Chapter 3

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DR.

AHMED ATEF
01017577386

CHAPTER 3
STOICHIOMETRY
Chemistry Course
Grade 12
STEM
DR/ Ahmed Atef 01017577386

Chemical Equations
• A chemical change involves a reorganization of the atoms in one or more
substances. For example, when the methane (CH4) in natural gas combines
with oxygen (O2) in the air and burns, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
are formed.
• This process is represented by a chemical equation with the reactants (here
methane and oxygen) on the left side of an arrow and the products (carbon
dioxide and water) on the right side:
CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Reactants products
• In any chemical reaction, the atoms have been reorganized. Bonds have been
broken, and new ones have been formed. It is important to recognize that in a
chemical reaction, atoms are neither created nor destroyed.
• There must be the same number of each type of atom on the products side
and on the reactants side of the arrow. Making sure that this rule is obeyed is
called balancing a chemical equation for a reaction.
• So, We have to balance the preceding situation by the following chemical
equation:

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

• The chemical equation for a reaction gives two important types of


information: the nature of the reactants and products and the relative
numbers of each.

State Symbol
Solid (s)
Liquid (l)
Gas (g)
Dissolved in water (aq)
(in aqueous solution)

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Balancing chemical equations


Writing and Balancing the Equation for a Chemical Reaction
1. Determine what reaction is occurring. What are the reactants, the products,
and the physical states involved?
2. Write the unbalanced equation that summarizes the reaction described in
Step I.
3. Balance the equation by inspection, starting with the most complicated
molecule(s). Determine what coefficients are necessary so that the same
number of each type of atom appears on both reactant and product sides.
Do not change the identities (formulas) of any of the reactants or products.
Examples:
Balancing a Chemical Equation I
1. Chromium compounds exhibit a variety of bright colors. When solid
ammonium dichromate, (NH4)2Cr2O7, a vivid orange compound, is ignited,
a spectacular reaction occurs, as shown in the two photographs. Although the
reaction is actually somewhat more complex, let's assume here that the
products are solid chromium(III) oxide, nitrogen gas (consisting of N2
molecules), and water vapor. Balance the equation for this reaction.

Balancing a Chemical Equation II


2. At 1000°C, ammonia gas, NH3 (g), reacts with oxygen gas to form gaseous
nitric oxide, NO (g), and water vapor. This reaction is the first step in the
commercial production of nitric acid by the Ostwald process. Balance the
equation for this reaction.

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Calculating Masses of Reactants and Products in Reactions


1. Balance the equation for the reaction.
2. Convert the known mass of the reactant or product to moles of that
substance.
3. Use the balanced equation to set up the appropriate mole ratios.
4. Use the appropriate mole ratios to calculate the number of moles of the
desired reactant or product.
5. Convert from moles back to grams if required by the problem.

Examples:
Chemical Stoichiometry I
1. Solid lithium hydroxide is used in space vehicles to remove exhaled carbon
dioxide from the living environment by forming solid lithium carbonate and
liquid water. What mass of gaseous carbon dioxide can be absorbed by 1.00
kg of lithium hydroxide?
Chemical Stoichiometry II
2. Baking soda (NaHCO3) is often used as an antacid. It neutralizes excess
hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach:
NaHCO3 (s) + HCI (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (aq)
Milk of magnesia, which is an aqueous suspension of magnesium hydroxide, is
also used as an antacid:
Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → 2H2O (l) + MgCl2 (aq)
Which is the more effective antacid per gram, NaHCO3 or Mg(OH)2?

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Limiting reactant
• The reactant that runs out first and thus limits the amounts of products that
can form is called the limiting reactant.

It’s a classic conundrum: We have five hot dogs and four hot dog buns. How
many complete hot dogs can we make?
Assuming that hot dogs and buns combine in a 1:1 ratio, we can make four
complete hot dogs.
Once we run out of buns, we'll have to stop making complete hot dogs. In other
words, the hot dog buns limit the number of complete hot dogs we can produce.
1 hot dog bun + 1 hot dog → Sandwich

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Determination of the limiting reactant


Stoichiometry: Limiting Reactant
1. Nitrogen gas can be prepared by passing gaseous ammonia over solid
copper(II) oxide at high temperatures. The other products of the reaction are
solid copper and water vapor. If a sample containing 18.1 g of NH3 is
reacted with 90.4 g of CuO, which is the limiting reactant? How many
grams of N2 will be formed?

2. Phosphoric acid can be prepared by reaction of sulfuric acid with "phosphate


rock" according to the equation:
Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 → 3CaSO4 + 2H3PO4
Suppose the reaction is carried out starting with 129 g of Ca3(PO4)2 and
97.4 g of H2SO4. Which substance is the limiting reactant?

Theoretical yield
• The amount of a product formed when the limiting reactant is completely
consumed and is calculated from the Stoichiometric Calculations. The
theoretical yield is the maximum amount that can be obtained from the
reaction.
• Actually, the amount of product predicted by the theoretical yield is seldom
obtained. The actual amount that is obtained is called actual yield.
• The actual yield of product is often given as a percentage of the theoretical
yield. This is called the percent yield:
𝐀𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝
Calculating Percent Yield
Methanol (CH3OH), also called methyl alcohol, is the simplest alcohol. It is
used as a fuel in race cars and is a potential replacement for gasoline. Methanol
can be manufactured by combining gaseous carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Suppose 68.5 kg CO (g) is reacted with 8.60 kg H2(g). Calculate the
theoretical yield of methanol. If 3.57 X 104 g CH3OH is actually produced,
what is the percent yield of methanol?

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Solving a Stoichiometry Problem Involving Masses


of Reactants and Products
1. Write and balance the equation for the reaction.
2. Convert the known masses of substances to moles.
3. Determine which reactant is limiting.
4. Using the amount of the limiting reactant and the appropriate mole ratios,
compute the number of moles of the desired product.
5. Convert from moles to grams, using the molar mass.
This process is summarized in the diagram below:

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Examples
• For the reaction P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) → 4H3PO4(aq), what mass of P4O10
must be consumed if 3.71  1023 molecules of H2O are also consumed?
A) 1.05  103 g P4O10
B) 29.1 g P4O10
C) 175 g P4O10
D) 1.85 g P4O10
E) 66.6 g P4O10

• Suppose the reaction Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 → 3CaSO4 + 2H3PO4 is carried


out starting with 153 g of Ca3(PO4)2 and 76.8 g of H2SO4. How much
phosphoric acid will be produced?
A) 76.7 g
B) 51.1 g
C) 229.8 g
D) 115.1 g
E) 96.7 g

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