SEMESTER -III

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
Category I
(B.Sc. Honours in Zoology in three years)

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE -7 –:

Diversity of Chordates
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CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Code Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite of
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria the course
Practice (if any)
Diversity of 04 02 Nil 02 Passed Class NIL
XII
Chordates
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Learning Objectives
The learning objectives of this course are as follows:
● The course aims to impart in-depth knowledge about the diverse life forms from the
taxonomic positions of Protochordates and Agnatha to Mammalia.
● It will help the students to identify the body plan types of complex chordates and
their systematic organization based on evolutionary relationships, structural and
functional affinities.
● The course will help the students to understand the characteristic morphological,
adaptive and anatomical features of diverse animals.
● The course will help students to understand the economic and ecological
significance of various animals in human life.
● The course will create interest among them to explore and appreciate the animal
diversity in nature.

Learning Outcomes
By studying this course, students will be able to
● Correlate the importance of systematics, taxonomy, and structural organization
of chordates.
● Recognize the diversity of chordates living in varied ecological habitats.
● critically analyse the organization, complexity and characteristic features of
chordates.
● comprehend the economic importance of chordates, their interaction with the

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 environment and their role in the ecosystem.
● enhance collaborative learning and communication skills through practical
sessions, teamwork, group discussions, assignments, and projects.
SYLLABUS OF DSC-7
UNIT-I: Introduction to Chordates 2 hrs
General characteristics and outline classification.

UNIT-2: Protochordata 3hrs

General characteristics of Hemichordata, Urochordata and Cephalochordata; Study of
Tornaria and Ascidian larval forms in protochordates.

UNIT-3: Origin of Chordates 2 hrs

Theories of Origin of chordates with detailed concept of Dipleurula and the
Echinoderm theory.

UNIT-4: Agnatha 2 hrs

General characteristics and classification of cyclostomes up to Class.

UNIT- 5: Pisces

3 hrs
General characteristics of Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes; Classification up to order;
Osmoregulation; Swimbladder in fishes

UNIT- 6: Amphibia

4 hrs
General characteristics and classification up to order; Origin of Tetrapods (Evolution of
terrestrial ectotherms); Parental care in Amphibians.

UNIT-7: Reptilia

4 hrs
General characteristics and classification up to order; Affinities and evolutionary
significance of Sphenodon; Poison apparatus and biting mechanism in snakes.

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UNIT- 8: Aves

4 hrs
General characteristics and classification up to order; Flight adaptations; Migration in
birds.

UNIT- 9: Mammalia 4 hrs

General characteristics and classification up to order; Adaptive radiation with
reference to locomotory appendages.
UNIT- 10: Zoogeography 2 hrs
Zoogeographical realms, Platetectonics and Continental drift theory.

Practical 60 hrs
(Laboratory periods: 15 classes of 4 hours each)

1. Protochordata: Balanoglossus, Herdmania, Branchiostoma, Colonial

Urochordata, Sections of Balanoglossus through proboscis and branchio-genital
regions, Sections of Amphioxus through pharyngeal, intestinal and caudal regions.
Permanent slide of Herdmania spicules.
2. Agnatha: Petromyzon, Myxine.
3. Pisces: Scoliodon, Sphyrna, Pristis, Torpedo, Chimaera, Mystus, Heteropneustes,
Labeo, Exocoetus, Echeneis, Anguilla, Hippocampus, Tetrodon/Diodon, Anabas,
Flatfish. Permanent slides of Placoid and Cycloid Scales.
4. Amphibia: Ichthyophis/Ureotyphlus, Necturus, Bufo, Hyla, Alytes, Salamandra.
5. Reptilia: Chelone, Trionyx, Hemidactylus, Varanus, Uromastix, Chamaeleon,
Ophiosaurus, Draco, Bungarus, Vipera, Naja, Hydrophis, Zamenis, Crocodylus; Key for
Identification of poisonous and non-poisonous snakes.
6. Aves: Study of six common birds from different orders. Types of beaks and claws.
7. Mammalia: Sorex, Bat (Insectivorous and Frugivorous), Funambulus, Loris,
Herpestes, Erinaceous.
8. Student Presentation: Power point presentation on any two animals from two
different classes.

*Note: Refer Young, J.Z. (2004) for the classification of Protochordates and Tetrapods,
and Parker T.J. and Haswell W.A. (1972) for the classification of Agnatha and Pisces.

Essential/recommended readings
1. Young, J.Z. (2004). The Life of Vertebrates. III Edition, Oxford University Press.

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 2. Parker T.J. and Haswell W.A. (1972).Text book of Zoology Vertebrates.VII
Edition, Volume II.

Suggestive readings
1. Pough H. (2018). Vertebrate Life. X Edition, Pearson International.
2. Darlington P.J. (1966).The Geographical Distribution of Animals. R.E. Krieger
Pub. Co.

NOTE: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination Branch,
University of Delhi, from time to time.

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 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE -8 – :
Biochemistry: Metabolic Processes
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CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE

Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite of
Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria the course
Practice (if any)
Biochemistry: 04 02 Nil 02 Passed 12th NIL
Class
Metabolic
Processes
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Learning Objectives
The learning objectives of this course are as follows:
● To provide fundamental and precise knowledge of the metabolic processes that play
a crucial role in all processes of life and the development of diseases.
● To apprise the students of the various functions of the molecules like providing
structural integrity to the tissue-engineered constructs.
● Through this course, the students would be able to understand myriads of health,
potential treatments of diseases and solve several industrial problems
● The enzymatic study would enable them to understand the various metabolic
pathways and physiological reactions.

Learning Outcomes
By studying this course, students will be able to
● Interpret the structure-functional relationships of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
and nucleic acids.
● Understand the clinical knowledge and importance of antioxidants.
● Understand the process of biological oxidation crucial to generation of energy for a
living cell.
● Appreciate the action of various types of enzymes under variety of conditions.

Syllabus of DSC-8
UNIT- 1: Carbohydrate Metabolism 9 hrs
Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle, Phosphate pentose pathway, Gluconeogenesis,
Glycogenolysis and Glycogenesis.

UNIT- 2: Lipid Metabolism 7 hrs

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β-oxidation and omega-oxidation of saturated fatty acids with even number of carbon
atoms; Biosynthesis of palmitic acid; Ketogenesis.
UNIT- 3: Protein Metabolism 4 hrs
Catabolism of amino acids: Transamination, Deamination, Urea cycle.

UNIT- 4: Oxidative Phosphorylation 7 hrs

Redox systems; review of mitochondrial respiratory chain: electron carriers, sites of
ATP production, Oxidative phosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis, mitochondrial
shuttle system.

UNIT- 5: Liver as a Major Metabolic Hub 3 hrs

Inter-connection of glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvate and acetyl-CoA; fates of amino
acids, fatty acids and glucose in liver cells; cascade of metabolic events in fasting and
starvation.

Practical 60 hrs
(Laboratory periods: 15 classes of 4 hours each)
1. Estimation of total protein in given solutions by Lowry’s method.
2. Detection of SGOT and SGPT in serum/ tissue.
3. Estimation of GST and GSH in serum/ tissue.
4. To study the enzymatic activity of Lipase.
5. Study of biological oxidation (SDH) [goat liver].
6. To perform the Acid and Alkaline phosphatase assay from serum/ tissue.
7. Dry Lab: To trace the labelled ‘C’ atoms of Acetyl-CoA till they evolve as CO2in
the TCA cycle through models.

Essential/recommended readings
3. Nelson, D.L., Cox, M.M. (2017). Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry (7th ed.).
New York, WH: Freeman Company.
4. Murray, R.K., Bender, D.A., Botham, K.M., Kennelly, P.J., Rodwell, V.W. and Well,
P.A. (2009). Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry. XXVIII Edition, International
Edition, The McGraw- Hill Companies Inc.

Suggestive readings
1. Stryer, L., Berg, J., Tymoczko, J., Gatto, G. (2019). Biochemistry (9th ed.),
NewYork,WH: Freeman.
2. Voet, D., Voet. J. G. (2013). Biochemistry (4th ed.). New Jersey, John Wiley &
Sons Asia Pvt. Ltd.

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 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE– 9:
Human Physiology- Life Sustaining Systems
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CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE
Course title & Code Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite of
criteria the course (if
any)
Lecture Tutorial Practical/
Practice
Human Physiology- 04 02 Nil 02 Passed 12th NIL
Class
Life Sustaining
Systems
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Learning Objectives
The learning objectives of this course are as follows:
● The course will provide a thorough understanding of the normal body function
and helps to determine the cause of disease.
● It will enable the development of new and more effective treatments and
guidelines for maintaining good health.
● It will equip the students with an ability to pursue career in medical and
healthcare sector, pharmaceuticals and other related areas.
● It will help in understanding how these systems interact among themselves to
maintain stability or homeostasis.
Learning Outcomes
By studying this course, students will be able to:
● Appreciate human physiology and have its enhanced knowledge.
● Recognize and identify principal and physiology of digestion.
● Understand the functions of important physiological systems including the
digestive, circulatory, renal and respiratory system.
● Learn an integrative approach to understand how these separate systems interact
to yield integrated physiological responses to maintain homeostasis in the body
along with feedback mechanisms.
● Amalgamate ideas to make the connection between knowledge of physiology and
real-world situations, including healthy lifestyle decisions and problems faced due
to homeostatic imbalances.
● Perform, analyze and report on experiments and observations in physiology.
● Know the fundamentals and understand advanced concepts so as to develop a
strong foundation that will help them to acquire skills and knowledge to pursue
an advanced degree.
SYLLABUS OF DSC-9

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UNIT- I Physiology of Digestion 7 hrs
Overview of gastrointestinal tract and its associated glands; digestion; Absorption of
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins; Hormonal control of secretion of enzymes in
gastrointestinal tract.

UNIT- 2 Blood 4 hrs

Structure and functions of haemoglobin; Blood clotting system, Fibrinolytic system.

UNIT- 3: Physiology of Heart 7 hrs

Structure of heart; Coronary circulation; Origin and conduction of cardiac impulses;
Cardiac cycle; Cardiac output and its regulation; nervous and chemical regulation of
heart rate.

UNIT- 4: Physiology of Respiration 6 hrs

Overview of respiratory system; Mechanism of respiration, Respiratory volumes and
capacities; Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood; Dissociation curves and
the factors influencing it; regulation of respiration.

UNIT- 5: Renal Physiology 6 hrs

Structure of kidney and its functional unit; Mechanism of urine formation; Regulation
of water balance; Regulation of acid-base balance.

Practical 60 hrs
(Laboratory periods: 15 classes of 4 hours each)

1. To understand the components of blood, their functions and Hematopoiesis.

2. To study whole blood hemolysis with ammonium chloride solution.
3. Preparation of haemin and haemochromogen crystals.
4. Measurement and statistical analysis of variations observed in the student
population in the class for the following parameters:
a) White blood cells using haemocytometer
b) Red blood cells using haemocytometer
c) Hemoglobin
d) Blood pressure
5. Examination of histological sections of mammalian oesophagus, stomach,
duodenum, ileum, rectum, liver, trachea, lung, kidney.
6. Study of Electrocardiogram; Analysis of ECG records and calculation of heart rate.
7. Detection of abnormal constituents in urine and their physiological significance.

Essential/recommended readings

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 1. Tortora, G.J. and Derrickson, B.H. (2017). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. XV
Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
2. Ganong W.F. (2019). Review of Medical Physiology 26th ed. Mc Graw-Hill.
3. Widmaier E, Raff H and Strang K. (2013) Vander’s Human Physiology: The
Mechanism of Body Functions. XIII Edition, McGraw-Hill Education.
4. Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E. (2011) Textbook of Medical Physiology. XII Edition,
Harcourt Asia Pvt. Ltd/ W.B. Saunders Company.
5. Eroschenko, Victor P. (2012) Di Fiore's Atlas of Histology with Functional
Correlations; 12th edition, CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd.

Suggestive readings
1. Chatterjee, C.C. (2021) Human Physiology, 14th Edition, Volume 1 & Volume II, CBS
Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
2. Vander A, Sherman J, and Luciano D (2014). Vander's Human Physiology

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