PUC-2 CHEMISTRY

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

CHEMISTRY
Chemistry Solutions

I. Answer the following questions. Each question carries one mark.

1. Ornamental gold is an example for what type of solution?
Ans : Solid Solution
2. Define Molality of a solution.
Ans : Number of moles of a solute dissolved in 1 Kg of the solvent.
3. Define Molarity of a solution.
Ans : Number of moles of a solute present in one litre of the solution.
4. How does molarity varies with temperature?
Ans : Molarity decreases with increase in temperature.
5. What is the effect temperature on molality?
Ans : Molality does not change with temperature.
6. Out of Molality and Molarity which is temperature dependent?
Ans : Molarity
7. What is the effect of rise in temperature on the solubility of a gas in liquid?
Ans : Solubility decreases
8. What is the effect of increase in pressure on the solubility of a gas in liquid?
Ans : Solubility increases
9. Aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water than in warm water. Give
reason.
Ans : Solubility of oxygen is more in cold water.
10. State Henry’s law.
Ans : At constant temperature the parital pressure of the gas in vapour phase is
proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in solution.
11. Write the mathematical form of Henry’s law.
Ans : P = KHg
12. Name the law behind the dissolution of CO2 in gas in soft drinks under pressure.
Ans : Henry’s law
13. Soda water bottles are sealed under high pressure. Give reason.
Ans : To increase solubility of the gas in liquid.
14. At a given temperature O2 gas is more soluble in water than N2 gas. Which one of
them has higher value of KH?
Ans : N2
15. State Raoult’s law of binary solution for two volatile components.
Ans : For a solution containing two volatile liquids the partial pressure of each
component is directly proportional to its mole fraction.
16. What are ideal solutions?
Ans : Solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration are
known as ideal solutions.
17. How does volume change on mixing two volatile liquids to form an ideal solution?
Ans : No change in volume or Vmix = 0
18. On what factor the value of colligative property depends?
Ans : Colligative property depends on the number of solute particles.

4
Chemistry Solutions
19. 10ml of liquid A is mixed with 10ml of liquid B. The volume of resultant solution is
19.9ml. What type of deviation is expected from Raoult’s law?
Ans : Negative deviation
20. What are isotonic solutions?
Ans : Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are
called isotonic solutions.
21. What is hypertonic solution?
Ans : A solution having higher osmotic pressure than the other solution is called
hypertonic solution.
22. What is hypotonic solution?
Ans : A solution having lower osmotic pressure than the other solution is called
hypotonic solution.
23. How does the size of blood cells changes when placed in an aqueous solution
containing more than 0.9 %(m/v) sodium chloride.
Ans : Size of blood cells decreases/ shrinks
24. How does the size of blood cells changes when placed in an aqueous solution
containing les than 0.9% (m/v) sodium chloride?
Ans : Size of blood cells increases / swells.
25. What is osmotic pressure?
Ans : The external pressure applied on the concentrated solution to stop omosis is
called osmotic pressure.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS :
26. What happens to the solubility of a gas in liquid with increase in temperature?
Give reason.
Ans : Decreses, because dissolution of a gas in liquid is an exothermic process.
27. Give any two applications of Henry’s law
Ans : i) It is used in the preparation of carbonated beverages.
ii) It is used by scuba divers for respiration.
28. Write any two differences between ideal and non-ideal solutions,
Ans :
Ideal solution Non-Ideal solution
i) Obey’s Raoult’s law i) Does not obey Raoult’s law
ii) Vmix = 0 ii) Vmix  0
iii) Hmix = 0 iii) Hmix  0
iv) Do not form azeotropes iv) form azeotropes
29. What are azeotropes? Give an example
Ans : Binary liquid mixtures have same composition in liquid and vapour phase
and boil at constant temperature are called azeotropes.
Ex : 95.5% ethanol + 4.5 % water.
30. What is minimum boiling azeotrope? Give an example.
Ans : Solution shows large positive deviation from Raoult’s law
Ex : 95.5% ethanol + 4.5 % water
31. What is maximum boiling azeotrope? Give an example.
Ans : Solution shows large positive deviation from Raoult’s law
5
Chemistry Solutions
Ex : 68% HNO3+32%water
32. State Raoult’s law of relative lowering of vapour pressure
Ans : It states that “ In a solution containing non volatile solute the relative
lowering vapour pressure is equal to mole fraction of the solute.”
𝑃 0 −𝑃
𝑃0
= x2
33. What is reverse osmosis? Mention any one of its use.
Ans : If the external pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on the
solution, solvent molecules flow from solution to solvent through semi permeable
membrane is called reverse osmosis.
It is used in desalination of sea water.
THREE MARK QUESTIONS :
34. 5.8g of a non volatile solute was dissolved in 100g of carbon disulphide (CS2). The
vapour pressure of the solution was found to be 190mm of Hg. Calculate the molar
mass of the solute. Given the vapour pressure of pure CS2 is 195mm of Hg. Molar
mass of CS2 – 76gmol-1
𝑊2 𝑀1 𝑊2 𝑀1 𝑃 0 5.8 x 76 x 195
Ans : M2 = 𝑃 0 −𝑃
= 𝑊1 (𝑃 0 −𝑃)
= =171.91g mol-1
𝑊1 100x (195−190)
𝑃0

35. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23K when 1.80g of a non-volatile solute was
dissolved in 90g of benzene, the boiling point raised to 354.11K. Calculate the molar
mass of the solute.
[Kb for benzene = 2.53K kg mol-1]
Ans : ∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑏0 = 354.11𝐾 − 353.23 = 0.88𝐾
K b xW 2 x1000 2.53x1.8x1000
M2 = = = 57.5gmol-1
∆T b x W 1 0.88 x 90

36. 12.6 g of a non volatile electrolyte is dissolved in 75g of water. The freezing point of
this solution is 271.9K. If molar depression constant is 1.86K kg mol-1.
Calculate the molar mass of solute. (Freezing point of pure water=273.15k)
Ans : ∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑓0 − 𝑇𝑓 = 273.15 − 271.9 = 1.25𝐾
K f xW 2 x1000 1.86x12.6 x1000
M2 = = = 250 gmol-1
∆T f x W 1 1.25 x 75

37. 300 Cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 2.12g of the protein. The
osmotic pressure of such a solution at 300K is found to be 3.89x10-3 bar.
Calculate the molar mass of the protein. [R=0.0823Lbarmol-1K-1]
Ans :
W 2 RT 2.12x 0.0823 x300
M2= = = 44.852.44 gmol-1
V 3.89 x 10 −3 x0.3

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6
Chemistry Electrochemistry

ONE MARK QUESTIONS :

1. Write the overall cell reaction taking place in Daniel cell.
Ans : Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ +Cu
2. Write Nernst equation for Daniel cell.
0 2.303𝑅𝑇 𝑍𝑛 2+
Ans : 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − log
2𝐹 𝐶𝑢 2+
3. What is specific conductance or conductivity?
Ans : The conductance of 1m3 of electrolyte solution is called specific conductance
4. What is molar conductance or molar conductivity?
Ans : It is the conductance of all the ions produced by the solution containing one
mole of electrolyte,
5. What is the SI unit of specific conductance?
Ans : Sm-1
6. What is the SI unit of molar conductivity?
Ans :Sm2mol-1
7. Draw graph of m v/s 𝑐 for acetic acid solution
Ans :
m

𝑐
8. Draw the graph of M v/s 𝑐 for KCl solution m

𝑐
9. Define limiting molar conductivity.
Ans : The conductivity of electrolytic solution at infinite dilution is called limiting
molar conductivity.
10. The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.001M KCl solution at 298K is
1500. What is the cell constant if conductivity of 0.001M KCl solution at 298K
Is 0.146 x x10-3sm-1?
Ans : Cell constant G* = k x R
= 0.146 x 10-3x1500
G* = 219m-1
11. What happens to molar conductivity when one mole of KCl dissolved in one litre is
diluted to five litres?
Ans : Molar conductivity increases
12. Write the mathematical expression for limiting molar conductivity of sodium
chloride (NaCl).
Ans : 0NaC l = 0Na + 0Cl −
13. What is the electrode potential value of SHE at 300K?
Ans : Zero (or) 0

7
Chemistry Electrochemistry
14. What happens to conductivity when one mole of KCl dissolved in one litre is
diluted to five litres?
Ans : Conductivity decreases.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS :
15. Mention any two factors on which conductivity of an electrolyte solution depends.
Ans : (i) Nature of electrolyte (ii) Concentration of the electrolyte solution
16. What is the effect of dilution on conductivity. Give reason.
Ans : Conductivity decreases with increase in dilution. Because number of ions
per unit volume decreases.
17. What is the effect of dilution on molar conductivity? Give reason.
Ans : Molar conductivity increases with increase in dilution because total volume
of solution containing one mole of electrolyte increases.
18. The conductivity of 0.025N solution of methanoic acid is 1.1525SM-1 . Calculate its
molar conductivity.
1000 xk 1000 x 1.1525
Ans : M = = =46100 Sm2 mol-1
C 0.025
19. 1.0M solution of a salt surrounding two platinum electrodes 2.1 Cm apart and
2Cm2 in area was found to after a resistance of 50 Ohm. Calculate the
conductivity of the solution.
Ans : Given l=2.1cm, A=4.2cm2 R=50 Ohm
𝑙 1 2.1 1
Specific conductance k = xR = 𝑥
𝐴 4.2 50
K = 0.01 Scm-1
20. State Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions? Write mathematical
relation for limiting molar conductivity of CaCl2
Ans : It states that the limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte is equal to the
sum of the ionic conductances of respective cations and anions.
0CaCl 2 = 0Ca 2 + 20Cl −
21. Name the gases liberated at anode and cathode when an aqueous solution of
sodium chloride is electrolysed.
Ans : At Anode – Chlorine gas At Cathode – Hydrogen gas
THREE MARK QUESTIONS
22. Explain the construction and working of standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)
OR
Draw a neat labelled diagram of SHE, write the symbolic representation and write
half cell reactions.
Ans :
SHE consists of a platinum foil
coated with platinum black. Platinum
foil is connected to the platinum wire
with mercury. The other end of the platinum
wire is connected to external circuit.
The platinum foil is dipped in 1M HCl solution
as shown in the figure.

8
Chemistry Electrochemistry
Working :
Pass pure and dry hydrogen gas at 1 bar pressure from inlet electrode reaction is
1
H +𝑎𝑞 + e− ↔ 𝐻2 (g)
2

SHE is represented as
𝑃𝑡 𝑠
/ H2(g, 1 bar) / H+ (aq, 1M)
H2

𝐸 0 SHE = 0.0V
23. Calculate the emf of the cell in which the following reaction takes place at298K
Ni s + 2Ag +0.002M Ni2+
0.160M + 2Ag (s)
0
(Given 𝐸𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 1.05V)
0 0.0591 [𝑁𝑖 2+ ]
Ans : Ecell =𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 – log
𝑛 𝐴𝑔 + 2
0.0591 [0.160]
= 1.05 = log
2 0.002 2
0.0591
= 1.05 = log (40,000)
2

= 1.05 – (0.0295x4.6021)
Ecell = 0.914V
24. Calculate the value of G0 at 298K for the cell reaction
2𝑀𝑔 𝑠 + 2𝐴𝑙 3+ 2+
𝑎𝑞  3𝑀𝑔 𝑎𝑞 + 2𝐴𝑙(𝑠)
0 0
Given 𝐸𝑀𝑔 = -2.36V, 𝐸𝐴𝑙 = -1.66V and F = 96487C
0 0 0
Ans : 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝐴𝑙 − 𝐸𝑀𝑔
0
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = -1.66-(-2.36)= -1.66+ 2.36 = 0.70V
∆𝐺 0 = -nFE0
= -6 x 96487 x 0.70
= -405245.4J
∆𝐺 0 = - 405.2454KJ
25. The electrode potential for the Daniel cell given below is 1.1V.
2+
𝑍𝑛 𝑠  𝑍𝑛𝑎𝑞 + 𝐶𝑢2+
𝑎𝑞  Cu(s)
Write overall cell reaction and calculate the standard Gibb’s free energy for the
reaction. (F=96487 C/mol)
Ans : 𝑍𝑛 𝑠 + Cu2+ 2+
aq Zn aq + Cu(s)
0
∆𝐺 0 = - nF𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = -2x96487 x 1.1 = -212271J
∆𝐺 0 = -212.271kJ
26. Calculate the emf of the cell for the reaction
+ 2+ 0 0
𝑀𝑔 𝑠 + 2𝐴𝑔(𝑎𝑞 ) M𝑔(𝑎𝑞 ) + 2Ag(s), 𝐸𝐴𝑔 + /𝐴𝑔 = 0.80𝑉, 𝐸𝑀𝑔 2+ /𝑀𝑔 = −2.37𝑉,
𝑀𝑔2+ = 0.001𝑀, 𝐴𝑔+ = 0.0001𝑀
0 0 0
Ans : 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑒 - 𝐸𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒

9
Chemistry Electrochemistry
0 0
= 𝐸𝐴𝑔 + /𝐴𝑔 - 𝐸𝑀𝑔 2+ /𝑀𝑔

= 0.80-(-2.37)
0
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 3.17V
0 0.059 [𝑀𝑔 2+ ]
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − log
𝑛 𝐴𝑔 + 2

0.059 10 −3
= 3.17 - log
2 10 −4 2
0.059
= 3.17 - log 105
2

= 3.17 – (0.0295 𝑥 5)
= 3.17 – 0.1475
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 3.0255𝑉
27. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction
𝐶𝑢 𝑠 + 2𝐴𝑔+𝑎𝑞 Cu2+
𝑎𝑞 + 2Ag (s)
0
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 0.46𝑉
0 0.059
𝐴𝑛𝑠 ∶ 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = logKc
𝑛
0.059
0.46 = logKc
2
0.46 𝑥 2
logKc =
0.059
logKc = 15.5932
Kc = antilog (15.5932)
Kc = 3.92 x 1015

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10
Chemistry Chemical Kinetics

ONE MARK QUESTIONS :

1. For the reaction 2HI H2+I2 Write its molecularity.
Ans : Two
2. Give an example of zero order reaction .
Ans : Decomposition of hydrogen iodide on gold surface
Au
2HI g H2+ I2
3. What happens to the half life period of a first order reaction, if the initial
concentration of reactant is increased?
Ans : No Change
4. Rate constant of a reaction is K = 3.4x10-4 Lmol-1S-1. What is the order of
reaction?
Ans : Second order
5. Rate of a reaction AB increases two times by increasing the concentration ‘A’
By four times, What is the order of reaction?
Ans : ½ (or) 0.5
6. A chemical reaction has rate expression Rate = [A]2 [B]. What is its overall order?
Ans : 3
7. Unit of rate constant of reaction is same as that of its rate. What is order of the
reaction?
Ans : 0 (zero)
8. What is the order for the reaction?
1130 𝐾
2NH3 (g)𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 𝑁2 𝑔 + 3𝐻2 𝑔
𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡
Ans : zero
9. What is the unit of rate of a reaction ?
Ans : mol L-1S-1
10. What is the SI unit of zero order reaction?
Ans: mol L-1S-1
11. What is the unit of first order reaction?
Ans : S-1
12. Which step of reaction mechanism decides the order?
Ans : Slowest step (or) rate determining step.
13. In a reaction A products the rate of reaction is doubled when the concentration
of reactant is doubled. What is order of reaction?
Ans : One (or) 1
14. Define average rate of a reaction.
𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
Ans: Average rate = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
15. In a reaction 2A product, the concentration of ‘A’ decreases from 0.5mol L-1 to
0.4 mol L-1 in 10 minutes calculate the rate during this interval.
∆[𝐴]
Ans : Average rate = ∆𝑡

11
Chemistry Chemical Kinetics
0.5−0.4 𝑚𝑜 𝑙 −1
= 10𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.01 mol L-1 min-1
16. Mention any 2 factors which influence the rate of reaction?
Ans : (i) Concentration of reactant
(ii) Temperature
(iii)Catalyst.
17. The conversion of molecules X to Y follows second order kinetics, if the
concentration of X is increased by three times, how will it affect the rate of
formation of Y?
Ans: Rate = K . [X]2 X Y
= K . (3)2
= 9 times.
18. What is zero order reaction? Give an example.
Ans : A reaction in which rate is independent of concentration of reactant is
Called zero order reaction.
𝑃𝑡.𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡
Ex : 2NH3 (g) 𝑁2 (g) + 3H2(g)
1130 𝐾
19. What is the first order reaction? Give an example.
Ans : A reaction in which rate is directly proportional to first power of
concentration term is called first order reaction.
Ex : 2𝑁2 𝑂5 2𝑁2 𝑂4 + 𝑂2
20. Explain pseudo first order reaction with an example.
Ans : Higher order reactions can be converted into first order by changing the
experimental conditions such a reaction is called Psuedo first order reaction
Ex : Inversion of sucrose.
𝐻+
𝐶12 H22 O11 + H2O 𝐶6 H12 O6 + 𝐶6 H12 O6
sucrose glucose Fructose.

21. Give any two differences between order and molecularity

Molecularity Order
1. It is defined as the number of 1. It is defined as the sum of powers of
reactant molecules taking part in concentration terms in an
elementary reaction. experimentally determined rate
equation,
2. It is always a whole number 2. Order may be zero, fraction(or) whole
Number.

22. Define half life period of a reaction.

Ans : The time requird to convert half of the reactant into product is called half
life period of reaction.
23. Derive integrated rate equation for a first order reaction.
Ans: Consider first order reaction
R P
Rate ∝ [R]
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Chemistry Chemical Kinetics
Rate = K[R]
Where, K = Rate constant
𝑑[𝑅]
− = K[R]
𝑑𝑡
𝑑[𝑅]
− = Kdt
[𝑅]
𝑑[𝑅]
= - Kdt
[𝑅]
On integration
𝑑[𝑅]
= - 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
[𝑅]
log 𝑒 𝑅 = −𝐾𝑡 + 𝐼 (1) I= integration constant
When , t=0 [R]= [R]0
(1)  log e R 0 = −K(0) + I
 log e R 0 = I (2)
Substitute (2) in (1)
(1)  log e R = −Kt + log e 𝑅 0
Kt = log 𝑒 𝑅 0 -log 𝑒 𝑅
𝑅 0
Kt = log 𝑒 [𝑅]
1 𝑅 0
K= 𝑡 log 𝑒 [𝑅]
2.303 𝑅 0
K= log10
𝑡 [𝑅]
Where t = time interval
[R]0 = Initial concentration
[R] = Equilibrium concentration
24. Derive an expression for the half life period of a first order reaction (or) show that
half life period of a first order reaction is independent of initial concentration of
the reactant.
2.303 𝑅 0
Ans : we know that K = log10 1
𝑡 𝑅
Where K = rate constant, t=time
[R]0 = Initial concentration
[R] = equilibrium concentration
𝑅 0
When t = t½ R= 2
2.303
(1)  K = log102
𝑡 1/2
2.303 x 0.3010 0.693
K= =
𝑡 1/2 𝑡 1/2
0.693
t1/2 = 𝐾
25. Derive an integrated rate equation for a zero order reaction
R P
Rate ∝ 𝑅 0
Rate = K . 𝑅 0  Rate = K
Where , K = Rate constant
𝑑[𝑅]
- =K
𝑑𝑡
-d[R] = Kdt
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Chemistry Chemical Kinetics
d[R] = -Kdt
On integration
𝑑 𝑅 = - 𝐾𝑑𝑡
[R] = -Kt + I  (1)
Where, I = Integration constant
When, t=0, [R] = [R]0
(1)  [R]0 = -K(0) + I  [R]0 = I  (2)
Substitute (2) in (1) (1)  [R] = -Kt + [R]0
Kt = [R]0 –[R]
𝑅 0 − [𝑅]
K= 𝑡
T = Time interval [R]0 = Initial concentration
[R] = Equilibrium concentration
26. Derive an expression for the half life period of a zero order reaction (or) show that
half life period of zero order reaction is directly proportional to initial concentration
of the reactant.
𝑅 0− 𝑅
Ans : W.K.T K=  1
𝑡
K = rate constant t=time
[R]0 =initial concentration
[R] = equilibrium concentration
𝑅 0
When t = t1/2 [R] = 2
𝑅 0 𝑅 0
[R]0-[R] = [R]0 - =  2
2 2
Substitute (2) in (1)
𝑅 𝑅 0
(1)  K = 2𝑡 1/2
0
 t1/2 = 2
27. The rate constant of a first order reaction is 3.6x10-3S-1.Calculate the half life
Period.
0.693 0.693
Ans : t1/2= =3.6 x 10 −3 S −1 = 0.1925 x 103 S
𝐾
28. The half life period of a first order reaction is 60 minutes. Calculate the rate
constant of the reaction.
0.693 0.693
Ans: K = 1 =60𝑚𝑖𝑛  K = 0.01155 min-1
𝑡
2
29. A certain first order reaction is 75% completed in 30 minutes .Calculate the rate
constant.
Ans: t = 30 min [R]0 = 100 [R]=100-75=25

2.303 𝑅 0
K= log10
𝑡 [𝑅]
2.303 100
K= log10
30𝑚𝑖𝑛 25
2.303 100 2.303
= 30𝑚𝑖𝑛
log10 25
= 30𝑚𝑖𝑛
x 0.6021 K =0.043221min-1
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14
Chemistry d & f-Block elements

ONE MARK QUESTIONS :

1. Name transition metals present in bronze alloy.
Ans : Copper & Tin
2. Why Cr and Cu have abnormally higher 2nd ionization enthalpy?
Ans : Because half filled (d5) and fully (d10) electronic configuration of M+
(Cr+ and Cu+) ion
3. Name one 3rd series element that do not show variable oxidation state.
Ans : Scandium (Sc) or Zinc(Zn)
4. Write the general electronic configuration of lanthanoids.
Ans : [noble gas] 6s25d0-1 4f1-14
5. Write general valence shell electronic configuration of d-block elements.
Ans : [Noble gas](n-1)d1-10 ns1-2 where n = 4, 5, 6, 7........
6. How will you account for the following? Zr and Hf sizes are almost same.
Ans : Due to Lanthanoid contraction.
7. Write the spin only formula to calculate the magnetic moment of transition metal
Ion
Ans : Magnetic moment = 𝜇 = 𝑛 (𝑛 + 2) in Bohr magneton (BM) ;
Where n = Number of unpaired electrons.
8. Why are Ti+3 ions paramagnetic?
Ans : Because Ti+3 ion has one unpaired electron (3d1)
9. Give reasons : Transition metals and many of their compounds show
paramagnetic behaviour
Ans : Due to the presence of unpaired electrons.
10. Give reasons : Transition metals and their compounds act as good catalysts.
Ans : Due to presence of large surface area, they exhibit variable oxidation states.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS :
11. Mention any two consequences of Lanthanoid contraction.
Ans: 1. The radii of 3rd row transition series elements (metals) are almost similar
to that of 2nd row transition series elements. Or the identical radii of Zirconium
(Zr) and Hafnium(Hf).
2. The separation of lanthanoids in pure state becomes difficult.
12. What is Lanthanoid contraction? Mention the causes for Lanthanoid contraction.
Ans : The overall decrease in atomic radii and ionic radii from lanthanum to
lutenium (across lanthanoids) is called lanthanoid contraction.
Cause : They have very similar physical and chemical properties.
13. What are interstitial compounds? Give an example.
Ans : Intestitial compounds are those which are formed when small atoms like H,
C or N are trapped inside the crystal lattice of metals.
Example : TiC, Mn4N, Fe3H, VH0.56 OR TiH1.7 (any one example)

14. Write any two characteristics of interstitial compounds.

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Chemistry d & f-Block elements
Ans : Characteristics of interstitial compound.
1. They have high melting point than those of pure metals.
2. They are very hard
3. They retain metallic conductivity
4. They are chemically inert.
15. Between Ti+4 and Ti+3, which is more stable? Why?
Ans : Ti+4 ; Because Ti+4 ion has noble gas electronic configuration OR
Ti ion has [Ar] electronic configuration.
+4 18 OR
Ti ion has ns np electronic configuration.
+4 2 6

16. Transition elements show catalytic property. Give two reasons.

Ans : i) Due to variable (multiple) oxidation states.
ii) Large surface area for adsorption of reactants
iii) Formation of intermediate compounds
17. Give reasons : Transition metals generally from coloured compounds.
Ans : Due to the presence of unpaired electrons
Due to d-d electronic transition.
18. With reference to the first row transition series?
a) Which element has more number of unpaired electrons in ground state?
b) Which element exhibits maximum oxidation state?
Ans : Chromium Or Cr
Manganese Or Mn

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Chemistry Co-ordination Compounds

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. What is the IUPAC of K2[Zn(OH)2]?
Ans :Potassium tetrahydroxidozincate(II)
2. Write formula for the mercurytetrathiocyanatocobaltate(III)
Ans : Hg[Co(SCN)4]
3. How many Cl-ions can be precipitated as AgCl. by adding excess of aqueous
AgNO3 solution into one mole of [Co(NH3)6]Cl3?
Ans : Three(3) ions or three or 3
4. What is the value of co-ordination number of Fe in[FeCl2(en)2]Cl?
Ans : 6
TWO MARK QUESTIONS :
5. What is an ambidentate ligand? Give an example.
Ans :Ligand which can ligate through two different atoms to central metal
atom/ion is known as ambidentate ligand.
Ex : Nitrito-N and Nitrito-O OR NO-2OR Thiocyanate and Isothiocyanate OR SCN-
and NCS- (any one)
6. What is Chelating ligand? Give an example.
Ans : When a didentate or polydentate ligand uses two or more donor atoms to
bind single central metal metal atom/ ion is known as cheating ligand.
Example : ethane 1-2 diamine (en), ethylenediaminetetraacetate(EDTA4-)ion,
oxalate (𝐶2 𝑂42−) etc. (any one)
7. What are homoleptic complexes? Give an example.
Ans : Complexes in which a central metal atom /ion is bound to more than one
kind of donor groups are known as heteroleptic complexes.
Example :[𝑇𝑖 𝐻2 𝑂 6 ]3+, [Co(CN)6]3-, [Cu(H2O)4]2+, [Ni(CN)4]2-, [NiCl4]2-, [Co(en)3]3+ etc
8. What are heteroleptic complexes? Give an example.
Ans :Complexes in which a central metal atom /ion is bound to more than one
kind of donor groups are known as heteroleptic complexes.
Example : [CoCl.CN.NO2(NH3)3], [Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl2. [Co(NH3)5(NH3)5(ONO)]Cl2etc
9. Mention any two postulates of Werner’s theory of co-ordination compound.
Ans :
i) The central metal atom or ion in a complex posseses two types of
valences(linkages) Namely a) Primary valency b) Secondary valency
ii) Primary valency is ionisable and secondary valency is non ionisablle.
iii) Primary valency is satisfied only by anions.(negatively charged ions) and
secondary valency is satisfied by either anions or neutral moleculesor both.
iv) The primary valency corresponds to the oxidation state of central metal and
the secondary valency corresponds to the co-ordination number of the
metal(remains fixed for a metal)

v) The secondary valences are directional. Hence they show isomerism.

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Chemistry Co-ordination Compounds
vi) The primary valency of the metal is variable. The secondary valency has a
fixed value.

10. Draw energy level diagram for the splitting of d-orbitals in an octahedral crystal
field.
Ans :

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS :

11. On the basis of Valence Bond Theory (VBT), Account for hybridisation, geometry
and magnetic property of [Ni(CN)4]2-complex ion. (Z for Ni is 28)
Ans : Hybridisation : dsp2
Geometry : Square planar
Magnetic property : Diamagnetic

12. Using valence bond theory explain geometry hybridisation and magnetic property
of [CoF6]3-.(Given atomic number of Co is 27)
Ans : Hybridisation : sp3d2
Geometry :Octahedral
Magnetic property : Paramagnetic

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Chemistry Co-ordination Compounds
13. Using valence bond theory explain geometry hybridization and magnetic property
of [Co(NH3)6]3- (Given atomic number of Co is 27)
Ans : Hybridisation : d2sp3
Geometry : Octahedral
Magnetic property :Diamagnetic

14. On the basis of valence bond theory (VBT), Account for hybridisation, geometry
and magnetic property of [NiCl4]2-Complex ion (Z for Ni is 28)
Ans : Hybridisation : sp3
Geometry :Tetrahedral
Magnetic property :Paramagnetic

15. Discuss the nature of bonding in metal carbonyl.

Ans : In metal carbonyl : The metal-carbon bond posses both  and -character.
The metal-carbon  bond is fomed by the donation of lone pair of electrons on the
carbonyl carbon into vacant orbitals of metal.
The metal-carbon - bond is formed by the donation of a pair of electrons from a
filled d-orbital of metal into the vacant antibonding * orbital of CO
The metal to ligand bonding creates a synergic effect which strengthens the bond
between CO and metal.

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Chemistry Co-ordination Compounds
16. What is Crystal Field Splitting Energy? Name two factors on which Crystal Field
splitting energy depends.
Ans : The energy separation in the splitting of the degenerated levels due to
presence of ligands in a definite geometry is known as Crystal-Field Splitting
energy.
OR
The difference in energy between the two sets of degenerate orbitals during crystal
field splitting is called as Crystal-Field Splitting Energy.
The crystal field splitting energy depends on :
1. Field produced by the ligand. (Strength of ligand)
2. Charge on the metal ion.

17. Define spectrochemical series

A series of ligands arranged is the increasing order of their ligand field strength is
called spectrochemical series.

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