Chapter 4 Industrialization and International Trade

Detailed questions
Question 1: Write a note on domestic industry of Pakistan.
Answer: Domestic industry of Pakistan
Definition:
Cottage industry refers to small-scale industries where goods are manufactured locally in a domestic
manner. Artisans in this industry make items with their hands or using simple tools.
Commitment of workers:
Approximately two-thirds of industrial workers in Pakistan are engaged in cottage industries.
Famous products of Pakistan:
Famous products of Pakistan’s cottage industries include small units of carpet weaving, wool spinning,
cotton cloth making, engraving on wood and metals, leather work, embroidery, and needlework.
Importance
1. Family needs:
Cottage industries play an important role in the lives of the people of Pakistan. A significant number of
people are involved in these industries and are fulfilling the needs of their families.
2. Use of local resources:
People engaged in cottage industries produce low-cost goods using local resources, thereby meeting local
needs.
3. Source of Income:
These industries are an important source of income for people in rural areas where jobs are limited.
4. Medium of Exchange:
People involved in domestic industry earn foreign exchange by exporting their products.
5. Economic Conditions:
In Pakistan, cottage industries significantly contribute in improving the economic conditions of the people.
6. Employment for Women:
Home-based industries provide valuable employment opportunities for women.
7. Employment Opportunities:
Great opportunities arise for those who find it difficult to get jobs in remote areas.
Question 2: Discuss the need for technological advancement for developing industries in Pakistan.
Answer: Advances in science and technology lead to industrial boom
Modern era:
Science and technology are essential for industrial development. Today's world is changing rapidly. This is
the era of inventions and modern technology.
International Competition:
To compete with other countries of the world, Pakistan needs to set up industries based on modern
technology. The existing industries need to be upgraded with advanced equipment and machinery.
 The need for technological progress
1. A major part of Pakistan's exports consists of agricultural products. Agricultural industry needs full
technical support.
2. There is need to adopt modern methods of agriculture to increase productivity like drones, self-tractors,
seed sowing roots, harvesters for harvesting, drip irrigation systems, greenhouses, GISO and artificial
intelligence.
3. Knowledge of modern technology is essential to be self-sufficient in manufacturing various products and
increase productivity.
4. It is the responsibility of the government to establish technical training institutions for the training of
individuals.
5. The quality of local products should be improved according to international standards.
6. Good relations should be established with other countries of the world for the production of products.
Question 3: Study Pakistan's largest industry and explain its role in international trade.
Answer: Pakistan's largest industry:
Textile industry is the largest industry of Pakistan. It is the backbone of the country's economy. Faisalabad,
Karachi and Hyderabad are major centers of textile industry. Apart from these, many textile mills are also
located in different parts of the country.
Types of Garment Industry:
There are three major types of textile industry in Pakistan:
1. Cotton Fabric Industry:
This industry includes cotton ginning, cotton spinning, weaving and garment manufacturing.
2. Woolen Textile Industry:
The process of spinning wool and making woolen cloth is done in all regions of Pakistan especially Harnai,
Bannu, Nowshera, Rawalpindi, Sahiwal and Karachi.
3. Silk and Rayon Fabric Industry:
In Pakistan, silk fabric and silk products manufacturing units are located in Karachi and Multan. Faisalabad
and Gujranwala are major centers for the synthetic silk and synthetic silk fabric manufacturing industry.
Role in international trade
No country is self-sufficient in everything. Every country has to depend on other countries to meet its needs.
Trade plays an important role in the development of a country.
Pakistan's major trading partners are the United States, Germany, China, the United Kingdom and
Afghanistan. Its exports mainly include textiles, ready-made garments, sheets, cotton cloth and cotton yarn.
Chapter 5: Transportation and its importance
Detailed questions
Question 1: What are the characteristics of roads and airways? Compare them.
Answer: Characteristics of roads:
The characteristics of road transport are as follows:
1. Roads are more suitable for covering short distances and are cheaper means of transportation.
2. Roads facilitate ease in local, national and international trade.
3. Tourism is developed due to good road system.
4. Roads can be traveled according to one's convenience and at any time.
5. Roads are the most suitable means of transportation in rural areas.
Characteristics of Air Routes:
Air transport has the following characteristics:
1. It is the fastest and most expensive means of transportation.
2. It is the shortest means of travel.
3. It saves time.
Question 2: Analyze the transport system in Pakistan. Write about the merits and demerits of
Pakistan's transport infrastructure.
Answer: Transport system in Pakistan
Roads:
Roads are an important part of the transport system of Pakistan. The current road network extends
approximately 493,000 km. The National Highway Authority manages the major roads in Pakistan. The four
famous national highways of Pakistan are
1.Grand Trunk Road 2. Indus Highway
3.Karakoram Highway 4. Makran Coastal Highway.
Railway Lines:
The length of railway lines in Pakistan is about 8000 km. Some important railway lines in Pakistan include:
1. Karachi- Peshawar Railway Line 2. Kotri-Attack Railway Line
3. Rohri-Chaman Railway Line 4. Quetta-Taftan Railway Line
5. Taxila-Khunjarab Railway Line
Waterways:
Waterways in Pakistan play an important role in domestic and foreign trade. The Indus River is used for
local transportation. The main ports of Pakistan are Karachi, Port Qasim and Gwadar.
Air:
Pakistan International Airlines Corporation was established on January 10, 1955. It is responsible for
domestic and international flights in Pakistan.
Strengths and weaknesses of Pakistan's transport infrastructure
Advantages:
1. About 80% of Pakistan's total traffic is transported via highways.
2. Efforts are being taken to make the railway vehicles modern and comfortable.
3. New airports are under construction.
4. The development of Gwadar Port is expected to boost Pakistan's trade activities and industries.
Drawbacks:
1. Traffic jams lead to dangerous accidents, wastage of fuel and mental stress.
2. Public transport infrastructure is lacking in the country.
3. Many roads are in poor condition and deteriorating.
Question 3: What is the role of transportation system in domestic and foreign trade? Examine the
importance of transportation in exports and imports.
Answer: The role of transport system in domestic and foreign trade
1. Product Distribution:
The transportation system plays a major role in domestic and international trade by facilitating the
availability of raw materials and the distribution of products across the country.
Access to Markets:
In the past, due to lack of efficient means of transportation, only local markets were accessible. Today, with
modern and efficient means of transportation, trade has spread all over the world.
3. Global Market:
Due to the development of modern transportation, all the countries of the world have come together to form
a global market.
4. Growth in Trade:
Modern transportation allows for the rapid and efficient movement of perishable goods like seafood, milk,
and meat to remote locations around the world, contributing significantly to trade growth.
Importance of transportation in exports and imports
1. National Economy:
The transportation system directly affects the economy of a country.
2. Availability of Raw Material:
Raw materials used in the industries come from remote areas. Efficient means of transportation ensures
movement of raw materials to industrial hubs.
3. Product Delivery:
Proper transportation infrastructure helps in delivery of products from industries to retailers and consumers.
4. Employment Commitment:
The transportation sector provides employment to many people, including drivers, bus staff, pilots, and
others. Additionally, numerous professionals work in bus depots, railway stations, airports, and seaports.
Chapter: 6 Social and Economic Development
Question 1: Analyze the important indicators of economic development. Also explain their importance.
Answer: Economic Development Indicators
1. GDP (Gross Domestic Product):
GDP refers to the total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year.
2. Distribution of wealth:
Wealth is the total value of assets (money, property and resources) held by an individuals, classes or
countries. It indicates how evenly or unevenly wealth is spread among the population.
3. Inflation:
A continuous increase in the prices of goods and services is called inflation.
4. Unemployment:
 Unemployment is an economic situation where people who are eligible for employment do not find
employment despite their efforts.
5. Per Capita Income:
It is the average amount of money received by each person living in a country or state over a period of one
year.
6. Per Capita Consumption:
Annual consumption of goods and services by individuals in a country, such as food, clothing, and other
essentials.
Importance of leading indicators in economic growth
1. These indicators are used to estimate the economic development of the country.
2. They are helpful for better planning and development of a country.
3. They show statistical data of economic trends.
4. Investors or business people can also make financial decisions with the help of these indicators.
Question 2: What is the role of inflation and unemployment in the country's development?
Answer: Role of inflation in national development
Opinion of Economists:
Economists believe that a moderate level of inflation, around 2% annual increase in inflation in a country
can positively affect the economy.
This level of inflation increases economic activity. People spend money instead of saving it. Demand for
goods increases. Investors are encouraged, which fosters economic development.
Increase in Inflation Rate:
A high increase in the rate of inflation can be harmful to the economy because in such a situation the
purchasing power of people decreases and it becomes difficult for them to purchase basic goods and
services.
State Bank of Pakistan Report:
According to the data of the State Bank of Pakistan, inflation in Pakistan has reached 36.4% in April 2023,
which is very high.
Role of Unemployment and Inflation in National Development
Purchasing power:
Unemployment can slow down a country's growth because when people are unemployed, their purchasing
power is reduced.
Social Issues:
They do not have money to buy the necessities of life and this can lead to poverty and other social problems.
National Prosperity:
When more people in a country have jobs, they can earn more money. Can support their family and
contribute to the development of the country. Therefore, to make a country more prosperous and stable, it is
important to reduce unemployment.
Question 3: Do you think Pakistan's health care system needs improvement? Research and write ways
to improve Pakistan's health care system.
Answer: Challenges Facing Pakistan's Healthcare System:
Pakistan's healthcare system faces several significant challenges, including inadequate funding, a shortage of
healthcare workers and infrastructure, a lack of focus on preventive health, and inequitable distribution of
resources.
Ways to Improve Pakistan's Healthcare System:
1. Controlling population growth 2. Increase in literacy rate
3. Better Planning 4. Allocation of appropriate funds
5. Increase in budget 6. Deep interest of the government
7. Building the healthcare sector 8. Promoting health education in rural areas