WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning

ISSUE 1.0

Wireless Curriculum Development Section Wireless Curriculum Development Section

Objects

After completing this course, you should be able to learn :

l l l

Content and flow of network planning Uplink budget and the meaning of its elements Downlink budget and the meaning of its elements

Coverage enhancement technology

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Flow Chapter 2 Uplink Budget Chapter 3 Downlink Budget Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technology Chapter 5 Example of Link Budget
Training.huawei.com

WCDMA Network Planning Flow

Section 1

Overview of Radio

Network Planning
l

Section 2

Concept of Huawei

Radio Network Planning

l

Section

Radio

Network

Planning Flow

Definition and Category of Network Planning

Definition:

Network planning is oriented to select and plan proper network element (NE) equipment, finally output NEs number, NE configuration, and determine the connection mode between NEs based on network establishment, demands for network evolution and cost. All of these provided reference for further engineering implementation.
This training focuses on: radio network planning!
l

Category:

Core network (CN) planning Radio network planning Transport network planning

Importance of Radio Network Planning in 3G Construction

l Importance:

Equipment investment plays an important and sensitive role in mobile communication network construction. 3G network consists of radio access network, transport network and core network. Investment on radio access network accounts for more than 70% of the total investment on the entire mobile communication network. It mainly depends on the number of sites and station type configuration in the network, which are determined in radio network planning.

l Existing

problem:

How to plan a 3G radio network of high quality, low cost and strong competition?

Difference Between WCDMA and GSM Network Planning

l

The GSM system adopts cellular network structure and frequency planning to guarantee intra/inter-frequency interference and satisfy requirements for conversation quality.

The

WCDMA by

system adopting

can

realize

11

frequency reuse and requires no frequency planning spread spectrum technology.

l

The capacity per WCDMA carrier wave is related to environment and neighbor cell interference and it is soft. Coverage capability of the WCDMA system is related to system load situation. The increase in system load will reduce coverage range. The WCDMA system supports multiple

In the GSM system, users supported can be calculated from carriers and timeslots if the interference meets the requirements.
l

Coverage capability of the GSM system depends on transmit power of the

l

transmitter and demodulation performance of the receiver.

l

services of different rate and QoS, including speech service. They have different coverage capacity. In the network planning, it is required to consider actual demands to bring system efficiency into full play with reasonable planning and radio resource management.

The GSM system provides a single speech voice. QoS index is determined and the design aim is relatively single.

WCDMA Network Planning Flow

Section 1

Overview of Radio

Network Planning
l

Section 2

Concept of Huawei

Radio Network Planning

l

Section 3 Planning Flow

Radio Network

Concept of Huawei Radio Network Planning

Minimizing integrated network construction cost

Radio network planning construction runs through the entire lifetime of the network. Early planning must consider demands for the subsequent development to reduce integrated network construction cost.

Optimizing profitable service coverage

3G networks feature multiple service. Network resources should be allocated among services. Therefore, it is necessary to determine which service is profitable and its requirements for coverage quality, as well as plan cell radius and coverage schemes. During the early 3G network construction, targeting at high speed data service will waste lots of resources (such as too many sites) because there is no enough services.

Concept of Huawei Radio Network Planning

Maximizing resource capacity

The capacity of 3G radio networks is mainly restricted by interference. Reasonable parameter planning can reduce interference within and between cells, increase cell capacity and utilize limited resources to the greatest extent. Huawei realize reliable and efficient power control and radio resource management algorithm with a variety of actual test data and advanced simulation means, which are verified in many customer pilots globally. Besides, Huawei accumulates abundant experience.

Optimizing core service quality

Core services have an long-term effect on network development. Although they cannot make a profit in the short term, they can attract users and speed up service development, such as high speed data service. Therefore, optimize the quality of core service coverage in areas where it is available so as to present superiority of 3G radio network in service and performance and improve the operators brand.

WCDMA Network Planning Flow

Section 1

Overview of Radio

Network Planning
l

Section 2

Concept of Huawei

Radio Network Planning

l

Section

Radio

Network

Planning Flow

Overview of Radio Network Planning Flow

l Radio

Network Estimation

Perform initial planning for future networks at the early project planning. Output the configuration and dimensioning of RAN NEs for early communication of projects and cost estimation in the process of making a contract.

l Radio

Network Preplanning

In the middle-stage project planning, perform farther detailed planning for future networks based on estimation output to determine more precise network dimensioning and theoretical site location. Output preplanning reports for project communication at the middle stage and cost estimation in the process of signing a contract.

Overview of Radio Network Planning Flow

l Radio

network cell planning

In the later project planning, survey and verify all selected site on the spot to determine cell engineering parameters related to various types of network planning for engineering construction, according to outputs of preplanning. If they are greatly different from preplanning results, it is still required to verify cell parameters setting and planning effects through simulation. The output report is the final radio network planning scheme to guide engineering construction.

Overview of Radio Network Planning Flow

Radio network cell planning

Input information

Output information

Relationship among various flows

Coverage objectives Search radius Site position Engineering parameters

Radio network preplanning

Input information

Output information

Estimation result Spare site

Theoretical site Search radius

Radio network estimation

Objectives of network construction construction

Cost of network

BS configuration
BS numbers

Input information

Output information

Radio Network Estimation

Radio network estimation is a simplified analysis of future networks.

Purposes:
l Acquire the network construction dimensioning (including BSs and BS

configuration).
l Acquire construction cycle, economic cost and human resources cost

estimation. Methods: Select a proper propagation model, user mobility, distribution behavior, and traffic model.
l Estimate sites, cells, coverage area and capacity roughly required.

Radio Network Estimation

Input
l

Output
l

Coverage related

System dimensioning

Coverage area Coverage probability

l

Number of sites

System configuration

Coverage design

Sector structure Number carriers of

Capacity related

Traffic model Service model User density

l

Cost

on

network

construction

Quality related

Site cost Equipment cost

QoS requirements GoS requirements Demodulation threshold

Capacity design

Radio Network Estimation Flow

Suppose a uplink load

Input data

Calculate uplink capacity Estimate required sites due to capacity

Calculate uplink coverage Estimate required sites due to coverage

Balance or not?
Yes

No

Check whether to satisfy downlink coverage/capacity requirements

Satisfy or not?
Yes End !

No

Adjust the number of sites

Radio Network Preplanning

l

Based

on

network

estimation,

network

preplanning

further

determines the following parameters, including BS initial layout, BS theoretical location, BS location , antenna installation (height), network architecture, transmit power, antenna type, mounted height, direction and downtilt, transmit power and orthogonal factor of common and traffic channels, as well as cell scramble.
Coverage range under an unloaded condition

BS

Coverage range under a lightly-loaded condition

Coverage range under a heavily-loaded condition

Radio Network Cell Planning

l

Cell planning flow

Radio network preplanning report

Yes
Radio network preplanning report

Site list

Output Search Rings

Noise test

Site survey

2G site or not
Site survey report

No

New site or not (name prefix) NewSite

Obtain spare site

Yes
Confirm site conditions or not

No No

Noise test report

Site selection

Site survey No

System simulation

Yes

Site survey report

Meet design objectives or not

Noise test

Noise test report

Meet site requirements or not

Radio network planning report

Yes

Review Questions

1. How many processes are there in radio network planning? 2. What is the concept of Huawei radio network planning? 3. What is radio network preplanning oriented to? 4. What are output from radio network

estimation?

Summary

This chapter introduces:

l l l l l

Category of radio network planning Concept of Huawei radio network planning Difference between GSM and WCDMA radio network planning Main flows of radio network planning Input and output requirements for radio network preplanning

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Flow Chapter 2 Uplink Budget Chapter 3 Downlink Budget Chapter 4 Coverage enhancement Technology

Chapter 5 Example of Link Budget

Training.huawei.com

Capacity-Coverage-Quality
Relationship among WCDAM capacity, coverage and quality

Since the WCDMA system is self-interference, capacity, coverage and quality are closely related.

Capacity-coverage When the design load increases, capacity and interference increase but coverage decrease.

Capacity-quality Improve

system

capacity

by

decreasing

quality

requirements for parts of connections.

Coverage-quality Improve coverage capability by

decreasing

quality

requirements for parts of connections.

Coverage Estimation Flow

l

Planning

area

Create link budget Create link budget

Max. path loss l l l Min. cell radius l

environment correlation Site capacity Indoor coverage degree Coverage probability Propagation model Equipment performance

Obtain cell radius Obtain cell radius

Calculate site area Calculate site area

Max. site coverage area

Specify area sites Specify area sites Required sites=Planning area/site coverage area

Basic Principle of Uplink Budget

NodeB TX Pout_BS Lc_BS Combined duplexer Lf_BS Feeder
PL _D
PL

Ga_BS

Link budget:
Estimate to system the loss certain by various affecting and signal coverage capacity acquire maximum propagation the link a under allowed

RX

_U L

Ga_UE UE TX Pout_UE
Shadow fading margin Mf

communication quality observing factors

Body loss Lb Building penetration loss Lp

Combined duplexer

forward reverse system.

RX

propagation of the

Algorithm Introduction
Uplink (Reverse) PL_UL=Pout_UE +Ga_BS+Ga_UE Lf_BS+Ga_SHO Mpc Mf MI Lp Lb S_BS PL_DL: downlink maximum propagation loss Pout_UE: maximum transmit power of BS traffic channel Lf_BS: feeder loss Ga_BS: BS antenna gain; Ga_UE: UE antenna gain Ga_SHO: soft handoff gain Mpc: fast power control margin Mf: slow fading margin (related to propagation environment) MI: interference margin (related to system design capacity) Lp: penetration loss of building (used when indoor coverage is required) Lb: body loss S_BS: sensitivity of the receiver (related to service and multipath conditions)

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Max Power of TCH Body Loss Gain of UE Tx Antenna EIRP Gain of BS Rx Antenna Cable Loss Noise Figure (BS) EbvsNo Required (BS) Sensitivity of BS Receiver UL Cell Loading Interference Margin Background Noise Level
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Margin for Background Noise SHO Gain over Fast Fading Fast Fading Margin Minimum Required Penetration Loss Std. dev. of Slow Fading Edge coverage Probability Slow Fading Margin SHO Gain over Slow Fading Signal Strength

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

1. Max Power of TCH (dBm)

The maximum transmit power of the UE on each TCH usually refers to the rated total transmit power. In commercial networks, reasonably set this parameter during link budget, according to specifications on main commercial UEs on the market and operators suggestions Power level of UE TS 25.101 v3.7.0 2001-06 6.2.1 Power Class Nominal maximum output power 1 2 3 4 +33dBm +27dBm +24dBm +21dBm

Tolerance

+1/-3dB +1/-3dB +1/-3dB +2/-2dB

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

2. Body Loss (dB)

Body loss for speech services is 3dB. Body loss for data services is 0dB because data services are mainly read and watched and the UE is faraway from the human body.

3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)

Usually suppose the antenna gain of the UE is 0dBi (receiving and transmitting are the same)

4. EIRP

(dBm)

UE EIRP (dBm) = UE Tx Power (dBm) - Body Loss (dB) + Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna (dBi)
Kathrein 741794 1710~2170MHz Frequency range (dual band for DCS and UMTS) Gain Polarization Gain HPBW (1920~2170MHz) Electrical tilt Side lobe suppression for 1st side lobe above horizon Front-to-back ratio, co-polar Dimension (Height / Width / Depth) Weight

Kathrein 741790 Frequency range Polarization 1920~2170MHz Vertical 11dBi Vertical: 7 Fixed, 0 1387 mm 5kg

+45,

-45 HPBW Electrical tilt

18.5dBi Horizontal: 63 Dimension (Height) Weight

Vertical:6.5 Fixed, 2 >14dB >30dB 1302 mm / 155 mm / 69 mm 6.6kg

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

6. Cable Loss (dB)

Include loss of all feeders and connectors between set top and antenna connector
Bottom jumper Connector Cable Top jumper Etc.

Loss except for cable loss is relatively fixed. Suppose the loss of the 0.8dB cable is about 2GHz.
7/8-inch cable 6.1dB / 100m 5/4-inch cable 4.5dB / 100m

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

7. Noise Figure (dB)

Noise figure is an index to evaluate whether noise performance of the amplifier is good. It is expressed by NF and defined as the ratio of input Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) and output Signal-toNoise ratio (SNR) of the amplifier.

NF

= SNRi / SNRo = (Si / Ni) / (So / No)

Floor noise of the receiver (within each bandwidth):

PN = KTBWNF

= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB) = -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB)

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

8. EbvsNo Required (dB)

It is obtained through link simulation, related to the following factors:

Receive diversity configuration Multipath channel conditions Bearer type

9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)

Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)

= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg(3.84MHz/1Hz) + EbvsNo required (dB) - 10lg[3.84MHz/Rb(kHz)] = -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[1000 * Rb (kHz)] + Eb/No (dB)

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

10. Uplink Cell Loading
UL = (1 + i ) L j = (1 + i )
1 1 N N

1 1+ 1 W 1 (EbvsNo ) j R j v j

Uplink load factor is an index of cell uplink load level. The higher the load factor is, the greater the uplink interference is. Uplink interference increases to an infinite value and the corresponding capacity is called limit capacity when uplink load nears 10%.

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

11. Uplink Interference Margin (dB)

NoiseRise =

I TOT = PN

1 1 Lj
1 N

1 1 UL

50% load 3dB 60% load 4dB 75% load ---6dB

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

12. Background Noise Level (dBm)

Source of external electromagnetic interference: Radio transmitter GSM, microwave, radar and TV station) Autocar ignition Lightning

Relevant

reports

show

that

average

electromagnetic

interference is -104dBm and the standard deviation is 2.9dB in 2GHz frequency band.

Estimate interference level of a specific planning area with a noise test.

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

13. Margin for Background Noise (dB)

Suppose the noise floor of equipment (NodeB or UE) is X dBm and external interference power is Y dBm, external interference margin should be: Margin for Background Noise = 10log (10^(X /10 )+ 10^(Y /10 )) dBm- X dBm

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

14. SHO Gain over Fast Fading (dB)

SHO gain consists of the following two parts: Gain resulting from decreased demands for slow fading margin due to multiple irrelated SHO branches multicell gain SHO gain over link demodulation performancemacro diversity combining gain

SHO gain over fast fading refers to macro diversity combining gain.

Obtain this value through simulation and the typical value is 1.5dB.

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

15. Fast Fading Margin (dB)

In the link budget, the required demodulation performance of the receiver is estimated by the link-level simulation with the assumption of perfect power control. In the actual system, however, introduce imperfect factors to closed loop power control since transmit power at the transmitting end is limited.

Effect of power control margin on uplink demodulation performance:

The simulation result shows: EbvsNo target value set by outer loop power control nears the estimated value under perfect power control when HeadRoom is large. EbvsNo increases gradually with the decrease in power margin. Finally, the corresponding EbvsNo increases by 1dB when power margin decreases by 1dB. It is impossible to guarantee demands for BER/BLER when there is almost no power control performance.

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

16. Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)

Demodulate required signal strength correctly after considering various interference factors and performance deterioration factors can be understood as the sensitivity of the receiver in the running of actual networks.

Minimum Signal Strength Required = Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm) - Gain of Antenna (dBi) + Body Loss (dB) + Interference Margin (dB) + Margin for Background Noise (dB) - SHO Gain over fast fading (dB) + Fast Fading Margin (dB)

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

17. Penetration Loss (dB)

Indoor penetration loss is the difference of average signal strength outside the exterior wall close to the building and that on the first floor of the building.

Penetration loss is related to the specific building type and reference angle of electric wave. Suppose penetration loss follows logarithmic normal distribution in the link budget, adopt average value and standard deviation of penetration loss (logarithmic value).

Realize better indoor coverage adopting specific indoor coverage solutions instead of outdoor BS.

During actual commercial network construction, penetration loss margin is uniformly specified by operators to compare planning results of various manufacturers.

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

18. Std. dev. of Slow Fading (dB)

Calculating standard deviation of indoor slow fading:

Suppose the standard deviation of outdoor path loss and penetration loss is XdB and YdB respectively, the standard deviation of path loss of indoor users is sqrt (X^2 + Y^2 )

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

19. Edge coverage Probability

If the UE transmit power reaches the largest but path loss still cannot be overcome, this link is disconnected when the lowest received level is realized.

For the UE d away from the BS , its link interruption probability is:
Pr_ outage ( d ) = Pr{ P max _ UE PL ( d ) < S min } = Pr{ P max _ UE 10 lg( d ) < S min } = Pr{ P max _ UE S min 10 lg( d ) < } = Pr{ ( d ) < }

(d) = Pmax_UE S_min 10lg(d) it is physically the difference between the average value of path loss of the UE d away the BS and maximum path loss allowed to remain connection. Its average value takes zero and standard deviation takes to obey slow fading margin in logarithmic normal distribution.

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

20. Slow Fading Margin (dB)

SF( x, ) := dnorm ( x, 0 , )

Core content: logarithmic normal distribution

SF_M( x, ) := pnorm( x, 0 , )
1 0.9

0.06 SF( x, 8) SF( x, 10) 0.04 SF( x, 12) 0.02

SF_M ( x, 8)

0.8 0.7 0.6 SF_M ( x, 10) 0.5 SF_M ( x, 12) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

30

20

10

0 x

10

20

30

20

16

12

0 x

12

16

20

Slow Fading Margin (dB) = NORMSINV (Edge Coverage Probability) Std. dev. of Slow Fading (dB)

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

21. SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)

As stated in the previous slide, SHO gain consists of the following two parts:
Gain resulting from decreased demands for slow fading margin due to multiple irrelated SHO branches multicell gain SHO gain over link demodulation performancemacro diversity combining gain

SHO gain over slow fading refers to multi-cell gain. Acquire this value through simulation.

WCDMA Uplink Budget Elements

Summary: cell edge path loss

Based on maximum path loss the link allows, calculate mid-value of path loss at the cell edge, considering Slow Fading Margin, SHO gain and Penetration Loss in the case of indoor coverage required to meet a certain edge/area coverage probability.

Path Loss (dB) = [ EiRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm) ]- Penetration Loss (dB) - Slow Fading Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Flow Chapter 2 Uplink Budget Chapter 3 Downlink Budget Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technology

Chapter 5 Example of Link Budget

Training.huawei.com

Basic Principle of Downlink Budget

NodeB TX Pout_BS Lc_BS Combined duplexer RX Lf_BS Feeder
PL _D
PL _U L

Ga_BS

Link budget:
system the loss certain by various affecting and signal coverage capacity to acquire maximum propagation the link a under allowed

Estimate

Ga_UE UE TX Pout_UE Slow fading margin Mf

communication quality observing factors

Body loss Lb
Penetration loss of the buildingLp

Combined duplexer

forward reverse system.

RX

propagation of the

Algorithm Introduction
Downlink (Forward)
PL_DL=Pout_BS Lf_BS+Ga_BS+Ga_UE +Ga_SHO Mpc Mf MI Lp Lb S_UE
PL_DL: downlink maximum propagation loss Pout_BS: maximum transmit power of BS traffic channel Lf_BS: feeder loss Ga_BS: BS antenna gain; Ga_UE: UE antenna gain Ga_SHO: soft handover gain Mpc: fast power control margin Mf: slow fading margin (related to propagation environment) MI: interference margin (related to system design capacity) Lp: penetration loss of the building (used when indoor coverage is required) Lb: body loss S_UE: sensitivity of UE receiver (related to service and multipath conditions

WCDMA Downlink Budget Elements

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. 11.

Max Power of TCH Cable Loss Gain of BS Tx Antenna EIRP Gain of UE Rx Antenna Body Loss Noise Figure (UE)

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Margin for Background Noise SHO Gain over Fast Fading Fast Fading Margin Minimum Signal Strength Required Penetration Loss Std. dev. of Slow Fading Edge coverage Probability Slow Fading Margin SHO Gain over Slow Fading

EbvsNo Required (UE)

20.

Sensitivity of UE Receiver
DL Cell Loading Interference Margin
21.

12.

Background Noise Level

WCDMA Downlink Budget Elements

l

10. Downlink Cell Loading

Downlink cell loading can be defined in the following two ways:

Define downlink cell loading at the receiving end:

DL =

(1 j + i j ) (EbvsNo

)j

vj W Rj

It has similar characteristics with uplink cell loading, such as The higher downlink cell loading is, the greater cell transmit power is and the higher the interference at the receiving end is. The corresponding capacity is called downlink limit capacity when the downlink cell loading reaches 10%.

Define downlink cell loading at the transmitting end: ratio between the current cell transmit power and BS maximum transmit power capability In this way, downlink cell loading owns the following characteristics: The higher downlink cell loading is, the greater the cell transmit power is. In addition, it is related to service type, UE receiver performance, cell size, and BS capability.

This definition is adopted for the current link budget tools.

WCDMA Downlink Budget Elements

l

11. Downlink Interference Margin (dB)

Downlink interference increases at the UE receiving end :

I TOT(j) No + [ a + f(j) ] $ (0)/CL(0, j) (j) P TX = No No

NoiseRise(j) =

N [a + f(j) ] CL(0, n) (j) P CCH = 1+ $ + S CIR_Tx(n) $ 1g CL(0, j) $ n=1 No CL(0, j) DL If defining downlink cell load at the transmitting end, the above

formula can be simplified as follows:

P max N o + CL ( 0 , j ) In link budget tools, select the following typical value for NoiseRise ( j ) = 1 + [ ( j ) + f ( j )] DL

parameters in the above formula: Orthonormalized factor at the edge of a cell (j): obtained through simulation, related to environment type and cell radius

Interference factor at the edge of a cell f(j)1.78

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Flow Chapter 2 Uplink Budget Chapter 3 Downlink Budget Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technology

Chapter 5 Example of Link Budget

Training.huawei.com

OTSR

Tx BB
l

Rx

Rx

Rx

Capacity of OTSR is close to that of the omni-directional cells. Therefore, OTSR is applicable to areas requiring small capacity but large coverage at the early stage.

Cell radius of

OTSR is 1.5 times of that of omni-directional BS, so

sites can be reduced by 40~50%.

Tower Mounted Amplifier

Adopting Amplifier)

TAM

(Low

Noise uplink

can

improve

receiver sensitivity and strength uplink coverage.

Four-Antenna Receive Diversity

Relative to two-antenna receive diversity, four-antenna receive diversity can realize lower Eb/No .

Gain effect of four-antenna receive diversity is as follows, compared with two-antenna receive diversity.

Area
Dense urban Urban Suburban Rural

Channel
TU3 TU3 RA120 RA120

Eb/N0 improved
2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5

Capacity gain
1.73 1.73 1.77 1.77

Coverage gain
1.37 1.37 1.39 1.39

MUD (Multiuser Detection)

Single cell:

Increase capacity by 70 ~ 100%

Multi-cell:

Increase capacity by 40~60%

Decrease UE transmit power

Decrease transmit power by 2 ~ 3 dB averagedly.

Add standby times

SA (Smart Antenna)

SA can improve system capacity and coverage uplink/downlink and decrease requirements for transmitted power.

Test results of SA gain are as follows:

Area
1x4 Capacity gain Coverage gain 1.85 1.42

Uplink
2x2 1.70 1.35 2x4 3.37 2.02

Downlin k
1x4 3.54 2.07

Review Questions

1.

What are main technologies to enhance coverage?

2.

What are main technologies to enhance capacity?

3.

How much UE transmitted power can be reduced by MUD technology?

4.

How many times is the OTSR cell radius than that of the omni-directional cell?

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Flow Chapter 2 Uplink Budget Chapter 3 Downlink Budget Chapter 4 Coverage Enhanced Technology Chapter 5 Example of Link Budget
Training.huawei.com

Example of Link Budget

Analysis scenario setting

Transmitter

Example of Link Budget

Receiver

Example of Link Budget

Calculating Path Loss

Calculating Cell Radius

Coverage EstimationExample

Suppose
l l

Planning target area is 80km^2 Maximum path loss is 151dB in the case of 50% cell load (3dB).

Path loss is reduced to 131dB considering 20dB of penetration loss and slow fading margin.

Path loss model is :L13735logR dB

Therefore, R=0.674 km can be obtained .

Coverage EstimationExample

Coverage area of the three-sector site is:

S1.95R^20.88km^2

The required site numbers are

N80/0.8890

Namely, require 90 sites (270 sectors)

Review Questions

1. 2.

What elements are included in uplink budget? What is the process of coverage estimation?

Summary

This chapter describes

l l l l

Elements in radio uplink budget Effect of each element on cell radius calculation Basis of value of each element Calculation methods for coverage-based site numbers