Lecture_07

MA1521 Calculus for Computing
Lecture 7
Wong Yan Loi
National University of Singapore
February 4, 2022
Wong Yan Loi (NUS) MA1521 Calculus for Computing Lecture 7 February 4, 2022 1 / 36
Table of Contents
1 Antiderivatives
2 Standard Integrals
3 Partial Fractions
4 Integration by Substitution
Chapter 4: Integrals
Read Thomas’ Calculus, Chapter 5.
Antiderivatives
Definition. F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I if F 0 (x) = f (x)

for all x in I.
Theorem.
(1) If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I, then so is F + C for
any constant C. This can be expressed as
Z
f (x) dx = F (x) + C.
R
f (x) dx is called an indefinite integral.
(2) Let α and β be any constants. Then
Z Z Z
αf (x) + βg(x) dx = α f (x) dx + β g(x) dx.
Antiderivatives
Definition. F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I if F 0 (x) = f (x)

for all x in I.
Theorem.
(1) If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I, then so is F + C for
any constant C. This can be expressed as
Z
f (x) dx = F (x) + C.
R
f (x) dx is called an indefinite integral.
(2) Let α and β be any constants. Then
Z Z Z
αf (x) + βg(x) dx = α f (x) dx + β g(x) dx.
Antiderivatives
Example
1
An anti-derivative of x n is n+1 x n+1 , where n 6= −1 as

d 1 n+1 = x n . Thus
dx n+1 x
Z
1
x n dx = x n+1 + C.
n+1
Antiderivatives
Example
Find all the anti-derivatives of 2x − cos 3x.
Solution.
Z
1
2x − cos 3x dx = x 2 − sin 3x + C.
3
Standard Integrals
Standard Integrals
n+1
1. (ax + b)n dx = (ax+b)
R
(n+1)a + C (n 6= −1)
2. ax+b dx = a1 ln |ax + b| + C
R 1
3. eax+b dx = a1 eax+b + C
R
4. sin(ax + b) dx = − a1 cos(ax + b) + C
R
5. cos(ax + b) dx = a1 sin(ax + b) + C
R
6. tan(ax + b) dx = a1 ln | sec(ax + b)| + C

R
7. sec(ax + b) dx = a1 ln | sec(ax + b) + tan(ax + b)| + C

R
8. csc(ax + b) dx = − a1 ln | csc(ax + b) + cot(ax + b)| + C

R
9. cot(ax + b) dx = − a1 ln | csc(ax + b)| + C

R
10. sec2 (ax + b) dx = a1 tan(ax + b) + C

R
11. csc2 (ax + b) dx = − a1 cot(ax + b) + C

R
Standard Integrals
1
R
12. sec(ax + b) tan(ax + b) dx = a sec(ax + b) + C
csc(ax + b) cot(ax + b) dx = − a1 csc(ax + b) + C
R
13.
1
dx = a1 tan−1 ( x+b
R
14. a2 +(x+b)2 a )+C
√ 2 1 sin−1 ( x+b
R
15. dx = a )+C
a −(x+b)2
−1
√ dx = cos−1 ( x+b
R
16. a )+C
a2 −(x+b)2
1 1 x+b+a
R
17. a2 −(x+b)2
dx = 2a ln x+b−a +C
1 1 x+b−a
R
18. (x+b)2 −a2
dx = 2a ln x+b+a +C
Standard Integrals
1
p
√
R
19. (x + b)2 + a2 + C
dx = ln (x + b) +
(x+b)2 +a2
p
20. √ 1 2 2 dx = ln (x + b) + (x + b)2 − a2 + C
R
(x+b) −a
R√ √ 2
21. a2 − x 2 dx = x2 a2 − x 2 + a2 sin−1 xa + C
R√ √ 2 √
22. x 2 − a2 dx = x2 x 2 − a2 − a2 ln |x + x 2 − a2 | + C
Standard Integrals
Example
1 1
ln |ax + b| + C, for x 6= − ba .
R
Let a 6= 0. Show that ax+b dx = a
Standard Integrals
d 1 1
Solution. We have to show dx ( a ln |ax + b|) = ax+b .
For x > − ba , we have |ax + b| = ax + b. Thus
d 1 d 1 1
( ln |ax + b|) = ( ln(ax + b)) = .
dx a dx a ax + b
For x < − ba , we have |ax + b| = −(ax + b). Thus
d 1 d 1 1 −a 1
( ln |ax + b|) = ( ln(−(ax + b))) = = .
dx a dx a a −(ax + b) ax + b
Standard Integrals
Example
Find
√ 1
R
(a) dx
x 2 −4x+29
√ 1
R
(b) dx
3+6x−9x 2
√
Ans: (a) ln (x − 2) + x 2 − 4x + 29 + C, (b) 1
3 sin−1 ( 3x−1
2 ) + C.
Standard Integrals
Solution.
√ 1 √ 1
R R
(a) dx = dx
x 2 −4x+29 (x−2)2 +52
p
= ln (x − 2) + (x − 2)2 + 52 + C
√
= ln (x − 2) + x 2 − 4x + 29 + C.
Standard Integrals
Solution.
√ 1 √ 1
R R
(a) dx = dx
x 2 −4x+29 (x−2)2 +52
p
= ln (x − 2) + (x − 2)2 + 52 + C
√
= ln (x − 2) + x 2 − 4x + 29 + C.
Standard Integrals
Solution.
√ 1 √ 1
R R
(a) dx = dx
x 2 −4x+29 (x−2)2 +52
p
= ln (x − 2) + (x − 2)2 + 52 + C
√
= ln (x − 2) + x 2 − 4x + 29 + C.
Standard Integrals
√ 1 √ 1
R R
(b) dx = dx
3+6x−9x 2 22 −(3x−1)2
1 1
R
= 3
q dx
( 23 )2 −(x− 31 )2

1 −1 x− 31
= 3 sin 2 +C
3
= 1
3 sin−1 ( 3x−1
2 ) + C.
Standard Integrals
√ 1 √ 1
R R
(b) dx = dx
3+6x−9x 2 22 −(3x−1)2
1 1
R
= 3
q dx
( 23 )2 −(x− 31 )2

1 −1 x− 31
= 3 sin 2 +C
3
= 1
3 sin−1 ( 3x−1
2 ) + C.
Standard Integrals
√ 1 √ 1
R R
(b) dx = dx
3+6x−9x 2 22 −(3x−1)2
1 1
R
= 3
q dx
( 23 )2 −(x− 31 )2

1 −1 x− 31
= 3 sin 2 +C
3
= 1
3 sin−1 ( 3x−1
2 ) + C.
Standard Integrals
√ 1 √ 1
R R
(b) dx = dx
3+6x−9x 2 22 −(3x−1)2
1 1
R
= 3
q dx
( 23 )2 −(x− 31 )2

1 −1 x− 31
= 3 sin 2 +C
3
= 1
3 sin−1 ( 3x−1
2 ) + C.
Standard Integrals
Exercise
Find
R 3x−1 2
(a) 2x+1 dx
2x−1 −e−x )2
(b) (2e ex+1
R
dx
9x 15 25
Ans: (a) 4 − 4 ln |2x + 1| − 8(2x+1) + C,
4 3x−3
(b) 3e − 4e−2 x − 13 e−3x−1 + C.
Standard Integrals
Trigonometric Identities Useful for Integration

1. sec2 x − 1 = tan2 x
2. csc2 x − 1 = cot2 x
1
3. sin A cos A = 2 sin 2A
4. cos2 A = 12 (1 + cos 2A)
5. sin2 A = 12 (1 − cos 2A)
6. sin A cos B = 21 (sin(A + B) + sin(A − B))
7. cos A sin B = 12 (sin(A + B) − sin(A − B))
8. cos A cos B = 12 (cos(A + B) + cos(A − B))
9. sin A sin B = − 12 (cos(A + B) − cos(A − B))
Standard Integrals
Example
Find cos x6 sin x3 dx
R
Standard Integrals
Solution.
cos x6 sin x3 dx = 1 x
− sin (− x6 )) dx
R R
2 (sin 2
1
sin x2 + sin x6 dx
R
= 2
= 12 (−2 cos x2 − 6 cos x6 ) + C
= − cos x2 − 3 cos x6 + C.
Standard Integrals
Example
cos4 x dx = 38 x + 1 1
R
Show that 4 sin 2x + 32 sin 4x + C.
Standard Integrals
Solution.
First
cos4 x = ( 12 (1 + cos 2x))2 = 14 (1 + 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x)

= 14 (1 + 2 cos 2x + 12 (1 + cos 4x))
= 38 + 12 cos 2x + 18 cos 4x.
cos4 x dx= 83 + 12 cos 2x + 18 cos 4x dx

R R
Thus
= 38 x + 14 sin 2x + 32
1
sin 4x + C.
Standard Integrals
Solution.
First

= 14 (1 + 2 cos 2x + 12 (1 + cos 4x))
= 38 + 12 cos 2x + 18 cos 4x.

R R
Thus
= 38 x + 14 sin 2x + 32
1
sin 4x + C.
Standard Integrals
Solution.
First

= 14 (1 + 2 cos 2x + 12 (1 + cos 4x))
= 38 + 12 cos 2x + 18 cos 4x.

R R
Thus
= 38 x + 14 sin 2x + 32
1
sin 4x + C.
Standard Integrals
Solution.
First

= 14 (1 + 2 cos 2x + 12 (1 + cos 4x))
= 38 + 12 cos 2x + 18 cos 4x.

R R
Thus
= 38 x + 14 sin 2x + 32
1
sin 4x + C.
Standard Integrals
Exercise
R sin 4x 2
Find 1+cos 4x dx
1
Ans: 2 tan 2x − x + C.
Partial Fractions
To evaluate Z
P(x)
dx,
Q(x)
where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials.
Here we shall deal with Q(x) being a quadratic or linear polynomials
only. For example.
Z
1 1 x +b
dx = tan−1 ( )+C
a2 + (x + b)2 a a
x +b−a
Z
1 1
2 2
dx = ln +C
(x + b) − a 2a x +b+a
Partial Fractions
To evaluate Z
P(x)
dx,
Q(x)
where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials.
Here we shall deal with Q(x) being a quadratic or linear polynomials
only. For example.
Z
1 1 x +b
dx = tan−1 ( )+C
a2 + (x + b)2 a a
x +b−a
Z
1 1
2 2
dx = ln +C
(x + b) − a 2a x +b+a
Partial Fractions
Let P(x) and Q(x) be two polynomials. Suppose Q(x) is a product of

linear or quadratic factors with real coefficients. Then, the rational
P(x)
function Q(x) can be expressed as a sum of simple fractions whose
denominators are factors of Q(x).
Factors of Q(x) Partial fractions
A
ax + b
ax + b
A B
(ax + b)2 +
ax + b (ax + b)2
Ax + B
ax 2 + bx + c, b2 − 4ac < 0
ax 2 + bx + c
Partial Fractions
P(x)
The rational function Q(x) is said to be a proper fraction if the degree of
P(x) is smaller that the degree of Q(x). Otherwise, it is called an
P(x)
improper fraction. If Q(x) is an improper fraction, one can perform long
B(x) B(x)
division to write it as A(x) + Q(x) , where Q(x) is a proper fraction.
Examples
5 1
2x + 4 3 3
(1) 2 = + .
x −9 x −3 x +3
14 8
3x 2 + x + 4 3 3
(2) = 3 − + . (2) is an example of an
x2 + x − 2 x +2 x −1
improper fraction.
Partial Fractions
Example
3x 2 + x + 4
Z
Find dx.
x2 + x − 2
Solution.
3x 2 + x + 4
Z
2
dx
Z x + 14 x −2
8
= 3 − 3 + 3 dx
x +2 x −1
14 8
= 3x − ln |x + 2| + ln |x − 1| + C.
3 3

Partial Fractions
Example
3x 2 + x + 4
Z
Find dx.
x2 + x − 2
Solution.
3x 2 + x + 4
Z
2
dx
Z x + 14 x −2
8
= 3 − 3 + 3 dx
x +2 x −1
14 8
= 3x − ln |x + 2| + ln |x − 1| + C.
3 3

Partial Fractions
Example
3x 2 + x + 4
Z
Find dx.
x2 + x − 2
Solution.
3x 2 + x + 4
Z
2
dx
Z x + 14 x −2
8
= 3 − 3 + 3 dx
x +2 x −1
14 8
= 3x − ln |x + 2| + ln |x − 1| + C.
3 3

Partial Fractions
Example
3x 2 + x + 4
Z
Find dx.
x2 + x − 2
Solution.
3x 2 + x + 4
Z
2
dx
Z x + 14 x −2
8
= 3 − 3 + 3 dx
x +2 x −1
14 8
= 3x − ln |x + 2| + ln |x − 1| + C.
3 3

Integration by Substitution
Theorem. Let u = g(x) be a differentiable function whose range is

some interval I and let f be continuous on I. Then,
Z Z
f (g(x))g 0 (x) dx = f (u) du.
Remark. Since u = g(x), we have du 0

dx = g (x). We may write
du = g (x)dx, and then substitute f (g(x))g 0 (x)dx by f (u)du.
0
Theorem. Let u = g(x) be a differentiable function whose range is

some interval I and let f be continuous on I. Then,
Z Z
f (g(x))g 0 (x) dx = f (u) du.
Remark. Since u = g(x), we have du 0

dx = g (x). We may write
du = g (x)dx, and then substitute f (g(x))g 0 (x)dx by f (u)du.
0
Example
e3x
Z
Find √ dx.
2e3x + 4
Solution. Let u = 2e3x + 4 Then du = 6e3x dx.

e3x
Z Z
1
√ dx = √ du
3x
2e + 4 6 u
1√ 1 p 3x
= u+C = 2e + 4 + C.
3 3

Exercise
(3 − tan 4x)5
Z
Find dx.
cos2 4x
1
Ans: − 24 (3 − tan 4x)6 + C.
Exercise
Z
8
Find √ dx.
x ln x
√
Ans: 16 ln x + C.
Trigonometric Substitution
Expression Substitution Identity involved
q
a2 − (x + b)2 x + b = a sin θ, − π2 ≤θ≤ π
2
1 − sin2 θ = cos2 θ
q
a2 + (x + b)2 x + b = a tan θ, − π2 < θ < π
2
1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
q
π 3π
(x + b)2 − a2 x + b = a sec θ, 0 < θ < 2
or π ≤ θ < 2
sec2 θ − 1 = tan2 θ
Example
Z √
25 − 4x 2
Find dx.
x2
Solution. Let x = 52 sin θ. That is θ = sin−1 2x5 . Also 2x = 5 sin θ so that

√
25 − 4x 2 = 5 cos θ and dx = 52 cos θdθ.
Z √
25 − 4x 2
Z
5 cos θ 5
2
dx = 5
· cos θ dθ
x ( 2 sin θ) 2
2
Z Z
= 2 cot2 θ dθ = 2 csc2 θ − 1 dθ
= −2 cot θ − 2θ + C
1p 2x
=− 25 − 4x 2 − 2 sin−1 ( ) + C.
x 5

Example
Z
1
Find √ dx.
x 9x 2 + 1
Solution.
√
Let x = 13 tan θ. That is θ = tan−1 (3x). Also 1 + 9x 2 = sec θ and
dx = 13 sec2 θdθ.
1
sec2 θ
Z Z
1 3
√ dx = 1
dθ
x 9x 2 + 1 3 tan θ sec θ
Z
= csc θ dθ = − ln | csc θ + cot θ| + C
√
9x 2 + 1 1
= − ln + +C
3x 3x
√
9x 2 + 1 + 1
= − ln + C.
3x
Solution.
√
dx = 13 sec2 θdθ.
1
sec2 θ
Z Z
1 3
√ dx = 1
dθ
Z
√
9x 2 + 1 1
= − ln + +C
3x 3x
√
9x 2 + 1 + 1
= − ln + C.
3x
Solution.
√
dx = 13 sec2 θdθ.
1
sec2 θ
Z Z
1 3
√ dx = 1
dθ
Z
√
9x 2 + 1 1
= − ln + +C
3x 3x
√
9x 2 + 1 + 1
= − ln + C.
3x
Solution.
√
dx = 13 sec2 θdθ.
1
sec2 θ
Z Z
1 3
√ dx = 1
dθ
Z
√
9x 2 + 1 1
= − ln + +C
3x 3x
√
9x 2 + 1 + 1
= − ln + C.
3x
Exercise
Z p
Find 6x − x 2 dx.
√
Ans: 9
2 sin−1 ( x−3 1 2
3 ) + 2 (x − 3) 6x − x + C

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MA1521 Calculus for Computing

Wong Yan Loi

National University of Singapore

Definition. F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I if F 0 (x) = f (x)

Definition. F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I if F 0 (x) = f (x)

6. tan(ax + b) dx = a1 ln | sec(ax + b)| + C

7. sec(ax + b) dx = a1 ln | sec(ax + b) + tan(ax + b)| + C

8. csc(ax + b) dx = − a1 ln | csc(ax + b) + cot(ax + b)| + C

9. cot(ax + b) dx = − a1 ln | csc(ax + b)| + C

10. sec2 (ax + b) dx = a1 tan(ax + b) + C

11. csc2 (ax + b) dx = − a1 cot(ax + b) + C

For x > − ba , we have |ax + b| = ax + b. Thus

For x < − ba , we have |ax + b| = −(ax + b). Thus

Trigonometric Identities Useful for Integration

= 12 (−2 cos x2 − 6 cos x6 ) + C

cos4 x = ( 12 (1 + cos 2x))2 = 14 (1 + 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x)

cos4 x dx= 83 + 12 cos 2x + 18 cos 4x dx

cos4 x = ( 12 (1 + cos 2x))2 = 14 (1 + 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x)

cos4 x dx= 83 + 12 cos 2x + 18 cos 4x dx

cos4 x = ( 12 (1 + cos 2x))2 = 14 (1 + 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x)

cos4 x dx= 38 + 12 cos 2x + 18 cos 4x dx

cos4 x = ( 12 (1 + cos 2x))2 = 14 (1 + 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x)

cos4 x dx= 38 + 12 cos 2x + 18 cos 4x dx

Let P(x) and Q(x) be two polynomials. Suppose Q(x) is a product of

Factors of Q(x) Partial fractions

Theorem. Let u = g(x) be a differentiable function whose range is

Remark. Since u = g(x), we have du 0

Theorem. Let u = g(x) be a differentiable function whose range is

Remark. Since u = g(x), we have du 0

Solution. Let u = 2e3x + 4 Then du = 6e3x dx.

Solution. Let x = 52 sin θ. That is θ = sin−1 2x5 . Also 2x = 5 sin θ so that

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