Coordination: Coordination is the process through

which two or more organs interact and complement

the functions of one another. Primitive animals Advanced animals

Table: Neural Control vs. Endocrine Control

They do not have (Well organised Nervous
gn crine control’| a well organised System is seen)
O Here, the Nervous System
are involved and glands work &
communicates communicate eg: eg: Vertebrates
with the help of with the help of
NEUROTRANSMITTERS hormones (FISHES, AMPHIBIANS,
0 Quick response O Slower response. 14 time REPTILES, AVES, MAMMALS)
O Not long lasting effect o Long lasting
; Heffect o k—)IAPOLAR NEURON was seen]

Nervous system is made up of NEURAL TISSUE / NERVOUS TISSUE

(1) Neuron (2) Neuroglial cells

O Excitable cell that will help in O Non excitable, non conductible
conduction
O Support & packaging of Neural tissue
o Longest Cell
eg: Schwann cell, oligodendrocyte
Neural/Nervous System

CNS
PNsS
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous Syst
em

Pan. NG
Brain Spinal cord Somatic Nervous Autonomic Nervous System
System

Control Voluntary Control involuntary parts

Body parts

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
 0 CNS includes brain & spinal cord & is the
Cranial Nerves
information processing unit.
Spinal Nerves o PNS consists of all the nerves of body associated
with CNS.
Ifl-—) All Nerves
" associated CNS
L

Fig: CNS and PNS

Nerve fibres of PNS are of 2 types

< v
Afferent Fibres/Sensory Nerve Fibres Efferent Fibres/Motor Nerve Fibres
The efferent fibres transmit regulatory impulses from
The afferent nerve fibres transmit impulses
the CNS to the concerned peripheral tissues/organs.
from tissues/organs to the CNS.

and
Visceral Nervous System is a part of PNS that comprises the whole complex of nerves, fibres, ganglia
plexus from where impulse travel from CNS to viscera and vice versa.
-
* Collection of Cell Body T waEr
Collection of Axons

Plexus: STe1/Network
Neuron Dendrites
Nissl's granules

Schwann cell

Axon

Myelin sheath ”
Node of Ranvier—" }‘
(
X
Axon terminal
Synaptic knob
Figure: Structure of a neuron

Neural Control and Coordination @

 /fii“i‘%\
Myelinated Unmyelinated/Non-myelinated
O Myelin sheath is present o Myelin sheath is Absent
O More commonly found in CNS o More commonly found in PNS

Myelin sheath is LIPID enriched sheath which act as an insulator & hence no free conduction across them byt
there are gaps in between called NODES of RANVIER where free conduction is SEEN.

Sl
Myelinated Neuron

O
(@)
Oligodendrocytes O Schwann cell
forms myelin sheath secretes
myelin sheath

Types of Neurons

—> (D Unipolar Neuron eg: Embryonic Life

Single polarity @—;@

|% Only Axon is present

Type of Neuron —>® Bipolar Neuron

e.g.: *Retina of eye, olfact
ory epithelium
1 Dendrite, 1 Axon present]

L (3 Multipolar Neuron
e.g.: Cerebral cortex of Brain
i\o\i %)
Many Dendrites, One axon presen”

Zoolog!
 L ——
Apolar: Q Only cell Body'is present Dendrite receive information
absence eg: Hydra
\)
Send to
Pseudounipolar: it
|S

false
——

Axon
\)
Cell Body
O Asingle protoplasmic extension aris
e from cell body which later gets ¢send it to
divided into1 Dendrite and 1 axon. Axon
eg: Dorsal Root of GANGLIA of SPINAL
CORD

@ is maintained by
Schwann cell enclosing a neuron may or may not
secrete myelin, Schwann cell that does not form —> () Presence of more negatively
myelin around
axon is common in autonomous and charged Proteins inside the Axoplasm
somatic neural systems.

GENERATION OF NERVE IMPULSE: — (ii) Na* Leak channel & K* Leak channel
working passivel
O When Neuron is at REST, the membrane of RRR Y more leaky
Neuron is known as RMP/RESTING MEMBRANE O Through Na* Leak channel: Na* comes in,
POTENTIAL or POLARISED STATE. O Through K* Leak channel: K* goes out.
O As compared K channels are more in
Number and more leaky
't is approx. ~70 mV Potentig
——> (i) Na* K* Active pump
)
O Utilising 1 ATP: 3 Na* pumped out and
O This state is important for the Neuron for
2K* comes into the axoplasm
excitability.

ECF: Extracellular fluid|

K'LC onerrt
(Leak Channel)
K* K* K*

Na'Lc o R
:
B

il flg :
RMP
(Leak Channel)

Na'/K* active
e pump
(ATPase)
:o negatively charged profeins
i
Fig: RMP explaination

Na* V6C(Voltage Gated Channel).

Present on Axonal Membrane works during generation of impulse
K* VGC(Voltage Gated Chann

Neural Control and Coordination

 AXon membraneé————
+ (T)RMP/POLARTSED
-
S Gony

+
Stimulus is
now given \ @D POLARISED

:
This was threshold
R
t—)Na’ entry
& - > Gomy)
Stimulus 2,
\L & Na* VGC closes now, K* s . -
., I - Na* VGC open VGC open now This change in potential is known
rggumivaie stimulus as Action potential/Impulse
given to generate an Kfil——é K* VGC open

i = T @,
ANt .+
action potential 1t st 2 r

55 mV 10 60mV] g s close : la

As K* VGC takes more time to close, more K" ion goes

outside making the membrane — Hyperpolarised

4 &+ 4 4+ s+« (IV)HYPERPOLARISATION

L somv
[After this K* VGC & Na* VGC closed, the membrane again
. Returns Back to the polarised state (-70mV)] K* VGC takes more time to close

—>(T) RMP/Polarised state

—> @ Depolarisation (Na* V6C/voltage gated channel) open

— @ Repolarisation (K* VGC open)

— @ Hyperpolarisation

Pointsfo Rem
1. A neuron is NEGATIVELY charged inside compared to outer membrane at RMP = 70
=70 mV.mV.
2. When threshold value of stimulus is available, it cause Na* VG¢ Fo open via whic
h Na* enters into axoplasm
making inside positive upto +30 mv (action potential), this event is depolarisati
on,
3. Now, Na* VGC closes, K* VGC opens, K* goes outside again making inside negative, event is REPOLARISATION.
e — ]
CONDUCTION OF IMPULSE:

When a threshold stimulus is

- A B c applied at site A, on polarised
ThrashoIdS‘rliulus RMP | RMP | RMP membrane, the membrane at site
'5M b SR S [ + A, becomes freely permeable
|} - to Na*, i Na* comes inside ‘A’ site
o Na*e,ffer,';
VI5C
o | DEPOLARTSED
i|
Currenf Flow
Na'VeC Change in potential across
” x /_>si1-e A act as an Stimulus
T _ for nearest site (B) due to
which, current flow occurs
A—> B (inside) B—> A
Depolur:sed RMP RMP (outside), circuit complete
K

s eg+ A B/<‘\ c "L‘:JGC 1. Na' V6C opens af B

e 4,
e 2 b U H] L 2. Polarity reversed
!
O Change in potential \'E] 3. Action potential generated
across Bact as a - : at site B, impulse arises at B
Stimulus for C Repolarised Depolarised H RMP from A and this sequence is
' repeated along entire axon

Conduction across myelinated vs Non-myelinated

\_/ \/
‘Non-Myelinated' .
\Z \[Nodes of Ranvier Myelin sheath
Slower Conduction as free conduction
occurs throughout the neuron —> Conduction occurs only Insulated
across Nodes of Ranvier
—> Jumping Conduction/ free conduction is not ;;ossible
Saltatory conduction
—> Faster conduction

Newal Control and Coordination C

 SYNAPSES:
Junction between Neurons
Receptors for Neurotransmitter

drite
Synaptic Vesicles Dendrite

\ Post Synaptic membrane fi‘

Synaptic cleft (gap) %
Neurotransmitter
Pre Synaptic membrane.

ypes of Synapse:

Chemical,Synapse
O Rare in our System o[ Mostly these| are present
o Synaptic cleft is very very less o Synaptic cleft is present
o Unidirectional, as Neurotransmitters are used for

O Gap junctions present between 2 Neurons ¥ . 0 No gap junction

o Faster conduction |0 Slower conduction

Transmission of Impulse across a Chemical Synapse

Informuflor\ is (@) As the impulse arrives at the axon terminal, it leads to

being conducted Ca?* Channel opening of Ca?* channel, entry of Ca2* occurs, located on
till the Axon presynaptic membrane -
terminal A
(@) Ca? signals synaptic vesicles to fuse with
\ pre-synaptic membrane & cause exocytosis of
neurotransmitter in Synaptic Cleft

Binding of neurotransmitter to its receptor

present on post-synaptic membrane.
Synaptic
. vesicle withiy (B) Depending upon the nature of the
eurotransmitter heurotransmitter either of the twoi
Generated in Next EPSP (Excitatory Post Synaptic potential)
Neuron (other neuron is EXCITED)
pre-synaptic membrane or
post-synaptic membrane IPSP (Inhibitony Post Synaptic Patential)
is generated (other neuron inhibited)

@ Zoolog!
’f

o Example of Excitatory Neurotransmitter — EPINEPHRINE, Acetylcholine etc.

o Example of Inhibitory neurotransmitter — Serotenin.

[CENTRAL NEURAL SYSTEM (CNS)

Brain Spinal cord

Brain: (Command & Control)

9
0 TIiis protected well inside the Skull specifically in CRANIUM (Brain Box)
o Walnut like
o Central information processing organ

Brain is also covered within the |Cranial Meninges:

Duramater (outer)

Arachnoid (middle)

Piameter (inner)

Skull

Duramater (outermost, hard layer)

Arachnoid (middle layer, webbed)

Sub-dural space

Piamater (innermost, in contact with Brain)

Sub-arachnoid space
Brain

Fluid)
Tt has CSF (Cerebrospinal

Forebrain
Parts of Brain Midbrain (No Further division)
e~~~
Hindbrain

Neural Control and Coordination

Eorebrain —> cerebrum Hindbrain
— Cerebellum
—> Hippocampus
I—> Pons
—> Amygdala
—> Medulla
[~ Olfactory Lobes

— Epithalamus
also known as
[~ Thalamus DIENCEPHALON

—>Hypothalamus

Cerebral hemisphere
Forebrain

Hindbrain

Spinal cord

Figure: Diagram showing sagittal section of the human

brain
A. Forebrain
(1) Cerebrum: Most prominent part of forebrain
Cell bodies (outside)

Myelinated axon (inside)

folds of cerebrum Gyri (Bulged)

can accommodate maximum neurons Sulci (groove)

'

Outer g gray JY’ matter

Inner white matter

presence of cell bodies gives it this appearance myelinated axon

BN Zoology
 Important Points

(atfafta Gyaan) 1. A deep cleft divides cerebrum longitudinally into

fiFronful (2) two halves which are Left and Right Cerebral
—>Parietal (2 i
K R0 gl \—
e
Temporal (2)
e Longitudin
g
al Cleft
Occipital (2) *Corpus Callosum

Feeling of hot, cold, E

pain, etc. Tract of nerve fibre connecting
both the hemispheres
Visual processing
area %
2 hemisphere
Memory,
Intelligence, Auditory processing
Creativity, area
Logic reasoning

Cerebral cortex (outer part cerebrum):

O It has various areas

@ sensory area (@ Motor area (@) Association area

Prominent part of cerebral cortex

Associated with Memory, Communication &

Intersensory function

Motor information goes from here

Sensory input comes here

Fig: Various areas of cerebral Cortex

Neural Control and Coordinufiun @

e

—> Almond shaped

Rage'
(2) !—(ippot:ampusI & ;flmygdak} ’ Responsible for' Anger &

conversion of short term memory into long ferm memory

Hippocampus
¢ = Limbic system
Amygdala

Limbic system
ts of hu.mur! e motions like
+
Forms Emotional Brain — Controls various aspec ,
ngmhulumus] Happiness, sadness, fear, motivation, anger
pleasure, excitement, etc.

(3) Diencephalon: Thalamus « Epithalamus

+ Hypathalamus
Cerebellum
Thalamus: Also known as 'RELAY CENTRE":
All the information to the cerebrum & from the Pons
cerebrum has to pass through thalamus. Medulla
O Cerebrum WRAPS around THALAMUS -
Medulla
Epithalamus: Pineal gland is present here.
Hypothalamus: Connects to Spinal cord
O Connection between endocrine & Neural system. It has various centres to control
O Part of emotional brain. Heartrate, Breathing rate (RRC),
Gastric juice secretion
O Has various hormones which controls growth,
reproduction, thirst, hunger, etc. Vomiting centre
Brainstem: Midbrain + Pons + Medulla
o *THERMOREGULATION centre.
Cerebellum: LITTLE BRAT
B. Midbrain: 2" largest part of Brain N/_\/
gF a
joFo,

It is located between the Thalamus/Hypothalamus of It has convoluted surface

forebrain & Pons of HINDBRAIN.
It has 2 cerebellar hemisphere
=
On the Dorsal Side of Midbrain It Controls INVOLUNTARY. functions
It is involved in Body Balancing
O

There are 4 Swellings/Lobes

Pops: It acts like a bridge as it consists of Neurons
> which connect to different regions of
CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA)
Brain
O It has PNEUMOTAXIC CE
NTRE
O A canal called CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT passes
through midbrain.

ZOoOLOGY MED FASY BY

X' Team Kohinoor "'
Zoology