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1. Give any four reasons why Pakistan’s railway is not well developed?

96
The main reasons for the downfall of railway can be described as following.
 Mismanagement is the most common factor for the downfall of railway in Pakistan administration of Pakistan
railway has failed to keep a good management.
 Pakistan railways is facing the problem of lack of good engineering facilities. Unskilled staff and untrained
technicians are working in the engineering department of Pakistan railways.
 Carelessness of technical staff associated to Pakistan railway is also a cause of downfall of railways in Pakistan
 Corruption in Pakistan railways has brought it at the edge of downfall.

2. Why is cheap labour required on cultivation of rubber or tea? 95, 115


The cultivation of rubber is a difficult job which depends upon a team work. A large number of labourers are
required for the care of young rubber plants and to collect the fluid from the plants. Similarly a large number of
labourers are required for the maintaining the transportation path. Therefore cheap labour is essential for the
cultivation of rubber.
Similarly the availability of cheap labour is an important factor for the cultivation of tea. A large number of skilled
labourers are required for the cultivation of tea. Tea leaves are picked with hands and a particular process is used
to pick tea leaves and buds, therefore patient labourers are required who could perform their work with greater
attention. The regions where the labourers are available at low payments, tea cultivation remains successful
there. The process of plantation of tea plants in tea gardens is a difficult task. A lot of labourers are also required
for drying tea leaves and roasting and collecting them. Women, young girls and children usually work in tea
gardens.

3. Discuss that energy or power is the basic need of industry. 96


The availability of power or energy is the basic need for the progress of an industry. All the machines used in
industry are operated through energy or power resources. Therefor industries are established at the places where
cheap energy or power resources are available in large quantity.

4. Write any two definitions of commercial geography. 133


Two definitions of commercial geography are following:
 Commercial geography is an enquiry into the production, exchange and consumption of goods by the people
in different areas of the world.

5. What are link canals? Name any four link canals. 97


Eight canals which help in the transportation of western rivers in the eastern rivers are called link canals which are
following.
(i) Rasul Gadirabad Link canal
(ii) Qadirabad Baloki Link Canal
(iii) Baloki Sulaimanki Link Canal
(iv) Chasma Jhelum Link Canal

6. Discuss the geographical importance of Karachi port.


The geographical importance of Karachi Port are following
(i) It is the largest and busiest seaport in Pakistan. 60% of the total cargo of Pakistan is handled here. Nearly
25 million tons of cargo is handled on Karachi Port per annum.
(ii) It is a seaport of international standard. Is consists 30 berths and two wharves, the East wharf and the
West wharf.
(iii) Two dry ports and the East wharf and the west wharf are the centers of all cargo handling activities on
the port.
(iv) Karachi Seaport is located near the island region of Kemari. It started its operation in 1854 and now
Karachi Port Trust (KPT) manages its operation.
(v) The hinterland of Karachi Seaport consists of whole Pakistan and it is also linked with Afghanistan.
7. Write the favourable factors for tuber cultivation. 101
The favourable factors of Rubber Cultivation are following.
(i) Temperature
Those regions of the world are considered the best for the cultivation of rubber where temperature
remains 80F throughout a year. If the temperature foes below 70F, the cultivation of rubber is affected.
(ii) Rainfall
The cultivation of rubber can be done in 3.5 to 4 inches of rainfall every month otherwise the juice of
rubber is decreased.
(iii) Soil
The plant of rubber grows in the fields where natural management of water drainage is present. The soil
which contains nitrogen and phosphorous remains favourable for the cultivation of rubber.

8. What is meant by urbanization? Enlist the factor of urbanization. 101


The process of shifting the population from rural areas to urban areas is called as Urbanization.
There are two types of urbanization which are following
Pull Factors
Pull factors are the attractive factors by which an individual is attracted to change his place of living. These factors
are following.
(i) Health facilities (ii)high standard of living
(ii) Standard of education (iv)better recreational facilities
(v) Employment opportunity (vi) better social environment

Push Factors
The factors which motivate the people living in rural areas to leave and shift to urban areas are called Pull Factor.
The s factor are following.
(i) Poverty (ii) low standard of living
(iii) Scarcity of life and property (iv) worse sanitary condition
(v) Lack of transportation and communication (vi) lack of health facilities

9. Write a note on the geographical location of Pakistan. 147


Pakistan is located between latitude of 23.30 degree to 36.45 degree north and extends from longitude 61 degree
to 75.5 degree east. In the north and north east of Pakistan the province of China sunkiang and Tibet are located
and the boarder line connect them to Gilgit. A small strip of Afghan territory known as Wakhan, separates
Pakistan from Tajikistan. The boundary of Pakistan in the East is connected to the East Punjab in India and
Rajhistan. The total area of Pakistan is 796095 square kilometers. According to the census of March 1981, the
population of Pakistan was 8 billion 42 million and 54 thousands individuals and the rate of growth of population
was 2.8%. According to the census of March 1998, the population of Pakistan had become 13 billion five million
and eighty thousand people and the rate of growth of population was 2.61% annually.

10. Cotton is a leading vegetable crop and as well as industrial crop. Discuss.100
COTTON
Cotton is considered as a plant which bears no fruit. It is a plant of Sub-tropical region. Cotton is a leading
vegetable crop as it is known as the King of all the natural fibers. It is said that the man uses cotton from his birth
to death and is popular dress of poor and rich. Greece is a leading cotton producing country in Europe. Cotton
trade as second position in international market among agricultural crops, so it is not only a leading vegetable
crop but also an important industrial crop.
11. Write note on alternative energy resources. 101
Due to the shortage of aquatic sources of energy, the search of alternative sources of energy is being continued.
Following alternative sources of energy are used throughout the world.

Ethanol
Ethanol is being source of energy in order to produce organic fuel.

Geothermal energy
The energy which is obtained from the inner part of earth is called as geothermal energy superheated water or
steam is obtained from the interior it is used for running the turbines to generate electricity.

Wind energy
Which is obtained from the power of moving wind is called as wind energy. Wind energy can be converted into
other forms of energy. Wind energy is commonly used in running windmill. Windmills are used to run turbines for
generation of electricity.

Biofuel
Those fuels which are produced by the use of energy through the process of carbon fixation are called biofuel.
These fuel are formed from Biomass conversion. Biomass refers to recently living organisms, most often to plants
or plant derived materials. This biomass can be converted to energy in three different ways that are thermal
conversion, chemical conversion and biochemical conversion. It can be converted into solid, liquid and gas form.

Solar energy
The energy which is obtained from sun in the form of heat and light called solar energy. Solar energy is used in
solar cell in order to produce energy. Solar panels are also being manufactured in order to produce electricity
from solar energy.

12. Write note on dairy farming. 102


Dairy farming
Dairy farming need animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milking machine and fine quality of
milk producing animals. All these requirements for dairy farming are obtained by the investment of a large
amount of capital. It is the reason that dairy farming is considered highly capital intensive. Commercial Dairy
region include West America, Argentine, middle Chile, East Japan and South Africa. By means of Advanced
technology dairy industry has flourished in south east and north east America. These land are unfit for food
production and Cash crop production, hence they are used as grasslands for dairy farming which has been
adopted as an alternative occupation on a commercial scale

13. What are the three main types of chemical fertilizers? 103
The main types of chemical fertilizers
Chemical or natural substance which is added to soil for increasing the capability of its fertility is called as
fertilizer. There are two kinds of fertilizers which are organic Fertilizer and in organic fertilizer.
Three major fertilizer elements
Three major fertilizer elements and their functions are following:
Nitrogen
It is the basic of fertilizers and it has to increase protein content of food crops.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is the major constituent of fertilizer full stop it help in Rapid growth of plants control for root
flowering and seed formation of plants.
Potassium
Potassium is also a major element of fertilizer. It produces resistance against diseases in plants. It helps in the
growth of stalks and stems in plants
14. Write a note on solar energy. 103
The energy which is obtained in the form of heat and light from the sun is called solar energy. The technology
through which solar energy can be stored and utilized is known as Solar Energy Technology. Theses solar
technologies are used throughout the world for the storage and production of solar energy. These technologies
are helpful in the conversion and distribution of solar energy. In active solar technologies photovoltaic panels are
used for the storage, conversion and distribution of solar energy. Nellis Solar Power Plat in America is the largest
photo power plant. In Passive solar technologies, a building with special arrangements is constructed before the
sun, thus solar energy is automatically stored, converted and distributed.

15. Why is Karez system practiced in Baluchistan only? 103


The system of Karez in Baluchistan

The system of Karez is practiced in Baluchistan only because the following reason.
(i) Canal system of irrigation is not existed in Baluchistan.
(ii) Due to presence of mountains, it is not possible to operate canal network in Baluchistan.
(iii) In the mountainous areas of the system of Karez is used to store water for irrigation.
(iv) The Karez in the system of irrigation are covered with stones so that water may not be dried by
evaporation.
(v) The system of Karez Baluchistan is owned by private agriculturists and the different partners
use it on their turn. They are also responsible to look after and repair it.

16. Why does Karachi has moderate climate?


The Moderate climate of Karachi
Karachi is located in the lower Indus plan. The climate of Karachi is better than Lahore. The
temperature of Karachi is not increase due to land breeze and ocean winds. Land breeze and
ocean winds blow throughout the year in the areas of Karachi. Winter is also not so severe as
compared to Lahore. In Karachi there is no distinguishing difference in the temperature throughout
a year.

What do you mean by geography?


Definition and meaning of geography:
The word geography is a combination of two words “Geo” and “Graphy”. Geo is Greek word whichmeans The Earth
and the word Graphy has been derived from the word Graphen which means Description. So geography means
description of the earth. Geography could be defined as :The science of description of the physical feature sof the
Earth.
Definitionof commercial Geography:
Commercial geography is a form of geography concerned with the production and supply of raw materials including
agricultural output and finished goods.

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