Lecture_03

MA1521 Calculus for Computing
Lecture 3
Wong Yan Loi
National University of Singapore
January 18, 2022
Wong Yan Loi (NUS) MA1521 Calculus for Computing Lecture 3 January 18, 2022 1 / 26
Table of Contents
1 Differentiability
2 Standard Derivatives & Differentiation Rules
Chapter 2: Derivatives
Read Thomas’ Calculus, Chapter 3.
Differentiability
Definition. The derivative of a function f at the point x0 denoted

by f 0 (x0 ) is given by the following limit
f (x0 + h) − f (x0 )
f 0 (x0 ) = lim .
h→0 h
Differentiability
Consider the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the point (x0 , f (x0 )).
From the diagram, as h → 0, Q approaches P and hence, the gradient
of the chord PQ, namely
f (x0 + h) − f (x0 )
,
h
approaches the limiting value
f (x0 + h) − f (x0 )
lim = f 0 (x0 ).
h→0 h
When f 0 (x0 ) exists, we say that f is differentiable at x = x0 .
Differentiability
Definition. Suppose the derivative f 0 (x) exists for all x in an open

interval I. We can then treat f 0 (x) as a function defined on I. The
process of finding the derivative of a function is called differentia-
tion.
d
If y = f (x) , we can also write dx f (x), dy
dx or
df
dx to denote f 0 (x). An
alternative formula for the derivative f 0 (x) is
f (x) − f (x0 )
f 0 (x0 ) = lim .
x→x0 x − x0
Differentiability
Differentiability implies continuity.
Theorem. If f is differentiable at x = x0 , then f is continuous at

x = x0 .
Remark. The converse of the above result is not true in general. For
example the absolute value function |x| is continuous at x = 0 but not
differentiable at x = 0.
Differentiability
Differentiable ⇔ Smooth ⇔ Tangent exists
Not Continuous Not defined at x0 Not defined at x0 Continuous Differentiable
Differentiability
Example
(a) Use the above definition of derivative to differentiate the function

1
√ .
2+ x
(b) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = 2+1√x at the point
(1, 31 ).
Ans: (a) √ −1 √ , (b) (y − 13 ) = − 18

1
(x − 1).
2 x(2+ x)2
Differentiability
√1 − 2+1√x
d 1√ 2+ x+h
Solution. (a) dx 2+ x = lim h
h→0
√ √
x)−(2+ x+h)
= lim h1 (2+ √ √
(2+ x+h)(2+ x)
h→0
√ √
= lim h1 (2+√x− x+h√
x+h)(2+ x)
h→0
√ √ √ √
= lim h1 (2+√x− x+h√
x+h)(2+ x)
· √x+√x+h
x+ x+h
h→0
= lim h1 (2+√x+h)(2+−h
√ √ √
x)( x+ x+h)
h→0
= lim (2+√x+h)(2+−1
√ √ √
x)( x+ x+h)
h→0
= √ −1 √ .
2 x(2+ x)2

Differentiability
(b) At x = 1, derivative is √ −1 √ 1
= − 18 .
2 1(2+ 1)2
Thus the equation of the tangent at (1, 13 ) is
y − 13 1
=− .
x −1 18

Differentiability
Differentiability on Intervals.
Definition. A function f is said to be differentiable on an interval I if

it is differentiable at every point in I.
Remark. If the interval has endpoints, then the limit in defining the
derivative should be replaced by the appropriate one-sided limit.
Differentiability
Exercise
Show that f (x) = |x 2 − 2x| is not differentiable at x = 2.
Differentiability
Example
d n
Let n be a positive integer. Show that x = nx n−1 .
dx
Solution.
d n (x+h)n −x n
x = lim h
dx h→0
n(n−1) n−2 2
(x n +nx n−1 h+ x h +···+hn )−x n
= lim 2
h using binomial theorem.
h→0
n(n−1) n−2 2
nx n−1 h+ 2
x h +···+hn
= lim h
h→0
n(n−1) n−2
= lim nx n−1 + 2 x h + · · · + hn−1
h→0
= nx n−1 .

Differentiability
Example
d
Show that sin x = cos x.
dx
Solution.
d x
sin x = lim sin(x+h)−sin
h
dx h→0
2x+h h
2 cos sin
= lim h
2 2
, using sin A − sin B = 2 cos A+B A−B
2 sin 2 .
h→0
h
sin
= lim cos(x + h/2) lim h
2
h→0 h→0 2
= cos x.
Standard Derivatives & Differentiation Rules
Standard Derivatives
Table 1
Function Derivative
xn nx n−1
cos(x) − sin(x)
sin(x) cos(x)
tan(x) sec2 (x)
sec(x) sec(x) tan(x)
Function Derivative
csc(x) − csc(x) cot(x)
cot(x) − csc2 (x)
ex ex
1
ln(x) x
sin−1 (x) √1
1−x 2
cos−1 (x) −√ 1
1−x 2
Function Derivative
1
tan−1 (x) 1+x 2
1
cot−1 (x) − 1+x 2
sec−1 (x) √1 , |x| > 1

|x| x 2 −1
csc−1 (x) − √1 2 , |x| > 1

|x| x −1
Table 2
Function Derivative
(f (x))n nf 0 (x)(f (x))n−1
cos(f (x)) −f 0 (x) sin(f (x))
sin(f (x)) f 0 (x) cos(f (x))
tan(f (x)) f 0 (x) sec2 (f (x))
sec(f (x)) f 0 (x) sec(f (x)) tan(f (x))
Function Derivative
csc(f (x)) −f 0 (x) csc(f (x)) cot(f (x))
cot(f (x)) −f 0 (x) csc2 (f (x))
ef (x) f 0 (x)ef (x)
f 0 (x)
ln(f (x)) f (x)
0 (x)
sin−1 (f (x)) √f
1−f (x)2
0 (x)
cos−1 (f (x)) −√f
1−f (x)2
Function Derivative
f 0 (x)
tan−1 (f (x)) 1+f (x)2
0
f (x)
cot−1 (f (x)) − 1+f (x)2
0
f (x)
sec−1 (f (x)) √ , |f (x)| > 1
|f (x)| f (x)2 −1
0
f (x)
csc−1 (f (x)) − √ , |f (x)| > 1
|f (x)| f (x)2 −1
Note that when f (x) = x, the formulae in table 2 reduce to those in

table 1.
Rules of Differentiation
Let u and v be differentiable functions of x and c be a constant.
d
Constant Rule (c) = 0
dx
d du
Constant Multiple Rule (cu) = c
dx dx
d du dv
Sum Rule (u + v ) = +
dx dx dx
d du dv
Product Rule (uv ) = v +u
dx dx dx
du
d u dx v − u dv
dx
Quotient Rule ( )=
dx v v2
Let f (u) be differentiable at u = g(x) and g be a differentiable function

of x.
d
Chain Rule (f (g(x))) = f 0 (g(x)) · g 0 (x)
dx
Example
d
Show that cos x = − sin x.
dx
Solution.
d d π
cos x = sin −x
dx dx 2
π
= − cos −x
2
= − sin x.
Example
x2

Differentiate ln with respect to x.
(6x − 7)2
Solution.
x2

x
First ln = 2 ln = 2 ln(x) − 2 ln(6x − 7).
(6x − 7)2 (6x − 7)
x2

d 2 12
Thus ln = − .
dx (6x − 7)2 x 6x − 7

Exercise
Differentiate with respect to x.
√
(a) (x + 1)2 tan−1 ( x)
sin−1 (2x)
(b) √
1 − 4x 2
√ x +1 2 4x sin−1 (2x)
Ans: (a) 2(x + 1) tan−1 ( x) + √ , (b) + .
2 x 1 − 4x 2 3
(1 − 4x 2 ) 2

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MA1521 Calculus for Computing

Wong Yan Loi

National University of Singapore

January 18, 2022

2 Standard Derivatives & Differentiation Rules

Definition. The derivative of a function f at the point x0 denoted

Definition. Suppose the derivative f 0 (x) exists for all x in an open

Differentiability implies continuity.

Theorem. If f is differentiable at x = x0 , then f is continuous at

Differentiable ⇔ Smooth ⇔ Tangent exists

Not Continuous Not defined at x0 Not defined at x0 Continuous Differentiable

(a) Use the above definition of derivative to differentiate the function

Ans: (a) √ −1 √ , (b) (y − 13 ) = − 18

Thus the equation of the tangent at (1, 13 ) is

Definition. A function f is said to be differentiable on an interval I if

tan(x) sec2 (x)

sec(x) sec(x) tan(x)

csc(x) − csc(x) cot(x)

cot(x) − csc2 (x)

sec−1 (x) √1 , |x| > 1

csc−1 (x) − √1 2 , |x| > 1

(f (x))n nf 0 (x)(f (x))n−1

cos(f (x)) −f 0 (x) sin(f (x))

sin(f (x)) f 0 (x) cos(f (x))

tan(f (x)) f 0 (x) sec2 (f (x))

sec(f (x)) f 0 (x) sec(f (x)) tan(f (x))

csc(f (x)) −f 0 (x) csc(f (x)) cot(f (x))

cot(f (x)) −f 0 (x) csc2 (f (x))

ef (x) f 0 (x)ef (x)

Note that when f (x) = x, the formulae in table 2 reduce to those in

Let f (u) be differentiable at u = g(x) and g be a differentiable function

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