sri teja

2024-25
PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
NAME-SRI TEJA
CLASS-XII A
TOPIC-TRANSFORMER
SCHOOL-SANSKRUTHI GLOBAL SCHOOL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned upon
me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the
people who have been concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to

complete this project with success. Then I would
like to thank my principal MrS.Sitalakshmi and
physics teacher Mr.Siva Kumar, whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me patch
this project and make it full proof success his
suggestions and his instructions has served as the
major contributor towards the completion of the
project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends

who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my

classmates who have helped me a lot.
INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE OF
EXCELLENCE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM OF PROJECT
4. INTRODUCTION
5. THEORY
6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8. OBSERVATION
9. CONCLUSION
10. PRECAUTION
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or
vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is
used for changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is
most widely used device in both low and high current
circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight
only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place without the
use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is
called a step-up transformer. A transformer which
decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the
ratio of –
1.Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self made transformer.
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil
p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if
Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns
are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each

turnoff the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np
dф/dt _______________ (1) and
Es = -Ns
dф/dt _______________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by

dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np
______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
induced in the primary coil p 1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the
difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back e.m.f. further if R p is the
resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous
current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip R p
When the resistance of the primary is small, R p Ip

can be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np

=K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation

ratio.
IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If Ip = value of primary current at the

same instant
And Is = value of secondary current at this

instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip

and
Output power at the same instant = Es

Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,

then
Input power = output power Or
Ep Ip = Es Is Or
Es / E p = I p / Is = K
IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when
secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose
in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we
gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps
down the current & a step down transformer
steps up the current.
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power.
i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power
losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many
power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is
less than one.
ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in

the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule
heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
iron core of the transformer. This is due to formation of
eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking
laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best
insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of S 1S2 is less than the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P 1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core
when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a
transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
IRON ROD
COPPER WIRE
VOLTMETER AMMETER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper
and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on
thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and
wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of
thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary
coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again
measure voltage and current through primary and
secondary coil of step
up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers
by changing number of turns in primary and
secondary coil.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c.
operations-
 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner, etc.
 A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production
of X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions of
a.c. over long distances.
 Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to
heating effect.
2.Eddy current can change the readings.
CONCLUSION
1.The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with
respect to the input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with
respect to the input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and
output coil of a transformer.
___________________________________________________________
_____________
___________________________________________________________
_____________
PRECAUTIONS
1.Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2.While taking the readings of current and voltage
the A.C
should remain constant.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
HELP FROM
INTERNET
INFORMATION
FROM
LIBRARY
HELP FROM
TEACHERS
1) NCERT textbook class 12

2) NCERT physics lab Manuel
3) INTERNET
4) www.yahoo.com
5) www.scribd.com
6) www.google.com

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2024-25

Primarily I would thank god for being able to

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends

Last but not the least I would like to thank my

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by

When the resistance of the primary is small, R p Ip

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the

And Is = value of secondary current at this

Input power at the instant = Ep Ip

Output power at the same instant = Es

If there are no losses of power in the transformer,

Input power = output power Or

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in

1) NCERT textbook class 12

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