Roll No.

: Time -
Date : MM - 337

1. State the main advantage of molality over molarity as the unit of concentration. 1

Ans : Molality is more accurate than molarity because molality does not depend on
temperature as mass does not change with temperature.

2. State Raoult’s law for a solution containing volatile components. 1

Ans : The vapour pressure of each component is directly proportional to the mole
fraction of each component.

3. What are azeotropes? Give an example. 1

Ans : Azeotropes are constant boiling mixtures which distill out unchanged in their
composition, e.g. ethanol and water.

4. 10 mL of liquid A was mixed with 10 mL of liquid B. The volume of the resulting solution was 1
found to be 19.9 mL. What do you conclude?

Ans : It means solution shows –ve deviation from Raoult’s law due to increase in force
of attraction, volume decreases.

5. Give reason when 30 mL of ethyl alcohol and 30 mL of water are mixed, the volume of 1
resulting solution is more than 60 mL.

Ans : It is because forces of attraction between ethyl alcohol and water are less than
ethanol-ethanol and water-water.

6. Two liquids A and B boil at 145 °C and 190 °C respectively. Which of them has a higher 1
vapour pressure at 80 °C?

Ans : ‘A’ because lower the boiling point, higher will be vapour pressure.

7. What are the values of ∆H and ∆V for an ideal solution of two liquids? 1

Ans : ∆H = 0, ∆V = 0 for an ideal solution of two liquids.

8. Define Ebullioscopic constant or molal elevation constant. 1

Ans : Molal Elevation Constant (Ebullioscopic Constant): It is equal to elevation in boiling

point of 1 molal solution, i.e. 1 mole of solute is dissolved in 1 kg of solvent. It is also
called ebullioscopic constant. The units of Kb is K/m or °C/m or K kg mol–1, where
‘m’ is molality.

9. Of 0.1 molal solutions of glucose and potassium chloride respectively, which one will have 1
a higher boiling point?

Ans : 0.1 molal KCl solution will have higher boiling point because KCl dissociates into K+
and Cl– ions, therefore, number of particles will be doubled.

10. Define molality in terms of elevation in boiling point. 1

Ans : Molality is defined as the ratio of elevation in boiling point and Kb (molal elevation
constant).

11. Which has the highest freezing point? 1

(a) 1 M glucose (b) 1 M NaCl (c) 1 M CaCl2 (d) 1 M AlF3

Ans : (a) 1 M glucose solution has highest freezing point because it has lowest ∆Tf.

12. What is anti-freeze? 1

Ans : Anti-freeze is a substance which is added to solvent to lower its freezing point. It is
used in car radiators to lower the freezing point of water, e.g. ethylene glycol.

13. Measurement of which colligative property is preferred for determination of molar mass. 1

Ans : Osmotic pressure.

14. Define osmotic pressure. 1

Ans : It is the extra pressure which must be applied on solution side so as to prevent the
flow of solvent molecules from solution through semi-permeable membrane.

15. What is meant by ‘reverse osmosis’? 1

Ans : Reverse Osmosis: If extra pressure is applied on the solution side and exceeds the
osmotic pressure, the osmosis can be reversed. That is, pure water can be forced
out of the solution to pass through the pores of the membrane in the opposite
direction. This is called reverse osmosis.

16. Why is osmotic pressure considered as a colligative property? 1

Ans : Osmotic pressure depends upon the number of particles of solute and not on the
nature of solute, therefore, it is considered as colligative property.

17. What is ‘semipermeable’ membrane? 1

Ans : It is the membrane which has sub-microscopic pores through which small solvent
molecules like water can pass but bigger solute particles cannot pass.

18. Give an example of a material used for making semipermeable membrane for carrying out 1
reverse osmosis.

Ans : Cellulose acetate.

19. A 10% solution of urea is isotonic with 20% solution of ‘x’ at same temperature. 1
Calculate molecular weight of x.

Ans : M1 = M2, where M1 and M2 are molarities

20. What is expected value of van’t Hoff factor for K3[Fe(CN)6]. 1

Ans :

21. What would be the value of van’t Hoff factor for a dilute solution of K2SO4 in water? 1

Ans :

22. In the determination of molar mass of A+B– using a colligative property, what may be the 1
value of van’t Hoff factor if the solute is 50% dissociated?

Ans :

23. What possible value of ‘i’ will it have if solute molecules undergo association in solution? 1

Ans : i < 1, if solute molecules undergo association.

24. A person suffering from high blood pressure should take less common salt, why? 1
Ans : Common salt contains Na+ and Cl– which increase osmotic pressure of blood,
therefore, increase blood pressure.

25. Why do doctors advise gargles by saline water in case of sore throat? 1

Ans : Saline water is hypertonic solution, therefore, fluids causing irritation in throat will
come out.

26. When outer shell of two eggs are removed, one of the eggs is placed in pure water and 1
other is placed in saturated solution of NaCl, what will be observed and why?

Ans : The egg placed in pure water will swell, whereas the egg placed in saturated
solution of NaCl will shrink.

27. What is the cause of anoxia? 1

Ans : Low level of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitudes.

28. Why are cold drinks bottles filled at high pressure? 1

Ans : It is done so as to increase the solubility of CO2 in water.

29. Give an example each of solid in gas and liquid in gas solution. 1

Ans : Iodine vapours in air, humidity in air.

30. What are the values of ∆H and ∆V for positive deviation from ideality? Give one example. 1

Ans : ∆H = + ve, ∆V = +ve. The solution of ethanol and water shows positive deviation.

31. Can we separate an azeotropic mixture by distillation? Why do we call it a mixture? 1

Ans : No, we cannot separate azeotropic mixture with the help of distillation because
they boil together. Its composition can vary with the change in external pressure,
that is why it is called a mixture.

32. What are the values of , ∆H and ∆V for negative deviation from ideality? Give one 1
example.

Ans :

33. What is expected van’t Hoff factor for ? 1

Ans :

34. What is the value of i for assuming complete ionisation? 1

Ans : i = 3 for assuming complete ionisation.

35. Why is osmotic pressure of 1 M KCl is higher than that of 1 M urea solution? 1

Ans : 1 M KCl solution dissociates into K+ and Cl–, therefore, its osmotic pressure is
higher than that of 1 M solution of urea which does not dissociate.

36. State how does osmotic pressure vary with temperature. 1

Ans : Osmotic pressure increases with increase in temperature.

37. The molecular masses of polymers are determined by osmotic pressure method and nor 2
by measuring other colligative properties. Give two reasons.

Ans : (i) It is measured at room temperature.

(ii) It has appreciable value.

38. Define the following terms: 2

(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Isotonic solutions
(iii) van’t Hoff factor
(iv) Ideal solution
Ans : (i) Mole fraction (x): It is the ratio of number of moles of a particular component to
the total number of moles of all the components.
For example, mole fraction of a component A,

where nA and nB are the number of moles of components ‘A’ and ‘B’
respectively.
(ii) Isotonic solutions: Two solutions are said to be isotonic when they exert the
same osmotic pressure because they have same molar concentration. All
intravenous injections must be isotonic with body fluids.
(iii) van’t Hoff factor (i): The ratio of the experimental value of a colligative
property to the theoretical value (calculated on the basis of normal behaviour of
solute) is known as van’t Hoff factor.

(iv) Ideal solution: Those solutions which obey Raoult’s law are called ideal
solutions. When the forces of attraction between A—A, B—B are similar to A—B,
then A and B will form ideal solution.

39. The density of water of a lake is 1.25 g mL–1 and one kg of this water contains 92 g of Na+ 2
ions. What is the molarity and molality of Na+ ions in the water of the lake? (Atomic mass of
Na = 23.00 u)

Ans :

40. State Raoult’s Law for a solution containing volatile components. How does Raoult’s 2
law become a special case of Henry’s Law?
Ans : Raoult’s law for volatile components: It states that vapour pressure of each
component is directly proportional to its mole fraction.

pA = p A° x A

In solution of gas in liquid, one of the component is so volatile that it exists as gas
and its solubility is given by Henry’s law, p = KH .x
Only difference between Raoult’s law and Henry’s law is KH differs from pA°.
Thus, Raoult’s law becomes a special case of Henry’s law in which KH becomes
equal to pA°.

41. If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293 K, how many millimoles of N2 gas would dissolve 2
in 1 litre of water? Assume that N2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar. Given that Henry’s
law constant for N2 at 293 K is 76.48 kbar.

Ans :

42. How is vapour pressure of solvent affected when a non volatile solute is dissolved in it? 2

Ans : When a non-volatile solute is added to solvent, vapour pressure of solution

decreases because surface molecules consist of both solute and solvent molecules
so escaping tendency of solvent molecules into vapours decreases.

43. Define an ideal solution and write one of its characteristics. 2

Ans : Ideal solution is a solution which follows Raoult’s law.

Characteristics:
(i) The force of attraction between A—A, B—B and A—B are of same order.
(ii) ∆Hmix = 0 (no heat is evolved or absorbed)
(iii) ∆Vmix = 0 (no change in volume)
(iv) Ideal solution can be separated by fractional distillation.
44.A solution is prepared by dissolving 10 g of non-volatile solute in 200 g of water. It has a 2
vapour pressure of 31.84 mm Hg at 308 K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. (Vapour
pressure of pure water at 308 K = 32 mm Hg)

Ans :

45. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.85 bar. A non-volatile, 2
non-electrolyte solid weighing 0.5 g is added to 39.0 g of benzene (molar mass 78 g mol–1).
Vapour pressure of the solution, then, is 0.845 bar. What is the molar mass of the solid
substance?

Ans :

46. Derive expression for Raoult’s law when the solute is non-volatile. 2
Ans :

47. 18 g of glucose, C6H12O6, is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a saucepan. At what temperature 2

will water boil at 1.103 bar? (Kb for H2O is 0.52 k kg mol–1)

Ans :

48. Find the boiling point of a solution containing 0.520 g of glucose (C6H12O6) dissolved in 2
80.2 g of water. [Given: Kb for water = 0.52 K/m]

Ans :

49. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K. When 1.80 g of non-volatile solute was dissolved 2
in 90 g of benzene, the boiling point is raised to 354.11 K Calculate the molar mass of solute.
Kb for benzene is 2.53 K kg mol–1.
Ans : Boiling point of benzene = 353.23 K,
WB = 1.80 g, WA = 90 g,
Boiling point of solution = 354.11 K

Therefore, molar mass of solute = 57.5 g mol–1.

50. 1.0 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50.0 g of benzene lowered the freezing point 2
of benzene by 0.40 K. The freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol–1.
Find the molar mass of the solute.

Ans :

51. An aqueous solution of solidum chloride freezes below 273 K. Explain the lowering in 2
freezing points of water with the help of a suitable diagram.

Ans : When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, its vapour pressure decreases,
therefore, at a lower temperature, vapour pressure of solid and solution becomes
equal, i.e. depression in freezing point takes place as shown in diagram.
52. 200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of protein contains 1.26 g of the protein. The osmotic 2
pressure of such a solution at 300 K is found to be 2.57 × 10 –3 bar. Calculate the molar mass
of the protein.

Ans :

53. A 1.00 molal aqueous solution of trichloroacetic acid (CCl3COOH) is heated to its boiling 2
point. The solution has the boiling point of 100.18 °C. Determine the van’t Hoff factor for
trichloroacetic acid. (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol–1)

Ans :

54. A 0.561m solution of an unknown electrolyte depresses the freezing point of water by 2.93 2
°C. What is van’t Hoff factor for this electrolyte? The freezing point depression constant (Kf)
for water is 1.86 °C kg mol–1.

Ans :

55. The elevation in boiling point of 0.1 molal solution of X in water is 0.1536 °C. What 2
conclusion do you draw about the molecular state of X?
[Given: Kb = 0.512 K kg mol–1]

Ans :

Solute undergoes dissociation in water. It is a strong electrolyte.

56. An electrolyte AB is 50% ionised in aqueous solution. Calculate the freezing point of 1 molal 2
aqueous solution.
Ans :

Freezing point of solution = 273 – 2.79 = 270.21 K

57. Find out the molar mass of X when 100 g of ‘X’ is dissolved in 500 mL of solution if 2
molarity of solution is 0.5.

Ans :

58. What is meant by positive deviations from Raoult’s law? Give an example. What is the 2
sign of for positive deviation?

Ans : Those solutions in which force of attraction between A—B is less than A—A and B
—B, show positive deviation from Raoult’s law, e.g. ethanol and water show
positive deviation from Raoult’s law.

59. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by positive deviation from Raoult’s 2
law? Give an example.

Ans : Azeotropes are constant boiling mixtures which distill out unchanged in their
composition.
Minimum boiling azeotropes are formed by solutions showing positive deviation,
e.g. cyclohexane and ethanol.

60. (i) On mixing liquid X and liquid Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases. What type of 2
deviation from Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution? What change in temperature
would you observe after mixing liquids X and Y?
(ii) What happens when we place the blood cell in water (hypotonic solution)? Give reason.

Ans : (i) The resulting solution will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law. The
temperature of solution will increase.
(ii) The cell will swell and even may burst due to inflow of solvent because of
osmosis.

61. What is meant by negative deviation from Raoult’s law? Give an example. What is the 2
sign of ∆mixH for negative deviation?
Ans : A solution is said to deviate negatively from Raoult’s law if the forces of attraction
between A—B are more than A—A and B—B, e.g. CHCl3 and CH3COCH3.

∆mixH = –ve

62. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by negative deviation from Raoult’s 2
law? Give an example.

Ans : Azeotropes are constant boiling mixtures which distill out unchanged in their
composition.
Maximum boiling azeotropes are formed by solution showing negative deviation,
e.g. H2O and HCl.

63. Derive the relationship between relative lowering of vapour pressure and molar mass of 2
solute.

Ans :

64. Why does a solution containing non-volatile solute have higher boiling point than pure 2
solvent? Why is elevation in boiling point is a colligative property?

Ans : When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, its vapour pressure decreases,
therefore, it is to be heated at higher temperature so that its vapour pressure
becomes equal to atmospheric pressure, i.e. its boiling point is raised.
Since elevation in boiling point is directly proportional to molality, i.e. number of
mole of solute particle, therefore, it is a colligative property.

65. Calculate the boiling point of 1 molar solution of solute (Molar mass 74.5 g mol–1). The 2
density of solution is 1.04 g mL–1 and Kb for water is 0.52 K kg mol–1.
Ans :

where ‘M’ is molarity, ‘m’ is molality, ‘d’ is density and M.Wt is molecular
weight.

Now, ∆Tb = m × Kb = 1.0357 × 0.52 = 0.5385

∴ Boiling point of solution = 373 + 0.5385 = 373.5385 K.

66. The freezing point of a solution composed of 5.85 g of NaCl in 100 g of water is –3.348 2
°C. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor ‘i’ for this solution. Kf (water) = 1.86 K kg mol–1.

Ans :

67. What is van’t Hoff factor? What types of values can it have if in forming the solution the 2
solute molecules undergo (i) Dissociation (ii) Association?

Ans : van’t Hoff factor is the ratio of observed colligative property to the normal
colligative property:
(i) i > 1 for dissociation. (ii) i < 1 for association.

68. At 25 °C the saturated vapour pressure of water is 3.165 kPa (23.75 mm Hg). Find the 3
saturated vapour pressure of a 5% aqueous solution of urea (carbamide) at the same
temperature. (Molar mass of urea = 60.05 g mol–1)
Ans :

69. Some ethylene glycol, HOCH2—CH2OH is added to your car’s cooling system along with 3
5 kg of water. If the freezing point of water glycol solution is –15 °C, what is the boiling point
of the solution? [Kb = 0.52 K kg mol–1, Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1]

Ans :

70. What would be the molar mass of a compound if 6.21 g of it dissolved in 24.0 g of 3
chloroform forms a solution that has a boiling point of 68.04 °C. The boiling point of pure
chloroform is 61.7 °C and the boiling point elevation constant, Kb for chloroform is 3.63 °C/m.
Ans :

71. What mass of ethylene glycol (molar mass = 62.0 g mol–1) must be added to 5.50 kg of 3
water to lower the freezing point of water from 0 °C to –10.0 °C? (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg
mol–1)

Ans :

72. 15 g of an unknown molecular substance was dissolved in 450 g of water. The resulting 3
solution freezes at – 0.34 °C. What is the molar mass of the substance? (Kf for water = 1.86
K kg mol–1)

Ans :

73. A solution of urea in water has a boiling point of 373.128 K. Calculate the freezing point of 3
the same solution. [Given: For water, Kf = 1.86 Km–1, Kb = 0.52 Km–1]

Ans :
74. Calculate the mass of compound (molar mass = 256 g mol–1) to be dissolved in 75 g of 3
benzene to lower its freezing point by 0.48 K (Kf = 5.12 K kg mol–1).

Ans :

75. Calculate the amount of sodium chloride which must be added to one kilogram of water so 3
that the freezing point of water is depressed by 3 K. [Given: Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1, Atomic
mass: Na = 23.0, Cl = 35.5]

Ans :

76. 0.1 mole of acetic acid was dissolved in 1 kg of benzene. Depression in freezing point of 3
benzene was determined to be 0.256 K. What conclusion can you draw about the state of
the solute in solution? [Given: Kf for benzene = 5.12 K/m]

Ans :

77. 0.6 mL of acetic acid (CH3COOH), having density 1.06 g mL–1, is dissolved in 1 litre of 3
water. The depression in freezing point observed for this strength of acid was 0.0205 °C.
Calculate the van’t Hoff factor and the dissociation constant of acid.
Ans :

78. Calculate the amount of CaCl2 (molar mass 111 g mol–1) which must be added to 500 g of 3
water to lower the freezing point by 2K, assuming CaCl2 is completely dissociated. (Kf = 1.86
K kg mol–1)

Ans :

79. 3.9 g of Benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point of 3
1.62 K. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor and predict the nature of solute (associated or
dissociated). (Given; Molar mass of benzoic acid = 122 g mol–1, Kf for benzene = 4.9 K kg
mol–1)

Ans :

Since ‘i’ is close to 0.5, therefore, solute associates, i.e. exists as dimer.

80. Calculate the mass of NaCl (molar mass = 58.5 g mol–1) to be dissolved in 37.2 g of water 3
to lower the freezing point by 2 °C, assuming that NaCl undergoes complete dissociation. (Kf
 for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1)

Ans :

81. A 5% solution by mass of cane sugar, C12H22O11 (molecular weight 342) is isotonic with 3
0.877% solution of substance ‘X’. Find the molecular weight of substance X.

Ans :

82. 6.90 M solution of KOH in water contains 30% by mass of KOH. Calculate density and 3
molality of KOH solution. [K = 39, O = 16, H = 1]

Ans :

83. What is the molality of ammonia in a solution containing 0.85 g of NH3 in 100 mL of a liquid 3
of density 0.85 g cm–3?

Ans :

84. What is the mass of precipitate formed when 50 mL of 16.9% solution of AgNO3 is mixed 3
with 50 mL of 5.8% solution of NaCl?
[Ag = 108.0, N = 14, O = 16, Na = 23, Cl = 35.5]
Ans :

85. State Henry’s Law. What is the effect of temperature on the solubility of gas in a liquid? 3

Ans : Henry’s Law: It states ‘Partial pressure of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly
proportional to its mole fraction’.

where KH is Henry’s Law constant and xgas is mole fraction.

The solubility of a gas in a liquid decreases with increase in temperature.

86. The Henry’s Law constant for oxygen dissolved in water is 4.34×104 atm at 25 °C. If the 3
partial pressure of oxygen in air is 0.2 atm, calculate the solubility of oxygen in water at 25 °C.

Ans :

87. How does mole fraction of HCl gas in its solution in cyclohexane varies with partial 3
pressure of HCl(g)? Show with the help of graph? How can we calculate KH with the help of
graph? Name two factors which affect the value of KH?
Ans : The mole fraction of HCl gas dissolved in cyclohexane is directly proportional to its
partial pressure.

Slope of the straight line = tan θ = KH.

KH depends upon (i) nature of gas (ii) temperature.

88. Vapour pressure of water at 20 °C is 17.5 mm Hg, Calculate the vapour pressure of water 3
at 20 °C when 15 g glucose (molecular weight 180 g mol–1) is dissolved in 150 g of water.

Ans :

89. A solution is prepared by dissolving 5 g non-voltale solute in 95 g of water. It has vapour 3

pressure of 23.375 mm of Hg at 25 °C. Calculate the molar mass of solute. (Vapour pressure
of pure water at 25 °C = 23.75 mm of Hg)

Ans :
90. Calculate the normal boiling point of a sample of sea water containing 3.5% of NaCl and 3
0.13% of MgCl2 by mass.

[Given Kb (water) = 0.52 K kg mol–1, Mol. Wt. of NaCl = 58.5 g mol–1, MgCl2 = 95 g mol–1].

Ans : Assuming complete dissociation of NaCl and MgCl2, i.e. 1 mole of NaCl produces 2
moles of species and 1 mole of MgCl2 produces 3 moles of species.

91. An aqueous solution of 3.12 g of BaCl2 in 250 g of water is found to boil at 100.0832 °C. 3
Calculate the degree of dissociation of BaCl2. [Kb (H2O) = 0.52 K/m.]

Ans :

92. Calculate the freezing point of a 1 molar aqueous solution of KCl. 3

(Density of solution = 1.04 g cm–3, Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1, At. Wt. of K = 39 and Cl = 35.5)
Ans :

93. (a) Calculate the molality of sulphuric acid solution in which mole fraction of water is 0.8. 5
[H = 1, S = 32, O = 164]
(b) Calculate molality and mole fraction of solute in a sugar syrup of mass 214.2 g containing
34.2 g of sucrose (MWt of sucrose, C12H22O11 = 342 g mol–1).

Ans :

94. (a) A sample of water was found to contain dissolved oxygen (O2) to the extent of 5 ppm 5
and hardness due to Mg2+ is 15 ppm. Calculate the amount of O2 and number of Mg2+ in 1
litre of water (density of water = 1g/mL).

(b) What volume of 98% sulphuric acid (d = 1.84 g cm–3) and what mass of water must be
required to prepare 500 cm3 of 15% solution of H2SO4 (d = 1.10 g cm–3)? [H = 1, S = 32, O =
16 u]
Ans :

95. (a) State Raoult’s law for a solution containing volatile components. Name the solution 5
which follows Raoult’s law at all concentrations and temperatures.

(b) Calculate the boiling point elevation for a solution prepared by adding 10 g of CaCl2 to 200
g of water. (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol–1, Molar mass of CaCl2 = 111 g mol–1)

Ans : (a) Raoult’s law: It states that vapour pressure of each component is directly
proportional to its mole fraction when both solute and solvent are volatile.

Ideal solution follows Raoult’s law at all concentrations and temperatures.

(b)
96. (a) Define the following terms: 5
(i) Azeotrope (ii) Osmotic pressure (iii) Colligative properties
(b) Calculate the molarity of 9.8% (w/w) solution of H2SO4 if the density of the solution is 1.02
g mL–1 (Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98 g mol–1)

Ans : (a) (i) Azeotrope: Those solutions which distill out unchanged in their composition
are called azeotropes. They are constant boiling mixtures.
(ii) Osmotic pressure: It is an extra pressure which must be applied on solution side
so as to stop the flow of solvent molecules into solution when both are separated
by a semipermeable membrane.
(iii) Colligative property: The property which depends on the number of particles of
solute and not on the nature of solute is called colligative property.

(b)

97. (a) Define the following terms: 5

(i) Molarity
(ii) Molal elevation constant (Kb)
(b) A solution containing 15 g urea (molar mass = 60 g mol–1) per litre of solution in water has
the same osmotic pressure (isotonic) as a solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol–1) in
water. Calculate the mass of glucose present in one litre of its solution.

Ans : (a) (i) Molarity: It is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per litre of
solution.
(ii) Molal elevation constant (Kb): It is equal to elevation in boiling point when
solution is one molal.

(b)

98. (a) What is van’t Hoff factor? What possible values can it have if the solute molecules 5
undergo dissociation?
(b) An aqueous solution containing 12.48 g of barium chloride in 1.0 kg of water boils at
373.0832 K. Calculate the degree of dissociation of barium chloride.
[Given; Kb for H2O = 0.52 K m–1; Molar mass of BaCl2 = 208.34 g mol–1]
Ans :

99. (a) Explain the following: 5

(i) Henry’s law about dissolution of a gas in a liquid.
(ii) Boiling point elevation constant for a solvent.
(b) A solution of glycerol (C3H8O3) in water was prepared by dissolving some glycerol in 500
g of water. This solution has a boiling point of 100.42 °C. What mass of glycerol was
dissolved to make this solution? (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol–1)

Ans : (a) (i) Henry’s Law: It states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly
proportional to the pressure of the gas. If mole fraction of a gas in the solution is
used as a measure of solubility, then it can be defined as the mole fraction of a gas
in the solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the
solution.
p = KHx,
where ‘p’ is partial pressure of gas, ‘x’ is mole fraction of the gas and KH is
Henry’s law constant.
(ii) Boiling Point Elevation Constant (Molal Boiling Point Elevation Constant): It is
equal to elevation in boiling point of 1 molal solution, i.e. 1 mole of solute is
dissolved in 1 kg of solvent. The units of Kb is K/m or °C/m or K kg mol–1.

(b)
100.(a) Differentiate between molarity and molality for a solution. How does a change in 5
temperature influence their values?
(b) Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution containing 10.50 g of MgBr2 in 200 g
of water. (Molar mass of MgBr2 = 184 g) (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1)

Ans : (a) Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute per kg of solvent. It is not
affected by temperature. Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per
litre of solution. It decreases with increase in temperature.

(b)

101.(a) Define the terms osmosis and osmotic pressure. Is the osmotic pressure of a solution a 5
colligative property? Explain.
(b) Calculate the boiling point of a solution prepared by adding 15.00 g of NaCl to 250.0 g of
water. (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol–1, Molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g)

Ans : (a) Osmosis: When a solution is separated from the solvent by a semipermeable
membrane which allows the passage of solvent molecules but does not allow
solute particles to pass through it, there is net flow of solvent molecules from the
solvent to the solution which is called osmosis.
Osmotic Pressure: Osmotic pressure may be defined as an extra pressure that
must be applied to the solution side to prevent the flow of solvent into solution
through a semipermeable membrane.

(b)

102.(a) State the following: 5

(i) Henry’s law about partial pressure of a gas in a mixture.
(ii) Raoult’s law in its general form in reference to solutions.
(b) A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 mg of a gene fragment in 35.0 mL of water has an
osmotic pressure of 0.335 torr at 25 °C. Assuming the gene fragment is non-electrolyte,
determine its molar mass.
Ans : (a) (i) Henry’s Law: It states that the partial vapour pressure of a gas in vapour
phase is directly proportional to mole fraction of the gas in the solution.

where KH is Henry’s law constant, ‘x’ is mole fraction of the gas in solution and
p is partial vapour pressure of the gas in solution.

(ii) Raoult’s law for solution of non-volatile solute: The relative lowering of vapour
pressure for a solution is equal to the mole fraction of solute when solvent alone is
volatile.

103.(a) List any four factors on which the colligative properties of a solution depend. 5
(b) Calculate the boiling point of one molar aqueous solution (density 1.06 gmL–1) of KBr.
[Given: Kb for H2O = 0.52 K kg mol–1, Atomic mass: K = 39, Br = 80]
Ans : (a) (i) Number of particles of solute
(ii) Association or dissociation of solute
(iii) Concentration of solution
(iv) Temperature

(b)

104.(a) Non-ideal solutions exhibit either positive or negative deviations from Raoult’s law. 5
What are these deviations and how are they caused?
(b) What mass of NaCl (molar mass = 58.5 g mol–1) must be dissolved in 65 g of water to
lower the freezing point by 7.50 °C? The freezing point depression constant, Kf for water is
1.86 K kg mol–1. Assume van’t Hoff factor for NaCl is 1.87.

Ans : (a) Positive Deviation from Raoult’s Law: Those non-ideal solutions, in which
partial pressure of each component ‘A’ and ‘B’ is higher than that calculated
from Raoult’s law show positive deviation from Raoult’s law, e.g. water and
ethanol show positive deviation because the force of attraction between ethanol-
water is less than between ethanol-ethanol and waterwater molecules, therefore,
vapour pressure is high.
Negative Deviation from Raoult’s Law: The partial vapour pressure of component
‘A’ is found to be less than that calculated from Raoult’s law on adding the
second component ‘B’ and when A is added to B, the partial vapour pressure of
component ‘B’ is found to be less than that calculated from Raoult’s law. The
total vapour pressure of solution is less than that of ideal solution of same
composition. Boiling point of such solution is relatively higher than the boiling points
of A and B respectively. This type of deviation from ideal behaviour is known as
negative deviation from Raoult’s law, e.g. chloroform and acetone show negative
deviation because the force of attraction between chloroform and acetone is
higher than chloroform-chloroform and acetone-acetone molecules, therefore,
vapour pressure is low.

(b)
105.(a) Explain why a solution of chloroform and acetone shows negative deviation from 5
Raoult’s law.
(b) Phenol associates in benzene to certain extent to form a dimer. A solution containing 20 g
of phenol in 1.0 kg of benzene has its freezing point lowered by 0.69 K. Calculate the fraction
of phenol that has dimerised. [Given Kf for benzene = 5.1 Km–1]

Ans : (a) It is due to the formation of H-bonding due to which escaping tendency of
molecules and vapour pressure of the solution decrease, and boiling point of the
solution increases. Hence, such solution shows negative deviation from Raoult’s
law.

(b)

106.(a) Define the terms osmosis and osmotic pressure. What is the advantage of using 5
osmotic pressure as compared to other colligative properties for the determination of molar
masses of solutes in solutions?
(b) A solution prepared from 1.25 g of oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate) in 90.0 g of
benzene has a boiling point of 80.31 °C. Determine the molar mass of this compound. (Boiling
point of pure benzene = 80.10 °C and Kb for benzene = 2.53 °C kg mol–1)

Ans : (a) Osmosis: When a solution is separated from the solvent by a semipermeable
membrane which allows the passage of solvent molecules but does not allow
solute particles to pass through it, there is net flow of solvent molecules from the
solvent to the solution which is called osmosis.
Osmotic Pressure: Osmotic pressure may be defined as an extra pressure that
must be applied to the solution side to prevent the flow of solvent into solution
through a semipermeable membrane. Osmotic pressure is determined at room
temperature and has appreciable value which can be easily measured.

(b)
107.(a) Differentiate between molarity and molality of a solution. How can we change molality 5
value to a solution into molarity value.
(b) What is the mole fraction of the solute in a 1.00 m aqueous solution

Ans : (a) Molality (m) is the number of moles of the solute dissolved per kg of solvent.
Molarity (M) is the number of moles of the solute dissolved per litre of solution.
Molality is not affected by temperature, whereas molarity is affected by
temperature because volume changes with change in temperature. If we know the
density of a solution, ‘m’ can be changed into M.

(b)

108.(a) Assuming complete ionisation, calculate the expected freezing point of solution 5
prepared by dissolving 6.00 g of Glauber’s salt, Na2SO4.10H2O in 0.1 kg of H2O. (Kf for H2O
= 1.86 K kg mol–1) [At. mass of Na = 23, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1 u].
(b) Two liquids X and Y boil at 110 °C and 130 °C respectively. Which of them has higher
vapour pressure at 50 °C ?

Ans : (a)

(b) X has lower boiling point, therefore, it will vaporise easily and will have higher
vapour pressure than Y at 50 °C.

109.The molality of pure water is 1

(a) 55.5 (b) 50.5
(c) 18 (d) 60.5

Ans : (a) Molality = Number of moles/kg of solvent

= 55.5 moles/kg

110.The number of moles of NaCl in 3 litres of 3M solution is 1

(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 9 (d) 27

Ans : (c) 3M solution means 3 moles in 1 litre.

∵ 9 moles in 3 litre.
111.4L of 0.02 M aqueous solution of NaCl was diluted by adding one litre of water. The 1
molality of the resultant solution is _____________.

(a) 0.004 (b) 0.008

(c) 0.012 (d) 0.016

Ans : (d) M1V1 = M2V2

0.02 × 4 = M2 × (4 + 1) ⇒ M2 = = 0.016

112.Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitude is 1
due to ____________.
(a) low temperature
(b) low atmospheric pressure
(c) high atmospheric pressure
(d) both low temperature and high atmospheric pressure

Ans : (b) Low atmospheric pressure will lead to low concentration of oxygen blood.

113.Considering the formation, breaking and strength of hydrogen bond, predict which of the 1
following mixtures will show a positive deviation from Raoult’s law?
(a) Methanol and acetone.
(b) Chloroform and acetone.
(c) Nitric acid and water.
(d) Phenol and aniline.

Ans : (a) CH3OH and acetone, on mixing force of attraction will decrease.

114.Which of the following aqueous solutions should have the highest boiling point? 1
(a) 1.0 M NaOH (b) 1.0 M Na2SO4
(c) 1.0 M NH4NO3 (d) 1.0 M KNO3

Ans : (b) Because i = 3, ∆Tb ∝ i, Boiling point ∝ ∆Tb.

115.In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose, the depression in freezing point of a 0.01 M 1
MgCl2 solution is _____________.
(a) the same (b) about twice
(c) about three times (d) about six times

Ans : (c) It will be nearly 3 times because number of particles in MgCl2 → Mg2+ + 2Cl–
are thrice than glucose.

116.An unripe mango placed in a concentrated salt solution to prepare pickle, shrivels because 1
_____________.
(a) it gains water due to osmosis.
(b) it loses water due to reverse osmosis.
 (c) it gains water due to reverse osmosis.
(d) it loses water due to osmosis.

Ans : (d) Concentrated salt solution is hypertonic solution, therefore, fluids inside mango
will come out and it shrivels.

117.Which of the following statements is false? 1

(a) Two different solutions of sucrose of same molality prepared in different solvents will have
the same depression in freezing point.
(b) The osmotic pressure of a solution is given by the equation ∏ = CRT (where C is the
molarity of the solution).
(c) Decreasing order of osmotic pressure for 0.01 M aqueous solutions of barium chloride,
potassium chloride, acetic acid and sucrose is
BaCl2 > KCl > CH3COOH > sucrose.
(d) According to Raoult’s law, the vapour pressure exerted by a volatile component of a
solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.

Ans : (a) is false because ∆Tf will depend upon nature of solvent and their Kf .

118.The value of Henry’s constant KH is _____________. 1

(a) greater for gases with higher solubility.
(b) greater for gases with lower solubility.
(c) constant for all gases.
(d) not related to the solubility of gases.

Ans : (b) Higher the value of KH, lower will be solubility.

119.Consider the figure and mark the correct option. 1

(a) water will move from side (A) to side (B) if a pressure lower than osmotic pressure is
applied on piston (B).
(b) water will move from side (B) to side (A) if a pressure greater than osmotic pressure is
applied on piston (B).
(c) water will move from side (B) to side (A) if a pressure equal to osmotic pressure is applied
on piston (B).
(d) water will move from side (A) to side (B) if pressure equal to osmotic pressure is applied
on piston (A).

Ans : (b) Reverse osmosis will take place.

120.We have three aqueous solutions of NaCl labelled as ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ with 1
concentrations 0.1M, 0.01M and 0.001M, respectively. The value of van’t Hoff factor for
 these solutions will be in the order _____________.

(a) iA < iB < iC (b) iA > iB > iC

(c) iA = iB = iC (d) iA < iB > iC

Ans : (c) van’t Hoff factor (i) does not depend upon concentration.

121.A solution containing 10 g per dm3 of urea (molar mass 60 g mol–1) is isotonic with 5% 1
solution of non-volatile solute, MB of solute is
(a) 300 g mol–1 (b) 350 g mol–1
(c) 200 g mol–1 (d) 250 g mol–1

Ans : (a)

⇒ x = 300 g mol–1
1000 cm3 contains 10 g
100 cm3 contains 1 g, i.e., 1%.

122.Conc. H2SO4 is 98 % H2SO4 by mass has d = 1.84 g cm–3. Volume of acid required to 1
make one litre of 0.1 M H2SO4 is
(a) 5.55 mL (b) 10 mL
(c) 20 mL (d) 30 mL

Ans :

123.What is mole fraction of solute in 1.00 m aqueous solution? 1

(a) 0.0354 (b) 0.0177
(c) 0.177 (d) 1.770

Ans :

124.When 1 mole of benzene is mixed with 1 mole of toluene (vapour pressure of benzene = 1
12.8 kPa, Toluene = 3.85 kPa)
(a) The vapour will contain equal amount of benzene and toluene.
(b) Not enough information is given for prediction.
(c) The vapour will contain a higher percentage of benzene.
(d) The vapour will contain higher percentage of toluene.
Ans : (c) It is because benzene has high vapour pressure, it will form more vapours as
compared to toluene.

125.At 100°C, the vapour pressure of a solution of 6.5 g of solute in 100 g of water is 732 mm. 1
If Kb is 0.52 K/m, the boiling point of solution will be
(a) 102°C (b) 103°C
(c) 101°C (d) 100°C

Ans :

126.Which of the following is incorrect for an ideal solution? 1

(a) ∆Hmix = 0 (b) ∆Vmix = 0
(c) ∆P = Pobs – Pcalculated = 0
(d) ∆Gmix = 0

Ans : (d) ∆G cannot be equal to zero because mixing does not lead to equilibrium.

127.If molality of dilute solution is doubled, the value of molal depression constant (Kf ) will be 1
(a) halved (b) tripled
(c) unchanged (d) doubled

Ans : (c) Kf does not depend upon ‘m’. It depends upon nature of solvent.

128.The temperature at which 10% aqueous solution of (W/V) of glucose will show the osmotic 1
pressure of 16.4 atom is (R = 0.082 L atom K–1 mol–1)
 (a) 360°C (b) 180 K
(c) 300 K (d) 360 K

Ans :

129.Which has the highest freezing point? 1

(a) 1 M glucose (b) 1 M NaCl
(c) 1 M CaCl2 (d) 1 M AlF3

Ans : (a) 1 M glucose solution has highest freezing point because it has lowest ∆Tf
because i = 1.

130.Which of the following is correct. 1

(a) KH increases with increase in temperature (KH is Henry’s law constant).
(b) Solubility of gas in liquid decreases with increases in temperature.
(c) KH decreases with increase in temperature.
(d) Solubility of gas in liquid increases with increase in temperature.

Ans : (a) and (b) are correct pgas = KH × xgas

KH increases with increase in temperature, xgas decreases, i.e., solubility of gas in
liquid decreases with increase in temperature.

131.Benzoic acid, when dissolved in benzene, which of the following is correct. 1

(a) The benzoic acid will undergo dissociation.
(b) The benzoic acid will undergo association.
(c) Observed molar mass of benzoic acid in benzene will less than normal molar mass.
(d) Observed molar mass of benzoic acid in benzene is more than normal molar mass.

Ans :

Molar mass will be nearly double due to dimerisation.

132.Relative lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative property because _____________. 1

(a) It depends on the concentration of a non electrolyte solute in solution and does not
depend on the nature of the solute molecules.
(b) It depends on number of particles of electrolyte solute in solution and does not depend on
the nature of the solute particles.
(c) It depends on the concentration of a non electrolyte solute in solution as well as on the
nature of the solute molecules.
(d) It depends on the concentration of an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte solute in solution as
well as on the nature of solute molecules.

Ans : (a) and (b) colligative property depends upon number of particles of solute in both
electrolyte and nonelectrolyte.
133.The process used for desalination of water is _______________. 1

Ans : reverse osmosis

134.Vapour pressure is _______________ proportional to temperature. 1

Ans : directly

135.Ethylene glycol is used as _______________. 1

Ans : antifreeze

136.All intravenous injections must be isotonic with body fluids. [True/False] 1

Ans : True.

137.Diabetic patients are likely to have high blood pressure. [True/False] 1

Ans : True.

138.Common salt is non-electrolyte. [True/False] 1

Ans : False, common salt is electrolyte.

139.Maximum amount of a solid solute that can be dissolved in a specified amount of a given 1
liquid solvent does not depend upon ____________.
(a) Temperature (b) Nature of solute
(c) Pressure (d) Nature of solvent

Ans : (c) Pressure does not affect solubility of solid in liquid.

140.On the basis of information given below mark the correct option. Information: 1
(A) In bromoethane and chloroethane mixture intermolecular interactions of A–A and B–B
type are nearly same as A–B type interactions.
(B) In ethanol and acetone mixture A–A or B–B type intermolecular interactions are stronger
than A–B type interactions.
(C) In chloroform and acetone mixture A–A or B–B type intermolecular interactions are
weaker than A–B type interactions.
(a) Solution (B) and (C) will follow Raoult’s law.
(b) Solution (A) will follow Raoult’s law.
(c) Solution (B) will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
(d) Solution (C) will show positive deviation from Raoult’s law.

Ans : (b) Solution ‘A’ is ideal solution, will follow Raoult’s law.
141.KH value for Ar(g), CO2(g), HCHO(g) and CH4(g) are 40.39, 1.67, 1.83 × 10–5 and 0.413 1
respectively. Arrange these gases in the order of their increasing solubility. [NCERT Exemplar
Problem]
(a) HCHO < CH4 < CO2 < Ar
(b) HCHO < CO2 < CH4 < Ar
(c) Ar < CO2 < CH4 < HCHO
(d) Ar < CH4 < CO2 < HCHO

Ans : (a) Gas with higher KH has lower solubility.

142.If P°A = 100 mm, P°B = 200 mm and mole fraction xA = 0.4, what will be yA (mole fraction) 1
in vapour phase?
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.30
(c) 0.75 (d) 0.50

Ans :

143.Which of the following is maximum boiling azeotropic? 1

(a) CH3COOH + C5H5N (pyridine)
(b) H2O + ethanol
(c) cyclohexane + ethanol
(d) H2O + methanol

Ans : (a) is maximum boiling azeotropic due to increase in force of attraction on mixing
whereas others are minimum boiling azeotropes.

144.Kb (molal elevation constant) is inversely proportional to [NCERT Exemplar Problem] 1

(a) boiling point of solvent
(b) ∆vapH of solvent
(c) Molar mas of solvent
(d) all of these

Ans : (b) It is inversely proportional to ∆vapH of solvent.

145.Out of 1m solution of following dissolved in water. Which one will have lowest freezing 1
point (assuming all are fuel, ionised)
(a) Urea (b) NaCl
(c) Na2SO4 (d) Al2(SO4)3
Ans : (d) ∵ Higher ∆Tf , lower will be freezing point and ∆Tf ∝ number of ions.

146.Which of the following will have lowest vapour pressure? (Boiling points are given in 1
brackets)
(a) H2O (373 K) (b) CHCl3 (334 K)
(c) Anilines (457 K) (d) Benzene (353 K)

Ans : (c) Aniline has highest boiling point, therefore, it will have lowest vapour pressure.

147.The pgas dissolved a liquid is directly proportion to its 1

(a) mole fraction
(b) molar mass
(c) boiling point of liquid
(d) molar mass of solvent

Ans : (a) It is directly proportional to mole fraction of gas.

148.Henry’s law constant of oxygen is 1.4 × 10–3 mol L–1 atm–1 at 298 K. How much 1
oxygen will be dissolved in 100 ml at 298 K when its partial pressure is 0.5 atm?
(a) 1.4 g (b) 3.2 g
(c) 22.4 mg (d) 2.24 mg

Ans :

149.In isotonic solutions ________________. 1

(a) solute and solvent both are same.
(b) osmotic pressure is same.
(c) solute and solvent may or may not be same.
(d) solute is always same solvent may be different.

Ans : (b) and (c) isotonic solution will have same osmotic pressure but solute and solvent
may be different.

150.Which of the following binary mixtures will have same composition in liquid and vapour 1
phase?
(a) Benzene-Toluene (b) Water-Nitric acid
(c) Water-Ethanol (d) n-Hexane - n-Heptane

Ans : (b) and (c) as they form ideal solution.

151.For a binary ideal liquid solution, the variation in total vapour pressure versus composition 1
of solution is given by which of the curves?

Ans : (a) and (d) are correct.

∵ Vapour pressure is directly proportional to mole fraction in a binary ideal solution.

152.Match the laws given in Column I with expresions given in Column II. 1

Column I Column II
(a) Raoult’s law (i) ∆Tf = Kf m

(b) Henry’s law (ii) ∏ = CRT

(c) Elevation of boiling point (iii)

(d) Depression in freezing point (iv) ∆Tb = Kbm

(e) Osmotic pressure (v) p = KH.x

Ans : (a) (iii) (b) (v) (c) (iv) (d) (i) (e) (ii)

153.In the following question a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is 1

given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for
assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation
for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion and reason both are incorrect statements.
(e) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Assertion: When a solution is separated from the pure solvent by a semipermeable
membrane, the solvent molecules pass through it from pure solvent side to the solution side.
 Reason: Diffusion of solvent occurs from a region of high concentration solution to a region
of low concentration solution.

Ans : (e) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct
explanation of assertion. The reason for flow is from higher vapour pressure to
lower vapour pressure.

154.The most suitable colligative property to determine molar mass of polymers is 1

_______________.

Ans : osmotic pressure

155.Water boils _______________ 100°C at hill stations. 1

Ans : below

156.Saline water gargles help in sore throat because it is hypertonic solution and NaCl is 1
antiviral agent. [True/False]

Ans : True

157.Water is non-volatile solvent. [True/False] 1

Ans : False, water is volatile solvent.

158.Increasing the temperature of an aqueous solution will cause 1

[CBSE 2021]

(a) Increase in Molarity

(b) Increase in Molality
(c) Decrease in Molarity
(d) Decrease in Molality

Ans : (c)

159.The molarity of the solution containing 7.1 g of Na2SO4 in 100 ml of aqueous solution 1
is [KVS]

(a) 2 M
(b) 0.5 M
(c) 1 M
(d) 0.05 M
Ans :

160.The number of moles of NaCl in 3L of 3M solution is 1

(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 9
(d) 27

Ans :

Number of moles = Molarity × Volume of solution = 3 × 3 = 9 moles

161.The value of KH (Henry’s law constants) for the given gases in water at 293 K are 1

I. He – 144.97 k bar
II. H2 – 69.16 k bar
III. N2 – 76.45 k bar
IV. O2 – 34.86 k bar
Which gas has the lowest solubility in water?
(a) He
(b) H2
(c) N2
(d) O2

Ans : (a) Higher KH means, lower solubility.

162.Solubility of CO2 in soda water increases with 1

(a) Increase in pressure and temperature.

(b) Increase in pressure and decrease in temperature.
(c) Decrease in pressure and increase in temperature.
(d) Decrease in pressure and temperature.

Ans : (b) Solubility of CO2 in soda water increases with increase in pressure and
decrease in temperature.

163.If concentration of N2 gas in water at constant pressure increases quadratically, how will 1
value of KH change?

[CBSE Learning Framework]

(a) Remains same

(b) Increases linearly
(c) Decreases linearly
(d) Decreases quadratically

Ans : (a) Because the value of KH only depends upon temperature.

164.The value of KH (Henry’s law constant) 1

[CBSE 2023]

(a) increases with decrease in temperature

(b) decreases with increase in temperature
(c) increases with increase in temperature
(d) remains constant

Ans : KH increases with increase in temperature.

165.KH value for H2, He(g), N2(g) and O2(g) are 69.16, 144.97, 76.48, 34.86 respectively. 1
Identify the correct order of their increasing solubility in water.

(a) O2 < H2 < He < N2

(b) He < N2 < H2 < O2
(c) He < H2 < N2 < O2
(d) N2 < He < O2 < H2

Ans : (b) Higher the KH, Lower will be solubility.

166.Solubility of gas in liquid decreases with increrase in 1

[CBSE 2023]

(a) Pressure
(b) Temperature
(c) Volume
(d) Number of solute molecules

Ans : (b) At higher temperature gas escapes from liquid.

167.Which of the following conditions is correct for an ideal solution? 1

[CBSE 2021]

(a) ΔHmix = 0 and ΔVmix = 0

(b) ΔHmix > 0 and ΔVmix > 0
(c) ΔHmix < 0 and ΔVmix < 0
(d) ΔHmix > 0 and ΔVmix < 0

Ans : (a) ΔHmix = 0 and ΔVmix = 0

168.Pure water boils at 373.15 K and nitric acid boils at 359.15 K. An azeotropic mixture of H2O 1
and HNO3 boils at 393.55 K. Distilling the azeotropic mixture will
 cause [CBSE 2021]

(a) Pure nitric acid to distil over first.

(b) Pure water to distil over first.
(c) One of them to distil over with a small amount of the other.
(d) both of them to distil over in the same composition as that of the mixture being distilled.

Ans : Both of them to distil over in the same composition as that of the mixture being
distilled.

169.Which of the following liquid pairs shows a positive deviation from Raoult’s law? [KVS] 1

(a) Water - Nitric acid

(b) Benzene - Methanol
(c) Water - Hydrochloric acid
(d) Acetone – Chloroform

Ans : (b) Benzene - Methanol

170.1 mole of liquid ‘A’ and 2 moles of liquid ‘B’ make a solution with total pressure 40 1
torr. The vapour pressure of pure ‘A’ and pure ‘B’ are 45 torr and 30 torr respectively.
The above solution

[CBSE 2023]

(a) is an ideal solution

(b) shows positive deviation
(c) shows negative deviation
(d) is maximum boiling azeotrope

Ans :

Its total pressure is 40 torr, more than 35 torr predicted by Raoult’s law.

171.The solution which forms maximum boiling azeotropes is 1

[KVS 2023]

(a) CS2-Acetone
(b) Benzene-Toluene
(c) Acetone-CHCl3
(d) n-hexane-n-heptane

Ans : (c) ∵ Vapour pressure of solution is lower.

172.Benzene and toluene form nearly ideal solution at 298 K. The vapour pressure of pure 1
benzene is 150 mm and pure toluene is 50 mm Hg. What will be pbenzene in solution
containing 78 g of benzene (molar mass 78 g/mol) and 46 g of toluene (molar mass 92 g
mol–1).

(a) 50 mm
(b) 150 mm
(c) 100 mm
(d) 180 mm Hg
Ans :

173.For determination of molar mass of polymers and proteins, which colligative property is 1
used?

[CBSE 2023, 21]

(a) Relative lowering in vapour pressure

(b) Elevation in boiling point
(c) Osmotic pressure
(d) Depression in freezing point

Ans : (c) Osmotic pressure is measured at room temperature.

174.A 5% (by mass) solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol–1) is isotonic with 1% 1
solution (by mass) of a substance ‘X’. The molar mass of ‘X’ is

[CBSE 2021]

(a) 36 g mol–1
(b) 18 g mol–1
(c) 72 g mol–1
(d) 900 g mol–1

Ans : (a) C1 = C2

175.When 2.5 g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in 50 mL of water, it gave boiling point 1
elevation of 0.52 °C. The molar mass of the solute is (Kb for water = 0.52 Km–1)[CBSE 2021]

(a) 100 g mol–1

(b) 50 g mol–1
(c) 25 g mol–1
(d) 75 g mol–1

Ans :
176.If molality of dilute solution is doubled, the value of molal elevation constant (Kb ) will be 1

[CBSE 2023]

(a) halved
(b) tripled
(c) unchanged
(d) doubled
(c) Kb does not depend upon ‘m’. It depends upon nature of solvent.
(c) Kb does not depend upon ‘m’. It depends upon nature of solvent.
Ans :

177.The temperature at which 10% aqueous solution of (W/V) of glucose will show the osmotic 1
pressure of 16.4 atm is (R = 0.082 L atm K–1 mol–1)

(a) 360°C
(b) 180 K
(c) 300 K
(d) 360 K

Ans :

178.Isotonic solutions have 1

[CBSE 2023]

(a) same osmotic pressure

(b) same boiling point
(c) same melting point
(d) same vapour pressure

Ans : (a) They have same osmotic pressure.

179.Osmotic pressure of a solution is 0.0821 atm at 300 K. The concentration of solution of 1

glucose in mol l –1 will be

[KVS 2023]

(a) 0.33
(b) 0.666
(c) 0.0033
(d) 3

Ans : (c) π = CRT ⇒ 0.0821 = C × 0.0821 × 300 K

C= = 0.0033

180.Which of the following is not a colligative property? 1

(a) Osmotic pressure
(b) Vapour pressure
(c) Relative lowering of vapour pressure
(d) Elevation in boiling point

Ans : (b) It depends upon nature of liquid, temperature, atmospheric pressure.

181.An aqueous solution of glucose boils at 101.04°C, 1

Kb = 0.52 K kg mol–1. The number of molecules in the solution containing 100 g of water is equal
to
(a) 1.2044 × 1024
(b) 1.2044 × 1022
(c) 1.2044 × 1023
(d) 6.022 × 1023

Ans : (c) ΔTb = 101.04 – 100 = 1.04

ΔTb = Kb × m

ΔTf = Kb × nB ×
1.04 = 0.52 × nB × 10
nB = 0.2
n = 0.2 × 6.022 × 1023
= 1.2044 × 1023

182.Consider the 1M aqueous solution of the following compounds and arrange them in 1
increasing order of elevation in boiling points.

I. C6H12O6
II. NaCl
III. MgCl2
IV. AlCl3
V. Al2(SO4)3
(a) II < III < IV < V < I
(b) I < V < IV < III < II
(c) I < II < III < IV < V
(d) V < IV < III < II < I

Ans : (c) I < II < III < IV < V

∵ ‘i’ goes on increasing.

183.A compound undergoes tetramerisation in a given organic solvent. The van’t Hoff factor 1
(i) is

[CBSE 2023]

(a) 4.0
(b) 0.25
(c) 0.125
(d) 2.0
Ans : (b) ∵ i = for tetramer.

184.A compound CaCl2⋅6H2O undergoes complete dissociation in water. The van’t Hoff 1
factor (i) is

[CBSE 2023]
(a) 9
(b) 6
(c) 3
(d) 4

Ans : (c) CaCl2 ⋅ 6H2O → Ca2+ + 2Cl–

185. The values of van’t Hoff factor for KCl, K2SO4, urea respectively are [DOE; Pre-Board 1
2023]

(a) 2, 3, 2
(b) 2, 1, 3
(c) 2, 3, 1
(d) 1, 2, 3

Ans : (c) KCl → K+ + Cl–, K2SO4 → 2K+ + SO42–, urea is non-electrolyte, i = 1

186.If a molecule AB undergoes dimerisation in Benzene, its van’t Hoff factor is found to be 1
0.60. The degree of association of AB is

[KVS 2023]

(a) 20%
(b) 60%
(c) 80%
(d) 30%

Ans :

187.In the following question, a statement of assertion followed by statement of a reason is 1

given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Assertion (A): 0.1 M solution of KCl has greater osmotic pressure than 0.1 M solution of glucose
at same temperature.
Reason (R): In solution, KCl dissociates to produce more number of particles.
[CBSE 2020]

Ans : (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
188.In the following question, a statement of assertion followed by statement of a reason is 1
given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(c) A is true but R is false.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): ΔHmix = 0 in Ideal solution.

Reason (R): In ideal solution, A—B interactions are stronger than A—A and B—B.

[CBSE 2023]

Ans : (c) A is true but R is false.

189.In the following question, a statement of assertion followed by statement of a reason is 1

given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Assertion (A): An aqueous solution of NaCl freezes below 273 K.
Reason (R): Vapour pressure of solution is less than that of pure solvent.
[CBSE 2023; KVS 2022]

Ans : (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

190.In the following question, a statement of assertion followed by statement of a reason is 1

given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Assertion (A): Common salt is sprinkled over snow so as clear roads during snow fall.
Reason (R): Common salt increases freezing point of ice.

Ans : (c) A is true but R is false.

191.In the following question, a statement of assertion followed by statement of a reason is 1

given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(c) A is true but R is false.

(d) A is false but R is true.

 Assertion (A): Relative lowering in vapour pressure is a colligative property.

Reason (R): Lowering in vapour pressure depends upon mole fraction of pure solvent.
[CBSE 2021]

Ans : (c) A is true but R is false.

192.In the following question, a statement of assertion followed by statement of a reason is 1

given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(c) A is true but R is false.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A): Molarity of solution in liquid state changes with change in temperature.

Reason (R): The volume of solution changes with change in temperature.

[CBSE 2023]

Ans : (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.