Chm 101 Lecture 2

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical reactions
in which the reactants and the products are expressed in terms of their
respective chemical formulae.
Chemical equations make use of symbols to represent factors such
as the direction of the reaction and the physical states of the
reacting entities. Chemical equations were first formulated by the
French chemist Jean Beguin in the year 1615.

Chemical reactions are represented on paper by chemical equations.
For example, hydrogen gas (H2) can react (burn) with oxygen gas (O2)
to form water (H2O). The chemical equation for this reaction is written
as: 2H2+O2→2H2O
This is an example of a , which is a concise way of representing a chemical
reaction. The initial substances are called , and the final substances are
called .
Representing the Direction of the Chemical Reaction
The reactants and the products (for which the chemical formulae are written in
chemical equations) can be separated by one of the following four symbols.
•In order to describe a net forward reaction, the symbol ‘→’ is used.
•In order to describe a state of chemical equilibrium, the symbol ‘⇌’ is used.
•To denote stoichiometric relationships, the ‘=’ symbol is used.
•In order to describe a reaction that occurs in both forward and backward
directions, the symbol ‘⇄’ is used.

Representing the Physical States of the Reacting
Entities
•The symbol (s) describes an entity in the solid state
•The symbol (l) denotes the liquid state of an entity
•The symbol (g) implies that the entity is in the gaseous
state.
•The (aq) symbol corresponding to an entity in a chemical
equation denotes an aqueous solution of that entity.

Balancing Simple Chemical Equations
When a chemist encounters a new reaction, it does not usually come with a
label that shows the balanced chemical equation. Instead, the chemist must
identify the reactants and products and then write them in the form of a
chemical equation that may or may not be balanced as first written.

The fundamental principle behind balancing equations is
the law of conservation of mass, which states that matter,
meaning physical substances like atoms and molecules,
cannot be created or destroyed.

This means there must be the same mass of atoms on both sides
of a chemical equation, and therefore the same number of atoms.
Ca + Cl2 → CaCl2
REACTANT: 1 atom of Ca and 2 atoms of Cl
PRODUCT: 1 atom of Ca and 2 atoms of Cl
The equation is balanced because the number of atoms on
the reactant side is same as those on the product side
The subscript represents the number of atoms of a given
element in each molecule. For example, in 3O2, the
coefficient is 3 and the subscript is 2.

STEPS FOR BALANCING OF EQUATION:
First, count the atoms on each side. Second, change the
coefficient of one of the substances. Third, count the
numbers of atoms again and, from there, repeat steps

H2 + O2 → H2O.
CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
NH3(g) + O2(g) N2(g) + H2O

STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometry is the quantitative relation between the
number of moles (and therefore mass) of various products and
reactants in a chemical reaction. Chemical reactions must be
balanced or, in other words, must have the same number of
various atoms in the products as in the reactants.

Mass Relations from Equation
The relative numbers of reactant and product molecule
are indicated by the coefficient of a balance chemical
equations. Using molar masses, we can compare the
relative masses of reactants and products in a chemical
equation.
Example: 4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) 2N2(g) + 6H2O
4 moles of NH3 reacts with 3 moles of O2 to form
2moles of N2 and 6 moles of H2O.
Assuming 10g of NH3 was consumed in the
reaction.
From the mole ratio the moles of O2 consumed as
well as N and H2O produced can be estimated.
4mole of NH3 3 moles of O2
0.588 mole of NH3 x moles of O2
4=3
0.580 = X
X= = 0.441 mol of O2
A solution containing 2.00g of Hg(NO3)2 was added to
a solution containing Na2S. calculate the mass of
products formed according to the reaction.
Hg(NO3)2(aq) + Na2S(aq) HgS(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq)
1 mole of Hg(No3)gives 1 mole of HgS
200 (14 + 16 x 3)2 200 + 32
324.6 232
2 x
324.6 x X = 232 x 2
324.6 x X = 464
X=
ASSIGNMENT
In a Rocket motor fueled with butane, C4H10, how many
kilograms of liquid oxygen should be proviled with each
kilogram of butane to provide complete combustion.
Example 5: 2C5H12OH + 15O2 10CO2 + 12H2O
a. How many moles of O2 are needed for the combustion of 1
mole alkanol?
b. How many moles of H2O are formed for each mole of O2
consumed?
c. How many grams of CO2 are produced for each mole of
alkanol burned
d. How many grams of CO2 are produced for each gram of
alkanol burned
Mass concentration.
Mass conc = the unit is g/dm3
Example 6: what is the concentration of 4 g of NaOH dissolved

in 100 ml of H2O
*Convert 100ml to dm3
= 0.1dm3
= 40g/dm3
Molar Concentration
Molar conc. = mol/dm3
The concentration of NaOH in mole/dm3 when its
concentration in g/dm3 is 40g/dm3
Molar conc = = = = 1 mol/dm3

You are provided with anhydrous Na2CO2 of O.52g which was
dissolved in 100ml of distilled water. 25ml of the stock solution of
Na2CO3 prepared was titrated against HCL to arrive at an average
titre value of 20cm3. Calculate
a. The number of mole of Na2CO3 in the stock solution
b. The number of moles of Na2CO3 in the 25cm3
c. The molarity of the HCl
d. The molarity of the Na CO

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CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical reactions

respective chemical formulae.

Chemical equations make use of symbols to represent factors such

as the direction of the reaction and the physical states of the

reacting entities. Chemical equations were first formulated by the

French chemist Jean Beguin in the year 1615.

chemical equations) can be separated by one of the following four symbols.

•To denote stoichiometric relationships, the ‘=’ symbol is used.

directions, the symbol ‘⇄’ is used.

•The symbol (s) describes an entity in the solid state

•The symbol (l) denotes the liquid state of an entity

•The symbol (g) implies that the entity is in the gaseous

•The (aq) symbol corresponding to an entity in a chemical

equation denotes an aqueous solution of that entity.

chemical equation that may or may not be balanced as first written.

the law of conservation of mass, which states that matter,

meaning physical substances like atoms and molecules,

cannot be created or destroyed.

of a chemical equation, and therefore the same number of atoms.

element in each molecule. For example, in 3O2, the

coefficient is 3 and the subscript is 2.

First, count the atoms on each side. Second, change the

coefficient of one of the substances. Third, count the

numbers of atoms again and, from there, repeat steps

CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2

NH3(g) + O2(g) N2(g) + H2O

Stoichiometry is the quantitative relation between the

number of moles (and therefore mass) of various products and

reactants in a chemical reaction. Chemical reactions must be

balanced or, in other words, must have the same number of

various atoms in the products as in the reactants.

The relative numbers of reactant and product molecule

are indicated by the coefficient of a balance chemical

equations. Using molar masses, we can compare the

relative masses of reactants and products in a chemical

4 moles of NH3 reacts with 3 moles of O2 to form

2moles of N2 and 6 moles of H2O.

Assuming 10g of NH3 was consumed in the

Mass conc = the unit is g/dm3

Example 6: what is the concentration of 4 g of NaOH dissolved

*Convert 100ml to dm3

Molar conc. = mol/dm3

The concentration of NaOH in mole/dm3 when its

concentration in g/dm3 is 40g/dm3

Molar conc = = = = 1 mol/dm3

dissolved in 100ml of distilled water. 25ml of the stock solution of

Na2CO3 prepared was titrated against HCL to arrive at an average

titre value of 20cm3. Calculate

a. The number of mole of Na2CO3 in the stock solution

b. The number of moles of Na2CO3 in the 25cm3

c. The molarity of the HCl

d. The molarity of the Na CO

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