### Basic Commands
1. **`pwd`**: Print Working Directory. Shows the current directory.
2. **`ls`**: List files and directories.
3. **`cd`**: Change Directory.
4. **`cp`**: Copy files or directories.
5. **`mv`**: Move or rename files or directories.
6. **`rm`**: Remove files or directories.
7. **`mkdir`**: Make Directory.
8. **`rmdir`**: Remove Directory (empty).
9. **`touch`**: Create an empty file or update a file's timestamp.
10. **`cat`**: Concatenate and display file content.
11. **`echo`**: Display text or variable values.
### File Commands
1. **`file`**: Determines file type.
- Example: `file file1.txt`
2. **`chmod`**: Change file permissions.
- Example: `chmod 755 file1.txt`
3. **`chown`**: Change file owner and group.
- Example: `chown user1 file1.txt`
4. **`ln`**: Create hard or symbolic links.
- Example: `ln -s file1.txt link1.txt` (symbolic link)
5. **`diff`**: Compare files line by line.
- Example: `diff file1.txt file2.txt
6. **`tar`**: Archive files.
- Example: `tar -cvf archive.tar file1.txt`, `tar -xvf archive.tar
7. **`gzip`**: Compress files.
- Example: `gzip file1.txt`
8. **`gunzip`**: Decompress files.
- Example: `gunzip file1.txt.gz`
9. **`zip`**: Create a zip archive.
- Example: `zip archive.zip file1.txt`
10. **`unzip`**: Extract zip archive.
- Example: `unzip archive.zip`
### System Commands
1. **`top`**: Display real-time system processes.
- Example: `top`
2. **`ps`**: List running processes.
- Example: `ps aux`
3. **`kill`**: Terminate processes.
- Example: `kill 1234`
4. **`pkill`**: Kill processes by name.
- Example: `pkill firefox`
5. **`systemctl`**: Manage system services.
- Example: `systemctl status apache2`, `systemctl start apache2`
6. **`service`**: Manage system services (older command).
- Example: `service apache2 status`
7. **`reboot`**: Restart the system.
- Example: `reboot`
8. **`shutdown`**: Shut down or restart the system.
- Example: `shutdown now`, `shutdown -r now` (restart)
9. **`df`**: Display disk space usage.
- Example: `df -h`
10. **`du`**: Disk usage of files and directories.
- Example: `du -sh /home/user/`
### Network Commands
1. **`ifconfig`**: Display or configure network interfaces (deprecated, replaced by
`ip`).
- Example: `ifconfig`
2. **`ip`**: Network interface configuration.
- Example: `ip addr show`, `ip link set eth0 up`
3. **`ping`**: Check connectivity to a host.
- Example: `ping google.com`
4. **`traceroute`**: Trace the route packets take to a network host.
- Example: `traceroute google.com`
5. **`netstat`**: Network statistics and connections.
- Example: `netstat -tuln`
6. **`ss`**: Utility to investigate sockets.
- Example: `ss -tuln`
7. **`curl`**: Transfer data from or to a server.
- Example: `curl http://example.com`
8. **`wget`**: Download files from the web.
- Example: `wget http://example.com/file.zip`
9. **`nmap`**: Network exploration and security auditing.
- Example: `nmap 192.168.1.1`
10. **`iptables`**: Configure network packet filtering rules.
- Example: `iptables -L` (list rules)
### Other Useful Commands
1. **`history`**: Show command history.
- Example: `history`
2. **`alias`**: Create shortcuts for commands.
- Example: `alias ll='ls -l'`
3. **`unalias`**: Remove aliases.
- Example: `unalias ll`
4. **`basename`**: Strip directory and suffix from filenames.
- Example: `basename /home/user/file1.txt`
5. **`dirname`**: Strip the last component from the file name.
- Example: `dirname /home/user/file1.txt`
6. **`date`**: Display or set the system date and time.
- Example: `date`, `date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'`
7. **`uptime`**: Show how long the system has been running.
- Example: `uptime`
8. **`whoami`**: Show the current user.
- Example: `whoami`
9. **`sudo`**: Execute a command as another user (usually root).
- Example: `sudo ls /root`
10. **`man`**: Manual pages for commands.
- Example: `man man`
### Additional File Management Commands###########################
2. **`tree`**: Display directory contents in a tree-like format.
- Example: `tree /home/user/`
3. **`wc`**: Count words, lines, and characters in files.
- Example: `wc -l file1.txt` (count lines in file1.txt)
### Additional Network Commands
2. **`nmap`**: Network exploration and security auditing.
- Example: `nmap -sP 192.168.1.0/24` (ping scan a subnet)
4. **`iwconfig`**: Configure wireless network interfaces.
- Example: `iwconfig wlan0`
5. **`host`**: DNS lookup utility.
- Example: `host google.com`
6. **`dig`**: DNS lookup and query utility.
- Example: `dig google.com`
### Additional Miscellaneous Commands
1. **`grep`**: Search for text patterns in files.
- Example: `grep "pattern" file1.txt`
6. **`bash`**: Start a new Bash shell session.
- Example: `bash`
7. **`sh`**: Start a new Bourne shell session.
- Example: `sh`
9. **`sort`**: Sort lines of text files.
- Example: `sort file1.txt`
