UNIT 1: DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH  Concerned with broad problems.

Research – purposive, systematic, and scientific process of Problem-solving

gathering, analyzing, organizing, presenting and interpreting data for
the solution of a problem and improvement of the quality of human  Problems are always involved.
life.  Less rigorous and broad.
 Always intended to solve problems.
PURPOSE  Concerned with specific problems.

 To discover new facts about known phenomena. KINDS OF RESEARCH

 To discover previously unrecognized substance or elements.
 To satisfy the researchers curiosity. According to purpose:
 To find answers to queries by means of scientific methods. 1. Predictive or Prognostic – determine future operation of
 To expand or verify existing knowledge. the variables.
CHARACTERISTICS 2. Directive – determines what should be done based on the
findings.
1. Systematic – follows an orderly sequential procedure. 3. Illuminative – concerned with the interaction of the
2. Controlled – all variables (except being experimented) are components of the variable.
kept constant.
3. Empirical – data perceived in the same manner. According to goal:
4. Analytical – critical analysis of all the data used. 1. Basic or Pure – done for development theories.
5. Objective, Unbiased, & Logical – findings are based on 2. Applied – application or pure research.
empirical data.
6. Employs Hypothesis – guide the investigation process. According to the Level of the Investigation:
7. Employs Quantitative or Statistical Methods – data
1. Explanatory – studies variables pertinent to specific
gathered are transformed into numerical.
situation.
8. Original Work – data gathered thru primary sources.
2. Descriptive – studies relationships of variables.
9. Done by an Expert – use valid procedures, data-gathering
3. Experimental – studies effects of the variables.
instruments and data.
10. Accurate Investigation, Observation, & Description – According to analysis:
research activity must be done accurately.
11. Patient & Unhurried Activity – researches hurriedly done 1. Analytic Approach – identify and isolate components of
may lead to shaky conclusions. research.
12. Effort-Making Capacity – research involves much work and 2. Holistic Approach – begins with the total situation.
time.
According to scope:
13. Requires Courage – researchers often times undergo
hazards. 1. Action Research – done on a very limited scope to solve
particular problems not too big.
RESEARCH VS. PROBLEM-SOLVING
According to the choice of answers to problems:
Research
1. Evaluation Research – researcher tries to find the most
 Only interested in answering questions.
advantageous.
 Rigorous and broader in scope.
 The problem is not defined specifically.
 2. Developmental Research – finding more suitable
instrument that has been available.
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH
According to statistical content:
Step 1-2: Chapter 1: The Problem and the Setting
1. Quantitative (Statistical Research) – inferential statistics
are utilized. Step 3: Chapter 2: Related Literature and Studies
2. Non-quantitative Research – use of statistics are Step 4-6: Chapter 3: Methods of Research and Procedures
practically not utilized.
Step 7: Chapter 4: Analysis, Presentation and Interpretation Data
According to time element:
Step 8-9: Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
1. Historical Research – what was
2. Descriptive Research – what is PRINCIPLES OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
3. Experimental Research - what will be
1. Rigid Control – manipulation of the research variables.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH HINDRANCE 2. Objectivity – should be no bias in treating the results.
3. Systematic Organization – proper and accurate tabulation
1. Tradition – accepting customs, beliefs, practices and of data.
superstitions. 4. Rigorous Standards – setting up the standards of principles.
2. Authority – accepting anything without a question.
3. Inaccurate Observation – describing wrongly what is being DESIGNING THE STUDY
observed.
 Must follow scientific method.
4. Overgeneralization – establishing a pattern out of a few
 Choose a method depending upon the nature of the
instances.
investigation.
5. Selective Observation – persisting to believe and observed
 Preparation of respective instruments of collecting data.
pattern.
 Sampling designs such as pure random, systematic, stratified,
6. Made-up Information – making up info to explain away.
cluster.
7. Illogical Reasoning – attributing something to another
without logical basis.
8. Ego Involvement in Understanding – giving an
explanation in unfavorable situation.
9. Mystification – attributing to supernatural powers.
10. To err is Human – attitude that admits the feasibility of man.
11. Dogmatism – unwritten policy.

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH

1. Determine problem.
2. Forming hypothesis.
3. Doing library search.
4. Designing the study.
5. Developing the instruments for collecting data.
6. Collecting data.
7. Determining implications and conclusions.
8. Making recommendations for further research.
UNIT 2: THE RESEARCH PROBLEM THE TITLE

Research Problem – specific issue, difficulty, contradiction or gap in Title – summarize the main ideas.
knowledge that you will aim to address in your research.
Guidelines:
Problem is:
 Formulated before the start of the research work.
 Any perplexing and challenging situation which requires  Must contain the subject matter, locale, population involved,
reflective thinking. and period when the data were gathered.
 Perplexing situation after it has been translated into a  Must be broad enough.
question.  Avoid using terms “A Study of”.
 Dewey (Good, p. 414)  Written like an inverted pyramid.

ELEMENTS OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 Purpose for investigation. - clearly identifies the problem being studied.

 Topic to be investigated.
 Place where the research is to be conducted. Guidelines:
 Period or time during which data are to be gathered.  Should be formulated first before conducting research.
 Population from whom the data are to be collected.  Customary to state specific sub problems in the interrogative
GUIDELINES IN THE SELECTION OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM form.
 Must be clear and unequivocal, only have one meaning.
1. Chosen by the researcher.  Must be researchable apart from the other questions.
2. Within interest of the researcher.  Must be based upon known facts and phenomena.
3. Within specialization of the researcher.  Answers can be interpreted apart from the other answers.
4. Within the competence of the researcher.  Answers must contribute to the development of the topic.
5. Within ability of the researcher to finance.  All answers will give complete development of the entire
6. Researchable and manageable. study.
7. Can be completed within a reasonable period of time.  Questions should be enough to cover the development of the
8. Significant, important and relevant to the present time. study.
9. Results are practical and implementable.  Should have general statement of the problem and broken
10. Requires original, critical and reflective thinking to solve it. into many sub problems.
11. Can delimited to suit the resources of the researcher.
12. Must contribute to the national development goals. ASSUMPTIONS
13. Must contribute to the human knowledge. Assumption – self-evident truth based upon a known fact.
14. Must show for the solution of the problem.
15. Must not undermine the moral and spiritual values of the Guidelines:
people.
 You cannot assume the value of your study.
16. Must not advocate any change in the present order of things.
 You cannot assume the reliability of the instruments.
17. Must be a return of some kind to the researcher.
 You cannot assume the validity of basic data.
18. Must have a consideration of the hazards involved.
 You cannot assume that your population is typical.
 Assumption is not tested, neither defended nor argued.
HYPOTHESES

Hypotheses – tentative conclusion or answer to a specific question

raised at the beginning of the investigation. It is an educated guess.

FORMS OF HYPOTHESES

 Operational Form – stated in the affirmative.

 Null Form – express equality of two phenomena. Commonly
used and stated in negative.

Guidelines:

 Have to be explicit and expressed.

 Specific question serves as the hypotheses.
 Usually stated in the null form because it’s much easier.
 Formulated from the specific questions.
HYPOTHESIS FUNCTION IN RESEARCH
1. Help researcher in designing his study.
2. Serves as bases for determining assumptions.
3. Serves as bases for determining relevance of data.
4. Serves as bases for the explanation of data gathered.
5. Help or guide the researcher in consolidating his
findings in formulating his conclusions.

UNIT 3: RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature – composed of discussions of facts and  Reports from seminars
principles to which the present study is related.  Official reports of all kinds
Related Studies – studies, inquiries, or investigations already WHERE TO LOCATE THE SOURCE OF RELATED
conducted to which the present proposed study is related or LITERATURE & STUDIES
have similarity.
 Libraries.
IMPORTANCE, PURPOSES & FUNCTIONS OF RELATED  Government & Private Offices.
LITERATURE & STUDIES  The National Library.
 The Library of the Department of Education, Culture and
- guide the researcher in pursuing his research venture.
Sports – especially rich depositories of related materials.
1. Guide the researcher in searching for or selecting a
better research problem or topic.
2. Help understand the topic for research better. RRL
clarify vague points about his problem.
3. Ensure that there will be no duplication of other studies.
4. Help guide the researcher in locating more sources of
related information.
5. Help guide the researcher in making his research
design.
6. Helps in making comparisons between his findings on
similar studies with the end in view.
CHARACTERISTIC OF RELATED LITERATURE & STUDIES
1. The surveyed materials must be as recent as possible.
2. Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased.
3. Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study.
4. Surveyed materials must not have been based upon
genuinely original and true facts or data to make then
valid and reliable.
5. Reviewed materials must not be too few nor too many.
SOURCES OR RELATED LITERATURE & STUDIES
 Books
 Articles
 Manuscripts
 Unpublished theses UNIT 4: HISTORICAL RESEARCH
 The Constitution and law
 Bulletins and Office of the President of the Philippines
History – origin means the search for knowledge and the 1. External Criticism – considers the factors that may
truth. have influenced the production of the document.
Historical Research – a process of selecting area or topic to
Use of Auxiliary Sciences
write about the history, collecting data about events occurred
a. Epigraphy – study of inscriptions.
in the area.
b. Diplomatics – science of charters and
FOUR MAJOR ACTIVITIES IN HISTORICAL RESEARCH diploma.
c. Paleography – study of writing.
1. Choosing & defining the problem. d. Philology – determining the date and
2. Collecting the data. authenticity.
3. Critically analyzing the data; and e. Archeology, Anthropology, & Prehistory –
4. Writing the research report. have greatest influence upon the study of
CHOOSING & DEFINING THE PROBLEM history.
f. Chemistry – paper-maker’s art.
- the researcher must consider his resources, availability
of data, time constraint and his professional competence. Purpose of External Criticism – utilizing the above
auxiliary
COLLECTION OF HISTORICAL DATA (according to Good and
sciences.
Scates)
1. Forgeries and hoaxes
A. Written Resources 2. Authorship, time and filiation of documents
 Official and public documents 3. Incorrect borrowings
 Books and master’s theses and doctoral 4. Inventions and distortions
dissertations
 Newspaper and periodicals 2. Internal Criticism – process of determining the true
 Personal materials meaning and value of statements contained in a
 Hand-written materials document.
B. Orally Transmitted Materials  Its positive if efforts are made to discover the true
C. Artistic Production meaning of content.
D. Tape Recordings  Its negative if efforts are exerted in finding
E. Relics & Remains reasons for disbelieving the content.
a. Physical – historic sites, roads, building, etc.
CAUSATIVE INTERPRETATION OF HISTORY
b. Non-physical – language, social institutions,
products of the mind.  Greek and Roman historians viewed fate as controlling
human destiny.
Primary & Second Sources of Data
 Christian philosophy of history was based on the
- historical information must come from primary source dominant ideas of divine concern for mankind.
or first-hand sources.  Voltaire’s rationalistic theory, events of history were
attributable to change fortuity.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL DATA
  Hypothesis is not necessary in historical research.
 Writing style tends to be more flexible.
Specific Schools of Historical Interpretation:
 No two investigations would reach the same conclusions
1. The personal, biographical or great-man theory in a given instance.
2. The spiritual or idealistic interpretation of history
IMPORTANCE OR HISTORICAL RESEARCH
3. The scientific and technological theory
 Makes people understand the present better.
SYNTHESIZING THE HISTORICAL EVENTS
 Historical info serves as preliminary to reform.
 Identification and definitions of the problem  People become more open to change.
 Formulations of the hypotheses  People are more motivated to respect the contribution
 Inductive-deductive reasoning of people in the past.
 Historical perspective
WHEN TO USE HISTORICAL RESEARCH
 Central theme or principle of synthesis
 Any geographical area or place
GUIDELINES TO EFFECTIVE WRITING OF HISTORICAL
 Any institutions
RESEARCH
 Any important events
1. Mastery of materials
2. Working outline
3. Progression
4. Emphasis on major elements
5. Art of narration
6. Dramatization, rhetoric and style
DEFICIENCIES IN HISTORICAL RESEARCH
 Research area is selected in which sufficient evidence is
not available to conduct study.
 Excessive use of secondary information
 Work on broad and poorly defined problem.
 Historical data are poorly and inadequately evaluated.
 Personal bias tends to influence the research
procedures.
 Facts are not synthesized into meaningful
generalizations.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
 Observations cannot be repeated.
 Must find satisfaction in spending time in library.
 Historical report is conducted by one person.