INTRODUCTION

 The word "Environment" comes from the French word ‘Environ’, which means
‘surrounding’. It refers to everything around us, including both living (biotic) and non-living
(abiotic) things.

 The biotic components include all living beings such as microorganisms, plants, and animals.
The abiotic components include non-living things like air, water, sunlight, soil, and other
physical elements found in nature.

 According to the Environmental Protection Act, 1986, the environment is defined as

"everything that includes water, air, and land, as well as the relationships between them and
with humans, animals, plants, microorganisms, and even property."

 This definition shows how everything in the environment is connected, and these
connections form what we call an ecosystem. These interactions between living and non-
living things keep life functional and sustainable on Earth.

 We rely on the environment for all our basic needs, such as clean air to breathe, water to
drink, food to eat, and even resources like wood, medicines, and raw materials for industries.
It also supports activities like tourism and provides services essential for life.

 However, human activities have greatly harmed the environment. Overusing natural
resources and performing activities that damage the environment have caused severe
problems, and this damage is increasing rapidly. Because of this, it is very important for us to
protect and preserve the environment.

 To achieve this, environmental education plays a key role. It helps people understand the
importance of the environment, creates awareness about the damage being done, and
encourages actions that lead to conserving our natural world. Environmental education is
essential for building a sustainable future and ensuring that we live in harmony with nature.

Components of Environment

 Planet Earth is the only planet known to support life, thanks to the unique interactions
between living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components.

 These interactions ensure the flow of energy and the proper functioning of natural cycles like
the biogeochemical cycle, which supports life. Earth is divided into different spheres—solid
(rock/soil), liquid (water), and gaseous (air)—that come together to create the biosphere,
the region where life exists. Each sphere plays a critical role in maintaining the environment.
Below is an explanation of these spheres:

1. Lithosphere (Land)
The word "Lithosphere" comes from the Greek word ‘Lithos,’ meaning rock. It refers to the
outermost layer of the Earth’s crust, which makes up the planet’s landmass. The lithosphere is made
up of rocks, soil, sediments, and minerals. It includes various landforms such as high mountains,
plateaus, deep valleys, and seabeds, which make the surface of the lithosphere uneven.

The lithosphere is divided into three layers:

 Crust: The outermost layer.

 Mantle: The middle layer.

 Core: The innermost layer.

Features of the Lithosphere:

 It is the foundation for different terrestrial ecosystems like forests, grasslands, and deserts.

 It undergoes natural processes such as weathering, erosion, volcanic eruptions, and

biogeochemical cycles.

 Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth, lies on the lithosphere.

2. Hydrosphere (Water)

The term "Hydrosphere" comes from the Greek word ‘Hydor,’ which means water. It includes all the
water present on Earth in its three states:

 Solid: Ice caps and glaciers.

 Liquid: Rivers, lakes, oceans, and seas.

 Gas: Water vapor in the atmosphere.

The hydrosphere covers almost three-fourths of Earth’s surface. It plays an essential role in
maintaining the planet’s climate, weather, and natural cycles.

Key Points about the Hydrosphere:

 Oceans and seas dominate the hydrosphere, making up 97% of the planet’s water, but this
water is salty.

 Only 3% of the water is fresh, found in glaciers, rivers, lakes, and ponds.

 It is a vital part of the water cycle, ensuring the continuous movement of water on Earth.

 Oceans and seas are also the planet’s largest carbon sinks, helping regulate carbon levels in
the atmosphere.

These components—the lithosphere and hydrosphere—are interconnected and together, along with
the atmosphere, form the foundation of life on Earth.

Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a thin layer of gases that surrounds the Earth. The word "Atmosphere" comes
from the Greek word ‘Atmos,’ meaning vapor. It plays a critical role in supporting life by providing
breathable air, protecting from harmful solar radiation, and regulating the planet's temperature.

As altitude increases, the following changes occur in the atmosphere:

 Water vapor content decreases.

 Air density decreases.

 Atmospheric pressure decreases.

The composition of dry air is primarily nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with smaller amounts of
other gases like argon and carbon dioxide. Trace gases are also present in minute amounts.

Atmospheric Layers

The atmosphere is divided into four main layers, each with unique characteristics. These layers are
distinguished by how temperature changes with altitude (called the lapse rate).

1. Troposphere

 Altitude: Extends from the Earth's surface to about 16 km at the equator and 8 km at the
poles.

 Features:

o Contains the largest percentage of the air mass.

o Weather phenomena (clouds, rain, storms) occur in this layer.

o The temperature decreases as altitude increases, with a rate of -6.4°C per km.

o Temperature ranges from 15°C at ground level to -56°C at the tropopause (the
upper boundary of the troposphere).

2. Stratosphere

 Altitude: Starts from the tropopause and extends up to about 50 km.

 Features:

o Temperature increases with altitude due to the presence of the ozone layer, which
absorbs harmful UV radiation.

o Temperature rises from -56°C (tropopause) to about -2°C (stratopause).

o The ozone layer is crucial for life because it blocks harmful UV-B rays (280–315 nm).

o Ozone depletion caused by substances like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) has led to

the formation of ozone holes, where ozone concentration has drastically reduced.
3. Mesosphere

 Altitude: Lies above the stratosphere, extending up to 85 km.

 Features:

o Temperature decreases with altitude, reaching as low as -96°C at the mesopause

(upper boundary of the mesosphere).

o Air density is very low, and chemical species like O₂⁺ and NO⁺ are found here, but
they do not absorb much solar radiation, which results in lower temperatures.

4. Thermosphere

 Altitude: Extends from the mesopause up to about 500–1,000 km.

 Features:

o Temperature increases rapidly due to the absorption of short-wave solar radiation

by ionic oxygen atoms and other ions.

o Temperature rises from -96°C at the lower boundary to 1,200°C or more at the
upper layers.

o This layer includes the ionosphere, where ionized particles facilitate radio
communication by reflecting radio waves.

Biosphere

The term "Biosphere" is derived from the Greek word ‘Bios,’ meaning life. The biosphere is the self-
regulating, overlapping region of the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere where life exists. It
is supported and sustained by the healthy interactions between:

 Biotic components: Living organisms like autotrophs (producers) and heterotrophs

(consumers and decomposers).

 Abiotic components: Non-living elements like air, water, sunlight, soil, and rocks.

The biosphere is the zone where life flourishes due to the balanced relationships between these
components.

Environmental Education
Environmental education emerged in the second half of the 20th century as a response to growing
global concerns about the environment. Its primary aim is to create awareness, knowledge, and
skills among people to address environmental challenges and work towards a sustainable future.
Objectives of Environmental Education (As per UNESCO, 1971):

1. Creating Awareness: Help individuals and communities understand environmental problems.

2. Imparting Knowledge: Provide basic information about the environment and related issues.

3. Developing Concern: Build a sense of responsibility and concern for environmental

protection.

4. Motivating Action: Encourage individuals to participate in conservation and improvement

efforts.

5. Problem-Solving Skills: Equip people with the ability to identify and solve environmental
challenges.

6. Harmony with Nature: Promote sustainable living in balance with natural ecosystems.

Tbilisi Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education (1977)

UNESCO and UNEP organized the first intergovernmental conference in Tbilisi, Georgia, in 1977. The
goals of the conference included:

 Raising Awareness: Promote awareness about the interdependence of economic, social,

political, and ecological factors in both urban and rural areas.

 Knowledge and Skills: Provide individuals with the knowledge, values, and skills needed for
environmental protection and improvement.

 Behavioral Change: Inspire new patterns of behavior at individual, group, and societal levels
for environmental conservation.

Categories of Environmental Education Objectives:

1. Awareness: Sensitize individuals and social groups to environmental issues.

2. Knowledge: Help people gain understanding and experiences about the environment.

3. Attitudes: Develop values and concerns for environmental protection and improvement.

4. Skills: Equip individuals with problem-solving abilities for environmental challenges.

5. Participation: Encourage active involvement at all levels to address environmental issues.

Environmental Education in India

India has taken significant steps in promoting environmental education:

 1985-2000: Many central and state universities began offering environmental education at
the postgraduate level.
  1991 Supreme Court Ruling: The Honorable Supreme Court of India mandated the
implementation of environmental education across all levels. It also directed that
Environmental Studies should become a compulsory subject for undergraduate students in
all streams.

 Present Scenario: Many universities and institutions in India now offer both short-term and
regular courses on environmental science and its various dimensions.

India's efforts are crucial in fostering awareness and equipping individuals to address the
environmental challenges faced by the country and the world.

Difference between Environmental Science and Environmental Studies

Environmental Studies is a multidisciplinary subject that focuses on various dimensions of the
environment, including scientific, social, cultural, economic, and political aspects. It examines the
interaction between humans and the environment, along with its outcomes, at both micro and
macro levels.

Environmental Science, on the other hand, is more focused on the scientific aspects of the
environment. It addresses complex environmental problems and provides tangible solutions, relying
primarily on scientific principles and methodologies.

Key Differences:

1. Scope:

o Environmental Science: Deals strictly with the scientific study of environmental

issues.

o Environmental Studies: Incorporates scientific, socio-economic, cultural, political,

and legislative dimensions.

2. Example:

o In the case of river pollution due to untreated wastewater:

 An Environmental Science student would analyze causes, chemical and

biological changes, and scientific solutions to mitigate pollution.

 An Environmental Studies student would also assess the impact of pollution

on local communities, their livelihoods, and cultural practices.

Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies

Environmental Studies is inherently multidisciplinary, requiring expertise from various fields to
address the complex nature of environmental problems. It explores both biotic (living) and abiotic
(non-living) components of the environment and their interactions.

Why Multidisciplinary?

Environmental challenges are complex and cannot be fully understood or resolved using knowledge
from a single discipline. Different fields contribute to understanding and mitigating issues
comprehensively.

Case Study: Developmental Activity (e.g., Dam, Mining, Highway)

Before starting large-scale projects, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is conducted to

evaluate potential environmental degradation and its impact on local populations. The EIA process
highlights the multidisciplinary nature of Environmental Studies.

Disciplines Involved in Environmental Studies:

1. Life Sciences (Zoology and Botany):

o Assess biodiversity and possible changes caused by human activities.

o Evaluate ecosystem goods and services provided by nature in the region.

2. Earth Sciences (Geology, Geography, Geochemistry):

o Study the geological terrain, soil/rock profiles, and tectonic/seismic activity of the
area.

3. Chemical Sciences:

o Understand chemical processes in air, water, and soil.

o Analyze the fate and impact of pollutants in different environmental matrices.

4. Anthropology, History, and Archaeology:

o Study the cultural, historical, or archaeological significance of the region.

o Analyze the impact of development on tribal populations, traditions, and practices.

Scope and Importance of Environmental Studies

Environmental Studies has a multidisciplinary approach, making it applicable in various fields such as
environmental awareness, education, and conservation. Its vast scope allows students and
professionals to contribute significantly to society in different ways. Below are key areas where
experts in Environmental Studies can make an impact:

1. Academics
  Environmental Studies has been introduced in schools, colleges, and universities worldwide
at various levels, including undergraduate and postgraduate programs.

 Students can pursue careers in teaching and academics, spreading awareness about
environmental issues and solutions to future generations.

 Specialized institutions like WII Dehradun, FRI Dehradun, and IIFM Bhopal focus on
environmental education and training.

2. Research and Development

 Research in Environmental Studies focuses on understanding environmental mechanisms

and developing cost-effective technologies to address environmental challenges.

 Post-doctoral works and innovative studies are being conducted globally to mitigate pressing
environmental issues.

3. Industries

 Industries require environmental experts to ensure compliance with environmental

guidelines, implement sustainable technologies, and reduce the environmental degradation
caused by industrial activities.

 Roles like environmental engineers, scientists, and compliance officers are in high demand.

4. Ministries and Environmental Agencies

 National and international organizations frequently recruit environmental experts for

policymaking and implementation.

 Examples of such organizations include:

o UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)

o IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)

o CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species)

o RAMSAR (Convention on Wetlands)

o USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency)

5. NGOs and Consultancies

 Numerous NGOs and consultancies work to conserve the environment by addressing issues
like biodiversity loss, pollution, and resource management.

 Examples of prominent organizations:

o Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)

 o World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)

o Wildlife Trust of India

o Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)

6. Green Journalism

 Media plays a crucial role in raising awareness about environmental issues.

 Green journalism focuses on highlighting environmental concerns and providing solutions

suggested by experts through print, electronic, and social media.

7. Environmental Legislation and Green Advocacy

 Legal experts specializing in environmental law play a vital role in creating and enforcing
policies for effective environmental conservation.

 Green advocacy ensures that environmental laws are upheld and implemented effectively.

Emerging Importance of Environmental Studies

Over the past five decades, Environmental Studies has evolved into a critical discipline, addressing
various environmental problems caused by human activities, including:

 Pollution (both conventional and emerging pollutants)

 Biodiversity loss

 Global warming and climate change

 Energy demands and resource depletion

Fields Addressed by Environmental Studies:

 Environmental Education and Ethics

 Ecosystem and Ecology

 Natural Resource Management

 Renewable Energy Sources

 Climate Change Mitigation

 Biodiversity Conservation

 Pollution Monitoring and Control

 Waste Management

Conclusion
Environmental Studies is essential for equipping newer generations with the knowledge and skills to
tackle environmental challenges. By studying this subject, individuals can actively contribute to
creating a sustainable future for the planet.

Important Landmarks in Environmentalism

Environmentalism has progressed through several key events and milestones that highlight growing
awareness, action, and policies aimed at addressing environmental challenges. Below is a timeline of
some of the most significant landmarks in the history of environmentalism:

1. Silent Spring (1962)

 Rachael Carson's book "Silent Spring" raised concerns about the excessive use of chemical
fertilizers and pesticides in the U.S.

 It was a wake-up call for the world, emphasizing their harmful effects on ecosystems and
human health.

2. Limits to Growth (1970)

 Published by the Club of Rome, this book highlighted the consequences of unrestrained
economic and population growth on Earth’s finite resources.

3. Ramsar Convention (1971)

 Signed on 2nd February 1971, this international treaty aimed to conserve and promote the
sustainable use of wetlands globally.

 World Wetlands Day is observed every year on 2nd February in remembrance.

4. Stockholm Conference (1972)

 The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held from 5th to 16th June
1972 in Stockholm.

 It marked the first global effort to address environmental concerns.

 World Environment Day is celebrated annually on 5th June to commemorate this event.

5. Project Tiger (1973)

  Launched in India to conserve its national animal, the tiger, and protect the endangered
species from extinction.

6. Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984)

 One of the worst industrial disasters in history, the Bhopal Gas Tragedy occurred on 2nd and
3rd December 1984, killing thousands and leaving long-term environmental damage.

7. Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster (1986)

 The catastrophic nuclear accident at Chernobyl, Ukraine, on 26th April 1986, highlighted the
risks associated with nuclear energy and its environmental consequences.

8. Vienna Convention (1985) and Montreal Protocol (1987)

 The Vienna Convention (1985) and Montreal Protocol (16th September 1987) were
landmark agreements to protect the ozone layer from depletion caused by ozone-depleting
substances (ODS).

9. Brundtland Commission Report (1987)

 The report titled "Our Common Future" introduced the concept of Sustainable
Development, emphasizing development that meets present needs without compromising
future generations.

10. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (1989)

 The IPCC was established to assess scientific data and provide reports on climate change,
creating a global framework to combat global warming.

11. Earth Summit and Agenda 21 (1992)

 The Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro, resulted in the adoption of Agenda 21, a
comprehensive plan for sustainable development.

 Three major international conventions—UNFCCC (Climate Change), UNCBD (Biodiversity),

and UNCCD (Desertification)—were also signed.

12. Kyoto Protocol (1997)

 This international treaty aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat global
warming, setting binding targets for developed nations.
13. World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002)

 Also known as Rio+10, it was held in Johannesburg, South Africa, to assess progress on
sustainable development since the 1992 Earth Summit.

14. Paris Agreement and International Solar Alliance (2015)

 During the Paris Climate Convention (2015), India initiated the formation of the
International Solar Alliance (ISA), headquartered in Gurugram, India, to promote solar
energy use among tropical and subtropical countries.

Organizations in Environmental Conservation

Numerous organizations have been established worldwide to promote environmental awareness,

education, and conservation. Some examples include:

 UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)

 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)

 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)

 Greenpeace International

 Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)

 Wildlife Trust of India

Conclusion

These milestones signify humanity’s growing recognition of environmental challenges and efforts to
mitigate them. From raising awareness through impactful publications to forming international
treaties and conventions, each landmark has contributed to shaping global environmentalism.