Chapter 02-Network Models

Chapter 2: Network Models
2.1 OSI Model

• A network is a combination of hardware and software that sends
data from one location to another.
• A model is just a guide, not something physical
• In 1990, there were different networks, computers and operating
systems
• There was no standard way of communication among those
networks/computers/operating systems.
• People wanted to share data.
• OSI Model was created to solve that interoperability problem.
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• ISO OSI Model:

• ISO: International Standards Organization
• A multinational body dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international standards
• OSI: Open Systems Interconnection
• An ISO standard that allows communication
between all types of computer systems
• OSI Model is a layered architecture

• We use a layered architecture in daily tasks

Example:
Sending a letter
Via Post Office

• OSI Model consists of 7 Layers:

• Layer 7: Application Layer (Top Layer)

• Task: Responsible for providing services to the user
• Consists of network aware applications:
• Email
• Web browsers
• Facebook,….
• They need Internet in order to work
• Layer 6: Presentation Layer
• Task: responsible for Encryption, Compression and Translation
• Layer 5: Session Layer
• Task: Responsible for dialog control and synchronization (login
rights/permissions)

• Layer 4: Transport Layer

• Task: Responsible for the delivery of a message from one process
to another
• Layer 3: Network Layer
• Task: responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the
source host to the destination host (finds the shortest path to the
destination network)
• Layer 2: Data Link Layer
• Task: responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next
• Layer 1: physical Layer
• Task: responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop
(node) to the next

2.2 TCP/IP Model
• TCP/IP Is a suite of protocols used by Internet today

• It consists of 4 layers
• Layer 4: Application Layer
• Layer 3: Transport Layer
• Layer 2: Internet Layer
• Layer 1: Network Access Layer

2.2 Protocols of the TCP/IP Model

• Application Layer (OSI: Application, presentation and session layers)
• Some protocols
• HTTP
• HTTPS
• FTP
• POP3
• SMTP
• Protocol data units (PDU): Data
• A PDU is a generic term used to describe the information of each
layer


• Transport Layer:
• Protocols:
• TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
• Guarantees end-to-end delivery of data
• UDP: User datagram protocol
• Send n Pray: Hope the data arrives
• PDU:
• Segment for TCP
• Datagram for UDP


• Internet Layer (OSI: Network Layer)
• Protocols:
• IP: Internet Protocol
• ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol
• Sends a message when the destination node is unavailable
• ARP: Address Resolution Protocol
• Maps IP addresses to physical addresses
• Halfway between Internet Layer and Network Access Layer
• PDU: Packet


• Network Access Layer (OSI: Data Link and Physical Layers)
• Protocols:
• Ethernet
• EIA 568 A/B
• Token Ring
• CSMA/CD
• ISDN
• PDU:
• Frames (Data Link)
• Bits (Physical Layer)


• Each layer has the addressing technique: a way of identifying the source
address or the destination address
• Application Layer has no addressing as it just deals with data
• Transport Layer addressing: Ports
when it gets data, the data is broken into segments which use ports to
identify the destination:
• HTTP: port 80
• HTTPS: port 443
• FTP: Port 20 and 21
• DNS: port 53
Port number: 16-bit address represented by one decimal number


• Internet Layer addressing:
• The packets use IP Address to identify destinations
• An IP Address is a 32-bits address: 4 dotted decimal numbers where
each number represents 8 bits
• Example: 192.168.109.122
• Network Access Layer addressing:
• The frames use the Physical Address (MAC Address) to identify the
destination
• MAC address: a 48-bits Hexadecimal number (00-12-F4-AB-OC-82)
• Consists of 12 digits and every 2 digits represent 8 bits

2.3 Mapping Network Devices to the TCP/IP and OSI Model

• Physical Layer Devices (OSI)
• Consists of devices that extend the physical network
• Works on bits
• Deals with the physical characteristics such as voltage, cable type and
transfer rate
• Repeaters: Extend LAN
• Ethernet Cable length is 100m (max), if you want to go further,
you use a repeaters/transreceivers
• Transreceivers onvert signal from copper to fiber (many KMs) at
one end and from fiber to copper (100 m) at another end
• Multiport Repeaters: Hub


• Data Link Layer Devices (OSI)
• PDU=Frame; Addressing=MAC address
• Devices
• Bridges
• Multiport Bridge: Switch
These devices examine frames and make decisions to forward the
frames or not to forward based on the MAC address


• Internet/Network Layer Devices
• PDU=Packets; Addressing=IP address
• Devices
• Router
• Layer 3 Switches (Brouter): do the work of both the
switch and router
These devices examine packets and make decisions to forward
the packets or not to forward based on the IP address


• Transport Layer Devices
• PDU=Segments; Addressing=Ports
• Devices
• Firewalls
Make decisions based on the port number
• Application Layer Devices
• PDU=Data; Addressing=None
• Devices
• Application Layer Gateway (ALG)
Examine the contents of the data and make decisions to forward the data
or not

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Chapter 2: Network Models

2.1 OSI Model

CSC 2141 BY DR DANY KAMUHANDA UR CE 1

• ISO OSI Model:

CSC 2141 BY DR DANY KAMUHANDA UR CE 2

• We use a layered architecture in daily tasks

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• OSI Model consists of 7 Layers:

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• Layer 7: Application Layer (Top Layer)

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• Layer 4: Transport Layer

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2.2 TCP/IP Model

• TCP/IP Is a suite of protocols used by Internet today

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2.2 Protocols of the TCP/IP Model

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2.2 Protocols of the TCP/IP Model

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2.2 Protocols of the TCP/IP Model

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2.2 Protocols of the TCP/IP Model

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2.2 Protocols of the TCP/IP Model

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2.2 Protocols of the TCP/IP Model

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2.3 Mapping Network Devices to the TCP/IP and OSI Model

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2.3 Mapping Network Devices to the TCP/IP and OSI Model

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2.3 Mapping Network Devices to the TCP/IP and OSI Model

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2.3 Mapping Network Devices to the TCP/IP and OSI Model

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