
B. 2.038g and 0.0008kg=___________
11. One pan of a beam balance holds a mass of 9.5kg while the
other pan holds 944.8dag. How many grams must be added
to the lighter pan to balance the two sides.
83
12. Compare the following using the symbols >, < or =.
A.6500mg _________ 6.5g
B. 345dg __________0.0345hg
13. The mass of the meat obtained from an oxen is 85kg 250hg
500g. What mass of meat could get if the meat is divided in-
to ten person?
 To change customary unit of weight from smaller to larger
unit, use division and to change from larger unit to smaller
unit, use multiplication.
Note: 1 pond (lb) = 16 ounces (oz)
1 ton (1) = 2000 pounds (lb)
84
Unit of Time
We are very often interested how soon certain activities are go-
ing to start, how long activities are going to take and so on. The
most commonly used unit of time are second (s), minute (min),
hour (hr), day (dy), month, week and year.
The basic unit measurement of time is second.
Conversion keys
1 minute (min) = 60 seconds (s)
1 hour (hr) = 60minutes (min) = 3600 seconds (s)
1 day = 24 hours = 1440 minutes = 86400 seconds (s)
1 week = 7days (d) = 7 × 24 hours = 168 hours = 10080 minutes
(m)
1 month = 30 days = 30 × 24 hours = 720 hours
1 years = 13months (including pagume) = 365 days
To add or subtract measures of time
I. Add or subtract the seconds.
II. Add or subtract the minutes.
III.Add or subtract the hours.
Example: 1hr 30min + 1hr 45min
1hr 30min + hr 45min = 2hr 75min
Since; 75min = 60min + 15min = 1hr 15min
Hence 1hr 30min + 1hr 45min = 2hr 75min = 3hr 15min
Example: Now it is 6:45 hrs. What will be the time after 80
minutes.
Solution: 80min = 60min + 20min
= 1hr + 20min (since 60min = 1hr)
Then 6hr + 45min + 1hr 20min = 7hr and 65min
Again 65min = 60min + 5min = 1hr + 5min
7hr 65min = 7hr + 1hr 5min
= 8hr5min = 8:05hr
85
Exercise : Add or subtract the following units.

A. 12hr 7min 365 – 1hr 28min 10sec
B. 12hr 26min 55sec + 2hr + 24min 52sec
C. 2min 35sec + 8min 40sec
D. 12hr 40min 30sec – 4hr 30min 50sec
Note: To separate hour and minute. We put the symbol (:)

between hour and time.
For example: 3 hour and 45 minutes (or 3h and 45min) can be
written as 3:45 hours.
We are more used to the 12-hour clock but sometimes it is more
convenient to use the 24-hour clock.
The a.m time is same on both clocks, but the p.m time is differ-
ent. The time can be expressed on a clock as a.m time or p.m
time.
Note: a.m means the time between midnight and noon.
p.m means the time between noon and midnight.
Example: 2.13. A job was started at 21:13 hours and it took 8
hours and 56 minutes to complete. At what time did the work
stop?
Solution Hour min
21 13
8 56
30 09
Here, (13 + 56) min = 69min = 60min + 9min
But 60min = 1hour, hence 69min = 1hr 09min
30:09 is greater than 24 hour, the number of hours in a day so
they finish the following day at 30:09 – 24:00 = 6:09 a.m.
Note: 1. Each unit of measurement of time cannot expressed
as a power of 10 of the other unit.
2. To change a unit from larger to smaller unit, use
multiplication.
3. To change a unit from smaller to a larger, use division.
86
Exercise
1. Change the following units of time into hours.
A. 1.75days = _______hrs
B. 18000seconds= _______hrs
C. 1year and 0.25 month= _______hrs
D. 1.5week = _______hrs
E. 590minutes= _______hrs
F. 22days= _______hrs
G. 2days and 19800seconds= _______hrs
2. Change the following units of time into minutes.
A. 1.25days = _______min
B. 1week= _______min
C. 3.5hrs= _______min
D. 1days and 7200seconds= _______min
E. 7:55 = _______min
F 1year ¾ month 1/7 week 3days= _______min
3. Write the time in digital form
4. Complete
A. 2d = ________hr E. 4yrs = __________min
B. 4wk=________d F. 35d = ___________wk
C. 180s = _______min G. 104wk = _________yr
D. 72mo= _______yr H. 2hr = ____________min
87
5. Match the following items.

A B
_____ 7:00 a. half past ten
_____ 5:20 b. twenty minutes
_____ 3:54 c. seven o’clock
_____ 19:30 d. six minutes before four
6. Choose multiply or divide
A. To change days to week by 7
B. To change years to months _________ by 12
C. To change minutes to seconds, _________ by 60
D. To change hours to days, __________ by 24
7. On Sunday, Hiwot split from 5:05a.m until 8:1p.m. How long
did she work?
8. Choose a.m or p.m
A. Grima ate his lunch at 12:15
B. The sun rose at 5:57
C. Fatuma went to school at 8:00_________
D. Yesuf ate his dinner at 1:30_________
9. Amlak’s family hiked around the late for 2hours. How many
minutes was this?
10. The family spent 250minutes on a nature frail. How many
hours and minutes was that?
11. Paulo’s carried a load of logs from sululta to Addis Ababa.
He started at 11:45A.m and arrived at 1:15p.m. How much
time had passed?
88
12. Find each time

A. 6hr 19min after 12 noon
B. 55 minutes before 8:30p.m
13. Complete
A. 2min 85s = ________min 25s
B. 42hr 5min 87s = 42hr _________ min ________S
C. 2hr 23min 28s = 2hr 22mi ________s
D. 26hr 83min 85 = hr _________ min 25 s
14. Add or subtract rename if necessary
A. 7hr 20min B. 5hr 25hr C. 12hr 38min

+ 3hr 18min + 10hr 36min + 3hrs 46min
D. 4min95s E. 18hr 25min F. 8hr40s

- 12min 55s -2hr 9min 40s -3520min 15s
89
15. Find the elapsed time.
A. 10:20A.m to 11:19A.m= ___________________
B. 8:15p.m to 6:45A.m= ___________________
C. 6:30A.m to 12:35P.m= ___________________
D. 8:05A.m to 4:15P.m= ___________________
16. How much time is there between 6:15A.m and 7:15P.m?
17. If you mathematics period started at 4:45P.m and ended at
5:30p.m. How long was the period?
18. Find the sum of 3h 36min, 1:25h and 0.6g. give your an-
swer in hours and minutes.
19. Henok started his trip on Monday at 8:30A.m. if the trip
took Himsa total of 54hours and 15minutes when did he
complete the trip?
20. Alemitu worked on Thursday 3hours and 15minutes on Fri-
day. She worked 4hours and 45minutes. If she gets paid
birr 3.50 an hour. How much money did she make in
these two days?
90
UNIT SIX
GEOMETRIC FIGURES AND MEASUREMENT
Unit objective: At the end of this unit the student should be
able to;
 Identify different lines, angles and plane figures.
 Measure the size of a give angle
 Construct different geometric figures
 Classify and define triangles on different basis
INTRODCTION
In this unit you will be introduced to the basic concepts of ge-
ometry and measurement. The word geometry is drive from
two Greek words geo meaning earth and meteron meaning
measure. Therefore, we can assume that geometry concerned
itself with the measure of the earth, or earth measurement and
you will study a bout construction, bisecting line will study
about construction, bisecting line segments and angles, meas-
uring angles and also computing the areas of rectangles and
squares.
Fundamental geometrical concepts points, line and angle are
fundamental concept of geometry
Point and lines
Point has no dimension that means a point has no length,
width or thickness. But its is represented by a dot (.) . Points
are labeled or named by using capital letters.
The following figure shows point P, Q and R.
91
A line is defined as a collection of points which is arranged in a

sequence manner. It has one dimension that is its length.
A straight line is named by naming two points on it, or by a
small letter placed near the line.
. . L
A B
In the above figurer straight line can be named as line AB or line
L. line AB can be denoted as AB or BA . The arrow heads on
both sides represent the line has not end points . In other words,
the arrows tell out that a line “ goes on and on” in both direc-
tions.
 A line segment is a part of a line that is bounded by two dis-
tinct end points.
A B
In the figure above line segment AB, it is denoted by AB.
 A ray is a part of a line weigh has one initial point and ex-
tends without end in the other direction.
In the figure above is a ray CD, it can be denoted by CD. A ray
has only one end point.
C D
92
5.2.2. Angles and measurement of Angles
An angle is the figure formed by two rays, drawn from the
same point. The rays that form the angle are called the sides of
the angle. The point from which the rays are drawn is called
the vertex of the angle. The symbol for the word angle is “<”
In figure 5.13, the rays AB and AD are sides of BAD; A
is the vertex of BAD.
D
Fig. 5.1.3.
93
Here are some examples of angle.
Fig 5.14
Many different names exist for the same angle. For the angle be-
low, <PBC, <PBD, <RDE, and <XUZ are all names for the same
angle.
P
R
U
X D
Fig 5.15
An angle may be named by;

I. A number placing inside the angle as <1 (fig 5.16(a)
II. A small letter placing inside the angle, as <b (fig. 5.16(b))
III. A capital letter at the vertex of the angle, as <A (fig. 5.16)
IV. The three capital letters, the letter at the vertex is always
in the middle, as <ABC (fig 5.16(d)
b
c
d
A B C D
Fig 5.16
In the actual practice, the unit used to measure angle is called a
degree.
94
A degree is 1/360 of a fall circle of full revolution the symbol

for degree is(0). The protractor is the instrument used to meas-
ure the number of degree in an angle. It is a half circle and
marked off in 180 units of one degree (10) each.
Fig 5.17.
To measure an angle, follow the following steps.
Step 1: Place the center of the protractor on the vertex of the
angle with straighten along one side
Fig 5.18
95
Step 2. Use the scale that begins with 00 on the side of the an-
gle. Read the angle measure where the other side crosses the
same scale on the protractor
Fig 5.19
2. Draw an angle with measure given use your protractor and

straight todge.
A. 800
B. 2000
C. 1300
D. 1800
E. 1830
96
3. An architect made this drawing of abridge. Find the measure

of each angle
F B R
A B C D E
A. <ABF B. <BCF C. <ACR
5.2.3 Classification of Angles

The size of an angle depends only on the amount of opening
between the sides and not up on the length of the sides.
Angles can be classified according to their measures (sizes).
Classification of angle according to their sizes
Name Measure (size)
1 An acute angle is an angle
whose measure is greater
than 00 00<ø <900
2 A right angle is an angle in
whose measure is 900 Ø= 900
3 An obtuse angle is an angle
than 1800 900 < ø <1800
4 A straight angle is an angle
whose measure is 1800 ø =1800
5 A reflex angle is an angle

A.
97
By comparing the angle with a right angle, you can determine

whether the given angle is acute or obtuse.
Suppose you have a model of right angle as in fig 5.29
fig 5.29
To compare two angle page with right only is RP coincide with

vertical Edge of the right angle? As shown in Fig 5.30, angle
RPT coincide with edge of the given right Angle model. So,
<RPT is right angle
P T
Fig 5.30
The angle ABC with right angle to compare

a right angle with <ABC, is BA in side, on
or outside the right angle? < ABC is less
than a right angle, so it is an acute angle .
(see fig 5.31)

To compare an angle with right angle:
Is ED inside, on or outside the right an- D
gle? <DEH is greater than right angle?
<DEH is greater than (out side ) right
(see fig 5.32) E H
98
Example: classify each angle measure, as acute, right, ob-

tuse or reflex.
a. 840 b. 940 c. 1050 d. 1680 e. 1960
Solution
A. Since 00< 840< 1800, the angle 840 is an acute angle.
B. Since 900> 940<1800, the angle 940 is an obtuse angle.
C. Since 900<1050<1800, the angle 1050 is an obtuse angle.
D. Since 900<1680<1800, the angle 1680is an obtuse angle.
E. Since 1800<1960<3600, the angle 1960 is reflex angle.
Exercise 5.2C
1. Using fig 5.33, determine whether each statement is true or
false.
A. <COB is right angle.
B. <AOC and <COB are equal angle.
C. <COH is an acute angle.
D. <COH is an obtuse angle.
E. <EOH is an obtuse angle.
E H
C o D
G F
B
Fig 5.33
99
2. Estimate the measure of each angle. Tall whether it is right

acute, or obtuse
Fig 5.34
3. Using fig 5.35
A. Name two obtuse angles F D C
B. Name three acute angles
C. Name two right angles.
V T R
4. Name the kind angle shown on a clock fact at each time
a. 4:15 b. 2:20 c. 8:00 d. 6:00
5. Use fig 3.36, to answer each question.

A. Which drawing has two obtuse angles?
B. Which drawing has more right angles?
C. Which drawing has right, obtuse, and acute angles?
A B C
100
5.2.4 Perpendicular and parallel line

Remember that a plane is an infinite flat surface. Lines in a
plane that never meet are called parallel lines. Lines that inter-
sect to form a right angle (900) are called perpendicular lines. In-
tersecting line have exactly one common point.
Parallel lines perpendicular lines
In fig, line AB and line CD are parallel lines and denoted by
AB // CD. The symbol // means “is parallel to”

A B
C D
Parallel lines are every were the same distance a part.
In fig, line EF perpendicular to AB and denoted by EF AB. The
symbol means “is perpendicular to”
A B
101
Note:
I. If two lines are perpendicular, then they form right angles.
II. If two lines meet to form a right angles, then the lines are
perpendicular AB is perpendicular to PQ
III.Segments of two perpendicular lines are perpendicular for
example, AB is perpendicular to PQ
IV.Rays of two perpendicular line are perpendicular for Exam-
ple AB is perpendicular to PQ
Exercise 5.1A
I. Answer the following questions
1. What geometrical figure does the sharp and end of a needle
represent?
——————————————————————————————
2. What geometrical figure does the edge of a page of a book
represent?
——————————————————————————————
6. In what two ways may a line be labeled?
——————————————————————————————
7. Define line segment and ray
——————————————————————————————
Exercise 5.2 B
II. Give short answer
1. Measure accurately the length of each line
A.
B.
102
2. Draw the following types of lines in the same plane

A. two parallel straight lines each of length 5 cm and 2cm
a part
B. one perpendicular line to one of the parallel lines.

so, is this perpendicular line is also perpendicular to the
other parallel line
3. Draw two lines AB and PQ perpendicular to the same line

ST. so, are two perpendicular lines parallel to each other?
In fig 5.42
A.Name two parallel lines.
B
B. Name two perpendicular lines. A
A.How many pairs of parallel lines.

C D
fig 5.42
5. Complete the following using fig 5.43
A. Line AB is parallel to line ___________ A B
B. Line BC is perpendicular to line __________
C. Ray CD is __________ to ray BC
D. AD is perpendicular to ___________ D C
E. DC is _____________ to BC
F. AD is parallel to ray ______________ fig 5.43
103
5.2.5. Triangles and classification of Triangles

The triangles and the most important of all straight line figures
these three sides figure play an essential part in the study of
geometry and also in its application of the ants and industries.
A triangle is a plane figure bounded by three straight
lines. The sides of a triangle are the three lines which bound it.
Fig. 5.44 represents triangle ABC.
(or ABC). The line segments AB, BC and CA are three sides of
the triangle ABC . C
b a
A B
C
fig 5.44
The vertices of a triangle are the three points of intersection of
the sides or the vertices of the angles of the triangle.
In fig 5.44 points A, B and C are vertices of ABC and angles
<ABC, <BCA and <ACB are angles of ABC.
104
Classification of Triangles
Triangles are classified as to the sides or as to angles
I. Classification of triangles according to sides
A. An equilateral triangles have three equal sides
B. An isosceles triangles have at least two equal sides
C. Escalon triangles have no equal sides
Equilateral triangle Isosceles Triangle Scalene triangle

Fig 5.45
II. Classification of triangles according to angles
A. An equiangular triangle has three equal angles
B. A right angle triangle has one right angle
C. An obtuse angle triangle has one obtuse angle
D. An acute angle triangle has three acute angles
Equiangular Triangle Right Triangle
Obtuse Triangle Acute Triangle
105
III. Parts of a triangle

1. In a triangle, any one of the three sides may be designated
the base for example ion Fig 5.47 any one of the sides AB, BC
or CA is base of the ABC a triangle may three fore have three
base C
A B
Fig 5.47
2. The angle opposite the base is the vertex angle for example,
in fig 5.47 if side AC is base, then <ABC is vertex of ABC if AB
is the base <ACB is the vertex of ABC
3. An altitude of triangle is a line segment draw from any vertex
perpendicular to the opposite side for example in fig 5.47 the
line segment CD is altitude of ABC
A medium of a triangle is a line draw from any vertex to the
mid-point of the opposite side. For example, in fig. 5.48 is the
medium of ABC because AD = DC
B
A D C
Fig 5.48
To the right triangle the side opposite the right angles the hy-
potnes
For example, in fig 5.49 ABC is right triangle with hypotenuse
AB B
Fig 5.49
A C
106
5. In isosceles triangle the equal sides are the legs, the third side
is generally designated the base. The angle opposite the base
is the vertex angle. The other two angles are the base angles
In fig. 5.50 ABC is an isosceles triangles

Side AC and BC are legs of the ABC
Angles <ACB or ACB is the vertex angle of ABC
Angles <BAC and <ABC are base angles of ABC
A
B C
Isosceles triangle
Fig 5.50
Exercise 5.2E
1. Fill the blank spaces
A. A _________ triangle has no two sides equal
B. An ________ triangle has three angles equal
C. An ________ triangle has two sides equal
2. How many altitude a triangle has?
3. How many bases a triangle has?
4. What is median of a triangle?
5. What is an altitude of a triangle?
6. If in ABC, <3=<4, what kind of angle is <3
7. IF ABC, fig 5.51, is isosceles
What parts of the figure are known to be equal?
A
Fig 5.51
B C
107
8. In fig 5.32
A. Name the three sides of ABC
B. Using the tree letters name the three angles of ABC
9. What side is opposite <A? name the sides of <A (fig 5.52)
10. Which triangles are right triangles? Obtuse triangles? Acute

triangle?
A B C
D E F
5.2.6 Circles
A detailed knowledge of the circle is fundamental in the
construction of all machinery.
A circle is a geometrical figure made of a set of points equi-
distant from fixed point.
Exercise
1. Give practical examples of circle that are used in our real
lite.
2. Are coins and tires circular?
3. What kind of geometrical figure can be drawn by tracing
round one cent, five cent or ten cent with a pencil?
4. What you call an instrument that is used to draw a circle?
5. How many sides a circle has?
108
Steps how a pair of compasses is used to draw a circle
Step 1. Fix the pencil in the compasses with the sharp point of
the pencil at the same level as the steel point of the
compasses
Step 2. Stick the steel point of the compasses on the paper.
Hold the top of the compasses lightly between the fig-
ure and thumb.
Step 3.Keep the pencil point on the paper and trace out the
circle with the pencil
The point where we stick the step 1 point of the compasses is
the center of the circle. The segment joining two points of the
circle is called chord
A circle is a closed plane curve all points of which are equi-
distant from a fixed point of the plane. The center is the fixed
point. The circle whose center is 0 is named the circle 0.
1. A radius (plural radii) is a straight line from the center to
any point on the circle. OA, OC or OB radius of the circle
E F
A B
C
2. A chord is a line segment whose end points on a circle. Line
segment EF is a chord of the circle
3. A diameter is a line segment that passes through the center
of the circle and has both end points on the circle, the line
segment AB is a diameter
4. A semi-circle is a half circle
109
Note:
I. The radii of a circle are equal
II. A diameter of a circle is twice the radius. For example AB
= 2AO
III. The diameters of a circle are equal
IV. Diameter is the biggest chord of circle
Exercise
1. Use a compass to draw a circle of the following radii
A. 2cm B. 4.5cm C. 3cm
2. Draw a circle of the following diameter

A. 3.4cm B. 8.6cm c. 80mm
3. Draw a circle with center 0

Draw a diameter A or B
Draw a diameter CD 1 AB at 0
Draw two perpendicular diameters of a circle
4. Draw chords connecting their end points. Are the chords
At equal distance from the center?
5. If the length of diameter is 10 units, what is the length of the
radius?
6. Is every diameter a chord?
7. Is every chord a diameter?
8. Are all points on a circle the same distance from the center
9. Is chord the same as radius?
10. Are chord the same as radius?
110
Line of symmetry and symmetrical Figures

If a mirror is placed on the dashed line xy, the person fac-
ing the mirror sees a complete picture of the face. The half in the
mirror is a reflection of the other half. If the face was folded
along xy, one half will fold over exactly on to the other half we
say xy is a line of symmetry.
x
y
If you draw a line down the center of a figure line kite, the
two halves match. When this happened, the line is called a line
of symmetry.
Line of symmetry can be found in certain figures.

Example 5.3. Draw all lines of symmetry for each Figure.
Example 5.4 The fig 5.6.12 represents, the flag of Ethiopia. How
many lines of symmetry does the flag have?
111
Solution: To find the lines of symmetry, you can do the follow-

ing: fold the flag in half vertically, horizontally, and diagonally.
Since the sides and patterns match exactly when it is folded
vertically and horizontally, it has 2 lines of symmetry as shown
below.
The capital letter M has one line of symmetry, as shown. Notice

that the right half is a reflection of the left half.
A reflection is a mirror image of a figure across its line of sym-
metry. Such a figure is called a symmetrical Figure.
Fig. 5.63.has two lines of symmetry folding along xy or RS will

again produce two matching halves.
If a line of symmetry for symmetrical figure, the following hold
true
1. The image of a point p is p’ and is found in the opposite
side of L
2. L that is pm = p’m
3. P is the perpendicular bisector of pp,
4. The image of appoint on l is the point itself
112
Geometrical Figure such as triangles quadrilaterals, and circles

have line of symmetry.
To see these let us consider the isosceles triangle ABC as in Fig.
5.64 A
B C
Therefore, line BM is line of symmetry because it halves the

ABC in to two equal parts, it is also a figure called
B C
Fig 5.65
Symmetrical Figure
From Fig 5.65.you can observe that
Line BM divides side AC in to two equal parts

Line BM 1 AC
All points on BM are at equal distance from points A and C
AM and CM are equal
Based on the above facts, we can determine a geometrical Fig-
ures whether it is symmetrical or not and we can
Find its number of line of symmetry.
113
Name of the figure Figure Number of lines of

symmetry
Isosceles triangle 1
Equilateral triangle 3
Rectangle 2
Square 4
Rhombus 4
Circle Infinite/ many
114
Exercise 5.26
Tell whether the dashed line is a line of symmetry write yes or
no
congruent and similar figures
How is each pair of figure alike?

Which do out think have the same
Size and shape?
Which do you think here the same shape but different size?
To be sure trace one the pair. Then see if your tracing fits, or
matches the other Figure exactly (you may Flip the tracing
over)
Two plane geometric Figures that have same size and shape
are called congruent Figures
Two plane geometric Figures that have the same shape are
called similar Figures
115
Do the triangles Fix exactly? The matching vertices are

A – D; B – E, and C – F
Triangles that fit exactly are called congruent triangles have
the same size and shape. Trace ABC and DEF and the dashed
line then fold along the dashed line
B E
A C D F
Does ABC for exactly on the top of ADEF?

Name the pairs of vetoes that match? When any two closed fig-
ures, such as triangles, are made to coincide in all their parts,
they are congruent, congruent Figures therefore have the same
size and shape, Hence the simple of congruence = “is congru-
ent to” is made up of two symbols = means “is equal in size to”
and is like in shape to”
Two Figures are said to be congruent, if the corresponding
sides are congruent and corresponding angles are congruent
In fig 5.73, ABC = DEF
B E
A C D F
The congruent parts of the two triangles in Fig size are marked
as follows
<A=<D AB =DF
<B= <E corresponding angles BC = EF Corresponding side
<C=<F AC = DF
116
A C
D F
Figures that have the same shape and angles are called similar
Figures. The symbol ~ means “is similar to”
Two geometrical Figures are similar, if
I. Their corresponding sides are proportional.
II. Their corresponding angles are congruent
In Fig. 5.75, the two triangles are similar and ABC ~ DEF
E
B
D F
A C
AB= DE
BC = EF are corresponding sides and they are proportional
AC = DF
<A AND <d

<B AND <F are corresponding angles and they are congruent
<C AND <F
Examples 5.5:- Tell whether each pairs of Figures is congruent
similar or neither
117
These quadrilaterals have

the same shape and angles
(but not the same size).
They are similar

the same and size. They
are congruent (they are al-
so similar)

not the same shape or size
they are neither congruent
nor similar
Exercise 5.24
1. Write “True” if the statement is correct or False if it is incor-
rect.
A. All right triangles are similar
B. All equilateral triangles are similar
C. Every pairs of congruent Figures are also similar
D. Every pairs of similar Figures are also congruent
2. Write the letter of the figure that us congruent to the First
Trace, if necessary
3. Tell whether each pair of polygons is congruent similar, or

neither
a) (b) (c)
118
. Basic Geometric construction

A construction is a problem which requires the drawing of geo-
metrical Figure which has known properties or satisfies certain
conditions we are to make no measurements in doing con-
struction. Before we begin drawing geometrical figures accu-
rately let us look at the instruments that we need
Open your geometrical set you should find the following
instruments
1. A pair of compasses 5. A pair of dividers
2. A protractor 6. Set Squares
3. A ruler 7. A pencil
4. A rubber
Ruler Rubber pencil
Dividers Set squares

These instruments are called mathematical instrument or geo-
metrical instruments.
All of the them are used for drawing geometric Figures accord-
ing to the given measurements using mathematical instru-
ments such Figures are called constructions
Since the straight line and the circle, or their pars are the only
lines used in plane geometry, we use only straight edge rule
and compasses the protractor should not be used in making
constructions.
119
In geometry, the basic geometrical constructions are

 Bisecting a given line segment
 Bisecting a given angle
 Dropping a perpendicular line to a given line at or given
point on the line

 Dropping a perpendicular line to a given line from a given
point outside a line.

Exercise
1. Think of window of a church, are they similar to parts of cir-
cle
2. What is set squares?
3. What are the basic instruments to make geometrical con-
structions?
4. Could you consider that drawing table sharp, pencil and pa-
per as basic instruments to make constructions?
5. Copy a line segment AB of length 10cm on your exercise
book
Basic Geometric construction
B is eoting a given line segment means constructing the per-
pendicular b is ector of a given line segment.
The per appendicular b is ector of a line segment is the perpen-
dicular erected to the line at its middle point,
Given:- The line segment AB
Required:- to bisect the line
Segment AB, or to
Construct the
Perpendicular
Bisector of AB
Construction:-
1. Which A and B as centers and with equal radii, greater than
half of AB, describe arcs intersecting in the point C and D.
2. Draw CD intersecting AB atm. Then AB is bisector at m (that
is AM mB land CD is perpendicular bisector of AB.
120
Bisecting a given angle

In this section, you are required to bisect a given angle you
know that the bisector of an angle must diride the angle in to
two equal angles D C
Given:- the <ABC B F
Required:- to bisect the <ABC E A
Construction
1. With B as a center and with any convenient radius describe
an are cutting BC at D and BA a+ E
2. With D and E as centers and with equal radii, describe a
RCs intersecting at F
3. Draw BF
Then BF bisects <ABC it follows that <DBF are congruent
and BDF= BEF
Exercise 5.3A
1. Construct the bisector of
a. A given acute angle c. a given straight angle
b. A given right angle d. a given obtuse angle
2. Construction angle equal to 1800 at the vertex of the angle,
construct a perpendicular to the side to get two angles,
each 900
3. Construct a bisector of the three angles of an obtuse trian-
gle.
4. Construct a right isosceles ABC whose lega = 30cm
Dropping a perpendicular line to a given line at a given point
on the line
Given:- points online AB
Required:- to erect a perpendicular to line AB at p
A c p d B
121
Construction
1. With p as center, describe arcs intersecting AB at C &D
2. With C as a center and with a radius more than half of
CD, describe an are
3. With D as a center and with the same radius, describe an
are intersecting the above are at E Draw PE
4. PE is the perpendicular line (the required)
Exercise 5.3C
1. Construct the three altitude of a right triangle
2. Construct a line segment of 5cm. construct a perpendicu-
lar line from a point 3cm a part from the given line from a
point 3cm a part from the given line
3. In an obtuse triangle construct the three altitudes
5.3.4 Dropping a perpendicular line to a given line from a
given point outside a line
Given:- line AB and point p out side of line AB
Required:- to drop a perpendicular line from p to line AB
Construction
1. With pas a center, describe Arcs inter-
secting AB at C and D
2. With c as a center and with a Radius
grater than half of CD Describe an arc
3. With D as a center and with the same
radius describe an arc intersecting the
above are at E Draw PE
4. PE 1 AB (PE is he required perpendicu-
lar line)
Exercise 5.3D
1. Construct a line segment of 6cm. take any point 4cm out-
side the given line construct a perpendicular line through
this point
2. Do two points each equidistant from the end point of a line
segment determine the perpendicular bisector of the line
segment?
122
5.3.5 Construction problems

Construction problem 1
To construct a triangle when three sides are given
A c
B b a
C a b x
Given:- segments a, b and C
Required:-to construct a ABC with sides, a , b and c
Construction:
1. Draw a base line AX
2. On AX lay off AB = c
3. With A as a center and with a radius equal to b, describe an
arc
4. With B as a center and with a radius equal to a, describe an
are intersecting the above are atc
5. ABC is the required triangle
Construction problem II
To construct a triangle when two sides and the involved angle
are given c
B b
C
c b x
Given:-<A and line b and c
Required:- to construct a with <A and sides b and c
Construction
1. Lay off a base line AX
2. Make < YAX = <A
3. On Ay lay off AC= b
4. On Ax lay off AB= c
5. Draw BC
123
Construction problem II
To construct a triangle when two angles and the included side
are given
A B C Y
A C B X
Given <A, <B and side C

Required:- to construct ABC with <A, <B and side C1
Construction
1. Lay off a base line Ax
2. On Ax lay off AB = C
3. A +A make <YAX = <A
4. A +B make <CBA = <B
ABC is the required triangle
Exercise 5.3D
1. Draw a scalene triangle and construct the bisector of the
three angles of the triangle
2. Construct a right triangle Construct the perpendicular bisec-
tors of the three sides.
3. Construct a triangle with side 2cm, 3cm and 4cm
4. Construct an equilateral triangle with side 4cm
5. Construct isosceles ABC if base a =2 cm, and base <B=
124
Area and volume

Units of Area
Area is expressed in square units for example, if the length
and width are measured in meter the area will be written in
square meter, or m2
Some customer units for measuring area are the square
inch, the square yard.
Some metric units for measuring area are square meter
and square center
1cm21cm2 x 1cm2 = 10mm2 x 10mm2= mm2

1dm2= 1dm2 x 1dm2= 10cn2 x 10cm2 = 100cm2= 1000 mm2
1dakm2 = 1dam2 x 1dam2= 10m2 x10m2 = 100m2 =10000m2
1hm2 = 1hm2 x 1hm2 = 10 dam2 x 10dam2 = 100 dam2 =
1000m2
1km2 = 1km2 x 1km2 = 10hm2 x 10hm2
= 100hm2 1000 x 1000m2
= 106 m2
The conversion keys can be given pictorially as follows
X 1000
X100 X100
2 2 2
M : 100 dm Cm : 100 Mm2
X 100000
Example: Change the following unit to the next grater

unite.
a. 10000m2 b. 25000cm2 c. 45000dm2 d. 10hm2
Solution:- a. 10000m2 = 10000 x 1m2
= 10000x 0.01dam2= 100dam2
B. 25000cm2 = 25000x 1cm2
= 25000X0.01dm2=250dm2
125
Exercise 6.1A
1. Change the following units of area to the next smaller nit of
area
a. 10km2 b. 3600cm2 c. 0.025dm2 g. 1.5dam2
d. 10dam2 e. 3600cm2 f. 10dm2
2. Change the following units of area to the next larger unit of
area.
a. 0.036 dm2 b. 13000hm c. 100dam 2
d. 10400mm2 e. 10500cm2 f. 10.05m2
3. Change the following units of area to square meter
a. 0.01km2 b. 10.005 dam2 c. 1200000mm2
d. 103000dm2 e. 0.0015km2 f. 100hm2
4. Find the value of A = LXW where L and W are given
a. L = 10dm 5000mm, w= 0.0000 1hm
b. L= 5m 10000mm, w= 500cm
c. L= 0.0000 25km, w = 1000mm
d. L = 1000cm, W = 10000mm
6.1.2 Area of a rectangle
A square whole side is 2c malonglen closes 4 square 2
centimeters and it is 4 times the units area of

square whose side are 1cm 1ong.
2
As show in fig 6.1, there are 4 squares, it is the area of the
given square. Area is therefore, the number of square units
needed to cover the surface.
By counting the square units, you can find the area of a
rectangle. You can also find its area by multiplying its length, 8
units, by its width, 4 units
That is 8 units x 4 units
= 32 square units
You can find the area of any rectangle

by multiplying its length and its width
126
The area of rectangle is the product of its length (1) and width
(w).
Area = length x width rectangle w
Symbol A = lxw fig 6.4
Square is a rectangle its length and width are equal the area of
a square with sides (s)
Area = side x side S
Symbol A = 5x5= 52
S
Example 6.2 Find the area of each rectangle.
5cm 4mm
6cm
2mm
Solution a. A = LXW
= 6cm x 5cm = 30 square cm = 8mm2
b. A = L x W
= 2mm x4mm = 8 square mm = 8mm2
Exercise 6.1B
1. Find each area by counting the square units.
(a) (b)
2. Find each area by multiplying.
(a) 3m (b) 13cm
6m 13cm
127
4cm 6.5m 2.5mm
4cm
2cm 4.5m 2mm 2mm
7.5 cm 7mm
1mm
3. Find the area of rectangle whose length and width are given
below.
a. L= 33 m, W = 12m b. L = 100cm w = 2.25cm
4. Find the area of a square whose side measures:

a. 4.5meter b. 22 centimeter
5. Ato kebede has a rectangular land. Its length is 18m and its
width is 25m. Find its area.
6. Measure your room floor and its area

7. Estimate the area of your school compound in square kilo-
meter
8. Find the area of the rectangles with the following measures.
a. 15cm; 12cm b. 25m.30m c. 14.5m; 9m
d. 8mm; 6cm e. 12.6cm 14cm
128
9. Find the area of a square with the following side

a. 16cm b. 25m c. 7.5m d. 2m 50cm
10. the area of a rectangle is 132cm2 if its length is 12m find

its width
11. Find the area of the square with the following sides
a. 16cm b. 25m c. 36cm d. 2.5m
12. if the area of a square is equal to the area of a rectangle

16m by 4m, find the length of sides of the square.
13. Find the area of the following figures below
16cm
2cm 3cm 2cm
4cm 4cm
15cm 5cm 3cm 10cm 4cm
2cm
2cm 6cm
3cm
129
6.1.3. Area of Triangles

In Fig 6.9 there are 24 square units. The rectangle contains 24
square unititsare is 24 square units. As shown in the fig 6.9,
the rectangle is divided into two equal triangles. The base of
each triangle is 6 units. The length of the rectangle is 6 units.
The area of each triangle of half of
the area if the rectangle. That is: Area
of each triangle
= ½ x area of the rectangle
= ½ x 24 = 12 square units
Any rectangle can be divide into two
triangle having equal area. To find the
area of such a triangle, multiply ½
H
times the base times the height.
Symbolically A = ½ b x h B
Example 6.3. Find as the area of the shaded triangle

A=½xbxh
= ½ 16x7
= ½ x 112 = 56cm
Therefore, the area of the triangle is 56
square centimeters (or A = 56cm2) 16cm
130
Example 6.4. Find the area of each figure
2cm 1cm 1cm

2cm
3cm
6cm 3cm 3cm

Solution: To find area of figures which are not rectangles or
squares, First divided the figure into rectangle, square or trian-
gles.
A. Total area = area of the triangle + area of the rectangle
= ½ 6cm x 2cm +6cm
= ½ = 12m2 +18cm2
= 6 + 18 = 24 59cm or 24cm2
B. Total area = 2x the area of one triangle +2 x are of one rec-
tangle
= 2(1/2 x 3cm x 1cm) +2 (3cmx 2cm)
= ½ x 6m2
= 3cm2 +12cm2
= 15cm2
Therefore, the total area is 15 square centimeters.
Exercise 6.1c
1. Find the area of each triangle using the given dimensions
6cm 5cm 3m
15m
10cm 8cm
4m
3cm
6m 3m 4m 3m
4cm 2cm 8m 6m
131
2. Find the area of each triangle using the direction given

a. B= 12cm = 5cm b. b = 16cm; h= 16cm
c. b = 18m; h= 14 d. b=2.5cm; h= 200mm
6.2 Volume
In this sub- unit, you will learn the concept of volume and meas-
urement of volume. Before you start to learn measurement of
volume, you need to know surface area of rectangular prism and
cube.
6.2.1. Surface area of rectangular prism and cube
Figures which represent three dimensional solid objects are
called solid figures. Solid figure with three dimensions means
figure having length, width and height. Some of the common sol-
id figures are cube, cylinder, prisms, cones and pyramids.
Cube is a rectangular prism whose height (h), width (w) and
length (1) are equal.
The surface area of a rectangular prism is the total area of

its faces. We can drive a formula to find the surface are of a rec-
tangular prism whose length (L), width (w) and height (h) are
given.
132
Total surface area = as +as +Ab +Af +Ab +Ar

= hxw+wxh+lxh+lxh+lxw+lxw
= hw+hw+lh +lh +lw +lw
Back face Ab
= Lwh+lLh +llw
=2 chw +Lh +lW Side Side
face Bottom Ab+ face face
In the case of a cube as as
L= H =W -50
Surface area Af front face
= 2 (LxLxLxLxLxL)
= 2(L2 +L2 +L2)
to p A t face
= 2(3L2)
=6L
Example 6.7 Find the surface area of each rectangular prism
4cm 3 6cm
3 4cm
3 5cm
Solution
A. Surface A = 2 (Lh+w+Lw)
= 2(6x4+4x3+6x3)
= 2(24+12+18)
= 2(54) = 108
The surface area is 108cm2
B. Surface area A = 612
= 6(3)2=6x9=54
The surface are is 54 square units
C. Surface area: A = 6Lh+2LW+2Lh
= 2x5x6+2x6x4+2x5x4
= 60 + 48+40
= 148
The surface area is 148cm2
133
Exercise 6.2A
1. Write “True if the statement is correct or false if it is incor-
rect.
A. Every cube is a prism.
B. Every prism is a cube.
C. Area can be measured in square feet.
D. Cube is a three dimensional solid figure.
2. Why do we measure the area of a figure in square unit?
3. Find the surface area of each prism.
6cm
5cm
10cm 4cm
8cm 2cm 12cm
4cm
12m
12m
12m
4. Find the surface area of prism with given length (L) width (W)
and height (h).
A. L= 10cm, w = 120mm and h= 5cm
B. L = m.w = 10m and h= lm
C. L = 1.5m.w = 1000mm and h= 10cm
D. L= 1.02cm, w = 0.08cm and h= 2cm
5. The surface area of a cube is 96cm2. Find the length of each
side.
134
6.2.2. Measurement of volume of rectangular prism

The volume of a body is measure of the total amount of space
occupied by the body.
To find the volume of a 3-dimensional figure, you can use a unit
cube .
As a unit and count the cubes it should take to fill the same
space (unit cube is cube with each edge is one unit long).
5x2x6=60 the volume is 60 cubic units.
For measuring volumes, the units use is the cube
Fig 6.21 shows a cube in which each of the edges is 1cm long.
Its volume is 1cube centimeter (1cm3 the volume of the 1cm cu-
be is also equal to 10mm x10mmx10mm that is 1cm3 =
1000mm3
In metric system, the widely used measuring units for volume
are cubic millimeter, cubic centimeter, cubic decimeter, and cu-
bic meter
Unit Symbol
Cubic millimeter Mm3
Cubic cent-meter Cm3
Cubic decimeter Dm3
Cubic meter m3
Cubic deca-meter Dam3
Cubic hector –meter Hm3
Cubic kilometer
You can change from one unit to another unit of volume using
the conversion key given below.
Conversion key
To change from a larger unit to a smaller unit:
1cm3 = 1cm x 1cm x 1cm =10m x 10m x10mm= 1000mm3
1dm3 = 1dmx 1 dm x 1dm =10x 10cm x 10cm =1000 cm3
1m3 = 1mx1mx1mx10dmx10dm=1000dm3
1hm3 = 1hm x1hm x 1hm = 10dam x10dam x 10dam = 1000da
1km3= 1km x 1km x1km = 10hm x 10hm x 10hm = 1000 hm3
135
To change from a smaller unit to a larger unit:

1mm3 = 0.001cm3, 1cm3 = 0.001dm3
1dm3 = 0.001m3, 1m3= 0.001dam3
The conversion keys can be given pictorially as follows
X 100000
X1000 X1000
3 3 X1000 2
M dm Cm : 1000 Mm3
: 100000
Solution
A. 1m3 = 1000dm3 therefore,
2.5m3 = 2.5x 1m3 = 2.5x1000 dm3 = 2500dm3
B. 1dm3= 1000cm3, therefore,
10dm3 = 10x 1dm3 = 10x1000cm3 = 100000cm3
C. 1cm3 = 1000 mm3, therefore,
0.8cm3 = 0.8x 1cm3 = 0.8x 1000mm3 = 800mm3
D. 1km3=1000hm3 therefore
0.025km3 = 0.025x 1km3 = 0.025x1000hm3 = 25hm3
E. Ldam3= 1000 m3 therefore,
10dam3 = 10x 1dam3 = 10x 1000m3 = 10000m3
F. 1hm3 = 1000 dam3 therefore,
1.05hm3 = 1.05 x 1hm3 = 1.05x 1000dam3 = 105od am3
Example 6.14. Change each unit to its next larger unit.
a. 100m3 b. 30000dm2 c. 10cm3 d. 250hm3
Solution: A. 1m3 = 0.001dm3, therefore
200m3 = 2001m3 = 200 x 0.001 dam3 = 0.2da
B. 1dm3 = 0.001 m3 therefore,
30000dm3=30000x0.001 m3 = 30000x 0.001 m3= 30
C. Cm3 = 0.001dm3 therefore,
10cm3 = 10x 1cm3 = 10x0.001m3 =0.01dm3
D. 1hm3 = 0.001km3 therefore,
250hm3 = 250x 1hm3 = 250x0.001km3=0.25km3
136
Note:
I. Each unit of volume in metric system can be expressed as a
power of the other unit
II. To change a unit from larger to smaller unit, we use multipli-
cation
III. To change a unit from smaller to larger unit, we use division
The volume of a cube with edges of length I feet is 1 cubic feet

(1ft3).
1 feet
1 feet
1 feet
The volume of rectangular prism is the number of cubic units
that fit inside the prism.
We can measure the volume of a rectangular prism by putting
and count cubic units inside the rectangular box therefore, the
number of cubic units that fit inside the prism is the volume of
the prism.
Example: Find the volume of the rectangular prism given in
fig 6.23.
Step 1 step 2
5X4= 20 cube 3 layers
137
Count the cube in one layer

Step 3
To find the volume, multiply the number of cubes in one layer by
the number of layers.
That is volume = 20 cubes x 3 layers = 60 cubic units. Therefore
the box (rectangular prism) h 01 ds60 cubic units.
The above illustrated example tells us the volume of any rectan-
gular prism is directly related to its dimensions.
The volume (V) of a rectangular prism equals to the product of

its length (L), width (W) and its height (h). That is :
Volume (V) = length (L) x width (W) x height (h)
V=(L) x w x h
Incase of a cube, (L)=W=h=s
So, volume of a cube is
V = 5x 5x5 = 53
Example 6.16 Find the volume of each rectangular prism by
counting.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Solution
A. As shown in fig 6.22(a), there are 8x3 = 24 cubes in one layer.

Therefore, since there are two layers, the volume is 21x2 = 42
cubic units.
B. As shown in fig 6.22(b), there are 3x3=9 cubes in each three
layer. Therefore, its volume is x3= 27 cubic units.
138
C. As shown in fig 6.22(C), there are 6x2 = 12 cubes in one lay-

er. Since there are 3 layers, the volume is 12x3=36 cubic units.
D. A shown in fig 6.22(d), there are two prisms connected each
other, in the lower part there are cubic units, in the upper
part 6x2x3=36 cubic unit. Therefore, the total volume of the
solid is 6+36=42 cubic units.
Exercise 6.2B
1. Find the volume of each prism by counting.
C)
B)
A)
2. Find the volume of each prism by multiplying.

B) C)
A)
5cm 8cm 10cm
3cm 2cm 4cm
4cm 5cm 6cm
D) E)
5m 3m
5m 2m
5m 12m
139
Measurement of volume of liquids

In the previous section, you have seen unit of volume of solid
such as rectangular prism. in this sections you will study unit of
measurement of liquids.
Since 1dm = 10cm 1 liter
1cubic diameter, and 1000cubic centimeters
all represent the same volume that is 1 liter
= 1dm3 = 1000cm3. Two other common units
1 liter or 10cm
of volume for measuring in metric system 1000cm3
are the milliliter and the cubic meter. Recall 10cm
10 cm
that the word milli means 1/1000 or 0.001,
hence a milliliter is 1/1000 of a liter.
A liter has the following multiples and sub multiples.
1/10th of a liter is called a deciliter.
1/100th of a liter is called a centiliter.
The following table lists metric volume measure and their equiv-
alent measure in liters.
Units Symbol Meaning
Milliliter Mlt 0.0012+
Centiliter Clt 0.01L+
Deciliter Dlt 0.11+
Liter L 11+
Dekaliter Dalt 11+
Hectoliter Hlt 100l+
Kiloliter Klt 10001+
We can use a conversion chart, similar to the one in the previ-
ous section, to find equivalent measures of volume.
x10
Kit hlt dalt lt dlt clt mlt

-10
140
Recall that for each step to the right, we multiply by 10 or more

the decimal point one place to the right for each step to the left
divided by 10, or more the decimal points one place to the left
Example 6.18.Compplet each of the following.
a. 642mL = ___________L+ b. 74.3L+ _________cL+
c. 5kL+ = ____________ dalt d. 15.3lt= _________clt
e. 400lt = ____________ Lt f. 25.3LF = ________ hlt
solution
A. To change milliliter to liters multiply by 0.001. therefore,
642mL =462x1+=642x0.001L+=0.642L+
B. 1Lt= 100clt therefore,
74.3L+ = 74.3xlt=743x100clt=7430clt
C. Lklt= 100dalt, there fore,
sklt = 5x1x1+= s1x 100 dalt = 500 dalt
D.1lt=0.001klt therefore
1slt=15xllt=15x0.001klt=0.015klt
E. Lmlt=0.001lt therefore
400mL+=406 x 1mlt=400 x 0.001=0.4lt
F. 1lt = 0.01hlt therefore
25.3lt = 25.3 x 1lt = 25.3x0.01hlt 0.2 53hlt
Exercise 6.2c
1. How many liters will aquarium hold if it is 70cm a long 0.5m
wide and 500mm high?
2. Complete each of the following units.
a. 12hlt = _____ Lt
b. 25dlt = _______ mlt
c. 3500lt = _______ klt
3. Complete each of the following units.
a. 33.Lt= _______mlt
b.566mlt =_______lt
c. 38klt = _______ klt
141
4. Change each unit of volume into liter

a.73.2mlt c. 0.49dalt e. 432mlt
b.3.14klt d. 1314mlt f. 0.7klt
5. Arrange the following measurement of volume in descend-
ing order dekaliter, liter, hectoliter, milliliter, killiterdeci li-
ter and centiliter
Unit Summary
 Plane figure consists of points and lines or any combination
of these lying in the same plane
 A line is defined as the path traced by amoring points
 A part of a straight line between two points on line is called
line segment
 A line which has one initial (end points and extends without
end is called array
 An angle is a figure formed by two rays, drawn from the
same points
 An instrument used to measure an angle is the protractor
 Angles can be classified as a cute, obtuse, right angle, or
straight angle according to their sizes
 Two lines in the same plane are parallel if they do not inter-
sect
 Two lines are perpendicular if they meet to form right an-
gles.
 A triangles is a plane figure bounded by three line segment
 According to their sides, triangles are classified as equilat-
eral, isosceles or scalene triangle
 According to their angles triangles are classified as right tri-
angle, obtuse triangle or acute triangle
 A circle is a closed plane curve all points of which are equi-
distant from a fixed point, the fixed point is called the cen-
ter of the circle.

142
 If a line passes through a center of a figure and the two

halves match then the line is called line of symmetry and the
figure is called symmetrical figure
 Two figures are said to be congruent, if the corresponding
sides are equal and the corresponding angles are equal
 Two figures are similar if they have the same shape
 The perpendicular bisector of a line segment is the perpen-
dicular erected to the line at its mid points
 The area of a surface is the number of square unit is con-

tains
 The area of rectangle whose length (L) and Width (W) is A =
LxW
 The area of a square of sides is A: 52
 The area of a rectangle with base b and height h is A = ½ x
bxh
 The surface area of a rectangular prism with length L,
width W and height H is
A=2hw +2lh+lw
 The surface area of a cube whose ides is
A = 652
 The volume of a body is a measure of the total amount of a
space occupied by the body
 To change a unit from larger to smaller unit, use multiplica-
tion. To change a unit from smaller to a unit, use division
 The volume of a rectangular prism with length L width w
and height h is v = LxWxh
 In metric system the liter is the basic unit of volume
143
Review Exercise
1. What is a line segment, array and an angle?
2. Classify each angle as acute, obtuse or straight angle
A.1790
B.45.30
C.600
3.What do you mean by parallel lines, or perpendicular lines

4. In Fig 5.89 name the
a. Circle b. radius
c. Diameter d. chord
Where 0 is the center of the circle)
A D
O
C B
E F
5. Draw all lines of symmetry of each figure
144
1. Complete each of the following.

a. 1dm2 = _______ cm2
b. 4.03m2= _______ dm2
2. Change the following units of area to the next smaller units
of area
a. 25km2 b. 15000cm2 c. 0.0001dm2
3. Change the following units of area to the next larger units of
area.
a. 0.00025dm2 b. 0.0001m2 c. 10cm2
d. 750mm2 e. 100hm2 f. 25dam2
4. Find the area of each figure.
3cm
4cm 4cm
5cm
8cm
3cm 2cm 4cm
4cm 3cm
4cm 5cm 6cm 4 cm
5cm 12cm 8cm 3cm
5.Find the area of a rectangle with the following measures.

a.15cm; 120cm c. 1,45.8cm
b.0.02;10cm d. 8mm 6cm
6. Find the area of a square with the following lengths sides of:
a. 1.2m b. 0.03cm c. 5mm d. 2m
7. Find the area of each triangle using the measures given.
a. B= 1.2m; h=5cm c. b=8cm; h=145cm
b.B-0.02m; h=10cm d. b = 2m; h=3m
8. Find the surface area and volume of a rectangular prism with
the measures given.
a. L =6m; w= 1.5m; h= 100cm
b. L= 10m; w= 10cm; h= 10cm
145
UNIT SEVEN
DATA HANDLING
Unit objective:- At the end of this unit the student should be
able to;
 Understand simple graphical representation of data
 Know and calculate average of a given data
 Use a scientific way of handling data in their real life
Introduction
You have some knowledge about data handling from your grade
four mathematics. In this unit, you will deal with constructing
bar graphs by collecting simple data and interpreting bar graphs
and finding the average of numbers.
6.1 further on construction and interpretation of bar graphs
In this sub unit you are going to study simple graphical repre-
sentation of data.
The following activities will help you get some idea on collecting
data and drawing a graph to show your data.
Activity
Melkamu made a list of fruits. He asked each students in the

class to choose a favorite fruit from his list. He recorded the re-
sults of his survey as:
Fruit Number of students
Orange 6
Banana 7
Mango 5
Papaya 4
Pineapple 8
Poem 3
146
Then draw a picture graph fruit survey
Orange
Banana
Mango
Fruit
Papaya
Pineapple
Poem
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of students figure 7.1
1. Which was the most liked fruit?

2. Which was the least liked fruit?
3. What is the total number of students surveyed?
Activity
The following table shows the favorite sports of 50 students.
Sport Number
Foot ball 20
Volleyball 7
Basket ball 10
Tennis 5
Bunning 8
147
A graph to show sports which students where favorite.
20
18
16
14
12
Number of students
10
Football volleyball basketball tennis running
Favorite sport
1. Which sport were most students favorite?
2. On which sport were very few students favorite?
 Make a survey of favorite sport in your class
 Draw a graph to show the result of your survey.
Data handling : deal with collecting, organizing and summariz-

ing numerical facts
Data can be represented graphically to give a clear idea of what

it represents. It is easier to interpret and organize data using
pictorial representation.
148
A bar graph is a pictorial representation of numerical data by a

number of bars of uniform width erected vertically (horizontally)
with equal spacing between the bars.
Bar graphs are used to compare numbers.
Example:1
The following bar graph shows the number of teacher in a

community junior secondary school found in Addis Ababa
from the year 1984 E.C.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
1984 1985 1986 1987
Source: The plan and project service Addis Ababa educa-

tion bureau. Answer the following question from the above dou-
ble bar graph.
1. Draw many male teachers where in the school in 1985?
2. How many female teachers were in the school
3. How many female teachers in the school in 1987?
4. In which year the number of teachers of the school was maxi-
mum?
149
Solution:
A. there were 52 male teachers in the school in 1985.
B. There were 34 female teachers in the school in 1985
C. The was 58 + 26=84 teacher in the school in 1987
D.The school had the maximum number of teachers in 1984

which was 56 +3
Note : The bars may be placed in a vertical or horizontal po-

sition.
Example: construct a horizontal bar graph for the data giv-

en below showing the typical.
Animal Life span in year
Horse 30
Rabbit 12
Cat 15
Lion 25
Hippopotamus 40
Elephant 30
150
Horse
Rabbit
Cat
Lion
Hippopotamus
Elephant
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Life span in year
Exercise
The green club members planted trees around a foot ball

field.
1. How many of each type of tree did the plant?
2. What was the total numbers of trees planted?
3. Which types of tree is most planted?
4. Which types of tree is least planted?
151
Trees planted around a football field

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
Oak beech birch elem
Types of trees Figure 6.5
1. Construct a bar graph for the fata given below showing

the number of high school teacher
2. School in oromia.
Types of school Male Female
Government 1000 450

Mission 150 50
Community 200 150
Organization 300 250
152
3. In a committee election the following candidates received

votes as follows.
Name Number of votes received

Chalttu
Ahmed
Tirunesh
Arsema
Nahom
Kebede
 Draw a horizontal bar graph to represent this data.
4. the bar graph shows the points scored by each player in a

high school volleyball game.
18
16
14
12
10
Dejenie Sosena Kebede Abate Chala
153
1. How many players scored over 10 points?
2. How many points scored totally?
3. Who has most scored?
4. Who has least scored?
5. The age of 30 students in a certain school are given below.

Show the results of t he survey on a bar graph. This infor-
mation is called raw data.
18 12 15 16 18 17 13 12 14 17
15 18 12 16 14 13 12 14 18 16
18 15 17 13 15 17 18 16 18 17
6. A graph to show the weight of students in kg.
14
12
10
40 41 42 43 44 45
Weight(kg)
154
a. What is the highest weight? How many students?
b. What is the least weight? How many students?
c. What is the difference between highest and lowest weight?
d. Which weight has the largest number of students?
7. The following table shows the number of patient which is

come hospital in week days.
Based on the table draw bar graphs and answer the follow-
ing questions.
Days Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

Number of pa- 45 20 35 40 25
tient
a. On which day were the number of patient most?
b. On which day were the number of patient very few?
c. What is the total number of patients?
6.2 The average of numbers
The average some times called the mean is found by adding

the value of the data and dividing by the total number of val-
ues.
Average = Total number of value
Number of value
Example: Find the average of 25,30,15,35 and 20 to find

the average , first find the sum of numbers
Solution 25 +30 + 15+ 35+ 20= 125, then divide the number
of adds
155
Hence the average = the sum of data

The number of data
Average = 125 = 25
5
Example: for test scores: 11,13,14,14,16,16,16 and 20 find
the average.
Solution: The sum of scores
11+13+14+14+14+16+16+16+20=120
Divide the sum by the number of scores
Average = 120 =15
8
Example: The average of five numbers in 36
The first four number are 20,30,50 and 35 what is the third
number?
Solution Average the sum of number
Number of addends
Let the fifth number by Y
36 = 20+30+50+35+y
36x5=1(20+30+50+35+y)
180 = 135 +y
180-135=y
Y=45
156
Exercise
Find the average for each of the following data
1) 35,48,50,57,68,46,36,44
2) 52,60,68,72,76,80,82,93,84,83
3) 103,204,199,136,193
Word problems
1) the means of two numbers is95. if the first number is 105 , what is the
second number?
2) The table below shows visitors of a certain place in a week
Days Mon Tues Weds Thur Fri Sat Sun
Number of 60 73 80 94 98 120 140

visitors
A) Find the average number of visitors per day?

B) On which days was the number of visitors above average?
3) For a 14 games season, a basket ball teams mean score per game was
57. what was total number of point is scored for the season?
4) The mean of 5 numbers is 90. the first two are 85 and 95. the remain-
ing three numbers are equal. Find the value of each of the numbers.
5) Five years ago, the average of A, B, C and D was 45 years. With E
joining them now, the average of all the five is 49 years. How old is E?
157

maths grade 5 last

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

maths grade 5 last

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

maths grade 5 last

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Grade 5 Mathematics book

The place value of a numbers is he position or place of a

Let us see this number in place value chart.

Write the following numbers in words .

Write the number names in figures (numerals) .

ed with the natural numbers .

 They are also called cardinal numbers .

 The set of numbers {1,2,3,4 …} is often referred to as the set of count-

and it is denoted by N={1,2,3,4,5,…}

In the numeral 736 289 647.315

Billions Millions Thousands Ones

Expanded notation of large numbers

2. Write the following numbers in expanded notation by using figures

4. Write the following numbers in expanded notation using exponents.

Write the predecessor of the following numbers.

Write the place value of the digit number 8 in each number.

Put ‘>’ ‘<’ or ‘=’ signs in the blank spaces.

Add the following numbers vertically.

2, 123,405 5. 7,312,431 7. 9,000,000

32,421,347,021 + 13,012,072,475 =45,433,419,496

Exercise: Add the following numbers vertically.

Find the sum of the following numbers.

Find the sum of the following numbers.

Replace each variables by the correct digit in each of the following

Subtraction of whole numbers

1. 148= 269 –X 4. 973= X –213

2. 229= 483 –X 5. 894= X –215

3. 4235= 6346 –X 6. 5121= X –3202

Replace each variable by the correct digit in each of the following

Simplification involving Addition and Subtraction

Estimation involving Addition and Subtraction

4000 2000 2000

122 + 312 – 385

Rounding off the numbers to the nearest 122

Estimated result = __________ Actual result = ___________

697 + 411 – 99 _________ _________

____ + ______+ _____ = ________ Actual result = ___________

Estimated result = __________ Actual result= __________

Calculate the estimated answer by rounding off the numbers to the

4000 + 2000 - 2000 = 8000

Estimated result = 8000

5510 + 6812 – 3250 5510

____ + ______+ _____ = ________

Estimated result= __________

Rounding off the numbers to the nearest 6879

Actual result = ___________

Estimated result = __________

Solve the following word problems.

3960 + 2125 – 3480

Actual result= __________

Estimated result = ________

Multiplication of whole numbers

D . (60x8) + (7x8) = (60x7) x ——— = —————

Solve the following word problems .

2. Write the product if the factors are 9 and 12 .

Solve the following word problems

Factors and multiples of whole numbers

Highest common factor of numbers (HCF).

The numbers that have 1 as highest common factor (HCF) is known as

 2 is the only even prime number.

Estimated result = Actual result = _

697 + 411 – 99 _ _

+ + _ = Actual result = _____

Estimated result = Actual result=

+ + _ = ______