Scribd
Upload
12 views

Detailed Notes Unit I Process Control

Uploaded by

bhairavnathborate36
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Detailed Notes Unit I Process Control

Uploaded by

bhairavnathborate36
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Detailed Notes: Unit I - Fundamentals of Process Control

1. Components of Process Control Loop


A process control loop is designed to maintain a process variable (PV) at a desired set point
(SP) despite disturbances. The key components are:

1. Sensor/Transmitter: Measures the process variable (e.g., temperature, pressure, flow)


and transmits the data to the controller.

2. Controller: Compares the measured PV with the desired SP and computes the required
correction to minimize the error.

3. Final Control Element: Executes the corrective action determined by the controller (e.g.,
control valves, pumps).

4. Actuator: Converts the electrical signal from the controller into mechanical motion to
adjust the final control element.

2. Examples of Process Loops


Examples of common process loops include:

1. Temperature Control Loop: PV = Temperature; SP = Desired temperature; Final Control


Element = Control valve.

2. Flow Control Loop: PV = Flow rate; SP = Desired flow rate; Final Control Element = Pump
or valve.

3. Level Control Loop: PV = Liquid level; SP = Desired level; Final Control Element =
Inflow/outflow valve.

4. Pressure Control Loop: PV = Pressure; SP = Desired pressure; Final Control Element =


Relief valve or compressor.

3. Process Variables
Process variables are measurable quantities in a process. They include:

1. Controlled Variable: The variable the system aims to maintain (e.g., temperature,
pressure).

2. Manipulated Variable: The variable adjusted to achieve the desired control.

3. Disturbance Variable: External factors that cause deviations from the set point.

4. Signal Line Symbols and Instrumentation Symbols


Signal line symbols and instrument symbols are used in P&IDs.
1. Signal Line Symbols: Solid = Pneumatic; Dashed = Electrical; Dotted = Hydraulic.

2. Instrumentation Symbols: Circle = Field-mounted instruments; Hexagon = Control room


instruments.

5. Field and Control Room Area


1. Field Area: Location of on-site instruments like sensors and actuators.

2. Control Room Area: Centralized location for controllers and monitoring systems.

6. Standard Signals
1. 4-20 mA Current Signal: Standardized for process control. Live Zero (4 mA) indicates 0%
of range; Dead Zero (0 mA) indicates fault.

2. Voltage Signals (1-5 V): Common for short-distance signal transmission.

7. Process Characteristics
1. Process Equation: Mathematical relationship between input and output.

2. Capacity: Process's ability to store energy or material.

3. Self-Regulation: Inherent ability to stabilize without external control.

4. Control Lag: Delay between control action and its effect.

5. Process Lag: Time to reach a new steady state after a disturbance.

6. Dead Time: Delay between input change and observable output effect.

How to Prepare
1. Understand Core Concepts: Learn the roles of components in a control loop.

2. Practice Diagrams: Draw and annotate process control diagrams.

3. Review Examples: Study real-world applications of process loops.

4. Memorize Standards: Focus on standard signal ranges like 4-20 mA and their importance.

5. Solve Problems: Apply theoretical knowledge to practice questions.

You might also like