STS in World History RENAISSANCEPERIOD(14TH – 17TH

CENTURY)
ANCIENT PERIOD(3500BC - 500AD) ● Rebirth of revival
● Printing with movable type allowed
EUROPE Bible,secular books made in large
● Use of fire by Homo Erectus | Ca amount
750,000 ● Nicolas Copernicus presented a
● Stone headed spears | Ca 45,000 heliocentric theory
● Wooden Bow and Arrow | Ca 20,000 ● Galileo Galilei invented telescope
● The Minoans Build Places in Crete |
Ca 2,000 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION(18TH CENTURY)
● Skilled workers were set aside because
AMERICAS of the machines
● The Folsom people living on easter ● Iron production, steam engine and textile
inside of the Rocky Mountain flourished
developed sophisticated tools | Ca ● Scottish James Watt improved steam
8,000 engine
● Olmec sculpture carves figurines ● Robert Fulton (steam boat)
and giant human heads | Ca 1200 ● The following were invented: Light bulb,
telephone, first steam powered
ASIA AND OCEANA locomotive
● Earliest known clay pots are made in
Japan | Ca 11,000 19TH CENTURY
● Bronze is first made in Thailand | Ca ● Age of machine and tools
4,000 ● Herman Helmholtz (law of conservation
● A lunar calendar is developed in of energy)
China | Ca 2,950 ● James Clark Maxwell (light as electro-
● Chinese doctors magnetic wave)
begin using acupuncture | Ca 2,500 ● Henry Becquerel (radioactivity)
● The Hindu calendar of 360 days was ● Marie and Pierre Curie (radium)
introduced in India | Ca 1,000 ● Hans Christian Oersted (electric current
near the magnet)
AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST ● Michael Faraday (magnet produces
● Homo Erectus uses stone tools | Ca electricity)
1000000 ● Atomic Theory proposed by John Dalton
● ca 15000 | in Africa, bone harpoons ● Electron discovered by JJ. Thomson
are used for fishing ● Telegraph developed by Samuel Morse
● Clay tokens are used for record
keeping in Mesopotamia | Ca 7500 20TH CENTURY
● Egyptians begin using hieroglypics | ● Communication, transportation,military
Ca 3100 researchwere developed.
● Mesopotamian mathematicians ● Apple was introduced by Steve Jobs and
discover the Pythagorean Theorem Steve Wozniak.
● Artificial Intelligence was invented
MEDIEVAL PERIOD(CA 500 - 1500) ● Personal computerwas created
● Dark ages because few written records ● Internetwas created (ARPANET)
and evidences remained. ● Inteldeveloped microprocessor
● Scholastic tradition was established by ● Henry Ford's mass production of cars
Charlemagne.
● Vertical windmills, spectacles,
mechanical clock, water mills, gothic
style were invented.
● Johannes Gutenberg invented the
printing press.
STS in Philippine History 10TH CENTURY A.D
Filipinos from the Butuan were trading with
STONE AGE Champa (Vietnam) and those from Ma-I
● Archeological findings show that (Mindoro) with China as noted in Chinese
modern man records containing several references to the
● from Asian mainland first came over Philippines. These archaeological findings
land on across narrow channels to indicated that regular trade relations
live in Batangas and Palawan about between the Philippines, China andVietnam
48,000 B.C. had been well established from the 10th
● Subsequently they formed century to the 15th century A.D.
settlement in Sulu, Davao,
Zamboanga, Samar, Negros, TRADING
Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan The People of Ma-I and San-Hsu (Palawan)
and Cagayan. traded bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut
heart mats, tortoise shell and medicinal
3000 BC betel nuts, panie cloth for porcelain, leads
INVENTIONS fishnets sinker, colored glass beads, iron
• They made simple tools and weapons of pots, iron needles and tin.
stone flakes and later developed method of
sawing and polishing stones around 40,000 SOME PRESPANISH FILIPINO SCIENCE
B.C. AND TECHNOLOGY
• By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing ● Curative values of
adzes ornaments of seashells and pottery. ● plants extract use as medicine
Pottery flourished for the next 2,000 years ● Alphabet (Alibata)
until they imported Chinese porcelain. Soon ● Counting Methods
they learned to produce copper, bronze, ● Weights
iron, and gold metal tools and ornaments. ● Measuring system
● Calendar based on the periods of
IRON AGE moon
• The Iron Age lasted from the third century ● Banaue Rice Terraces
B.C. to 11th century A.D. During this period
Filipinos were engaged in extraction RELIGION THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
smelting and refining of iron from ores, until The later part of the 16th Century
the importation of cast iron from Sarawak Development
and later from China. of schools:
● Colegio de San Ildefonso-Cebu-
INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES 1595
● They learn to weave cotton, make ● Colegio de San Ignacio-Manila-1595
glass ornaments, and cultivate ● Colegio De Nuestra Senora del
lowland rice and dike fields of Rosario-Manila-1597
terraced fields utilizing spring water ● Colegio De San Jose-Manila-1601
in mountain regions.
● They also learned to build boats for MEDICINE
trading purposes. Spanish ● DEVELOPMENT OF HOSPITALS
chronicles noted refined plank built SA N JUAN LAZARO HOSPITAL
warships called caracoa suited for THE OLDEST IN THE FAR EAST
interisland trade raids. WAS FOUNDED IN 1578.
ROADS AND BRIDGES MARCOS ERA (Philippine 6th President)
Among other Spanish contributions: During President Ferdinand Marcos
● Arithmetic • Hydrography presidency, the importance given to
● Algebra • Meteorology Science grew. He established National
● Geometry • Navigation Science Development Board. He
● Trigonometry • Pilotage recognized that technology was the leading
● Physics factor in economic development and
channeled additional funds to support
AmericanPeriodand Post projects in applied science and science
Commonwealth Era education.
● BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT
LABORATORIES (1901) MARCOS ERA (Philippine 6th President
● BUREAU OF SCIENCE (1905) of the 3rd Republic)
● INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE (1946) NSDB created Philippine Textile Research
Institute (PTRI). While thePhilippine Atomic
RA 2067 OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE Energy Commission under NSDB explored
“SCIENCE ACT OF 1958”. THIS WAS the uses of atomic energy for economic
ENACTED TO INTEGRATE, development. Under Marcos era, he
COORDINATE, AND INTENSIFY established the Philippine Council for
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL Agricultural Research to support the
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND development of agriculture, fisheries and
TO FOSTER INVENTION INCLUDING forestry of the nation.
ALLOCATION OF FUNDS AND OTHER
PURPOSES. ● Funded project for applied Science
and Science education.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL ● Science curriculum and equipment
WAS ESTABLISHED ON DECEMBER was upgraded.
8, 1933. ITS MANDATE (NRCP) ● PAG-ASA was established.
PROMOTES AND SUPPORTS ● National Academy of Science and
FUNDAMENTAL OR BASIC RESEARCH Technology was created.
FOR THE CONTINUING TOTAL ● Philippine Science High School in
IMPROVEMENT OF THE RESEARCH Visayas and Mindanao was
CAPABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL
established.
SCIENTISTS OR GROUP OF
SCIENTISTS; PROVIDES ADVICE ON
PROBLEMS AND ISSUES OF Corazon Cojuangco Aquino
NATIONAL INTEREST; PROMOTES 1ST PRESIDENT THE 5TH REPUBLIC
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ● She replaced the National Science
CULTURE TO ALL SECTORS OF and Technology Authority to
SOCIETY; AND FOSTERS LINKAGES Department of Science and
WITH LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL Technology, giving the science and
SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS FOR technology a seat in the government
ENHANCED COOPERATION IN THE cabinet
DEVELOPMENT AND SHARING
● In 1989, the budget allocation for
OF INFORMATION.
science and technology was
increased amounting to 1.054 billion
It was during the American Period when
pesos. She also encouraged Filipino
Science was inclined towards:
scientist to put the Philippines 2nd to
❑Agriculture Japan when it comes to S&T. It was
❑Food Processing also her goal to make the country
industrialized by the year 2000.
❑Forestry
❑Medicine
❑Pharmacy
❑Nursing
Fidel Ramos EDGARDO D. GOMEZ, WERE
❑ RA 8439 IN 1997 MAGNA CARTA FOR CONFERRED THE RANK AND TITLE OF
NATIONAL SCIENTIST BY PRESIDENT
S&T PERSONNEL WAS APPROVED BENIGNO S. AQUINO III BY VIRTUE OF
❑ THE GOVERNMENT PROVIDED 3500 MALACAÑANG PROCLAMATION NOS.
737, 782, 783, AND 843 ON AUGUST 12,
SCHOLARSHIP FOR STUDENTS WHO
2014 AT THE MALACAÑANG PALACE, IN
ARE INTERESTED FOR TAKING
RECOGNITION OF THEIR OUTSTANDING
COURSES RELATED TO
WORKS AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO
SCIENCE.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
COUNTRY.
Joseph Estrada
❑ INTERNET WAS PUSH FOR THE RODRIGO DUTERTE
ADVANCEMENT OF SCHOOL AND • BALIK SCIENTIST ACT
• THROUGH THE BALIK SCIENTIST
INDUSTRY. PROGRAM (BSP) OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo TECHNOLOGY (DOST ) FILIPINO
❑ SIGNED RA 9367 SCIENTIST, TECHNOLOGY IS, AND
EXPERTS ARE ENCOURAGED TO
BIOFUEL ACT RETURN TO THE COUNTRY AND
❑ G OLD AGE OF ST SHARE THEIR EXPERTISE IN ORDER TO
PROMOTE SCIENTIFIC , AGRO
Benigno Aquino INDUSTRIAL, AND ECONOMIC
FOUR DISTINGUISHED AND DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING THE
SCIENTISTS, ACADEMICIANS GAVINO C. DEVELOPMENT OF OUR
TRONO, ANGEL C. ALCALA, RAMON C. HUMAN CAPITAL IN SCIENCE ,
BARBA. TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION.

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION PTOLEMAIC MODEL

(PART 1)
IT ANSWERS ONE OF THE 5 BIG
PARADIGM SHIFT QUESTION...WHERE ARE WE?
A paradigm shift, a concept identified by
the American physicist and philosopher • Bible says that the earth remains still
Thomas Kuhn, is a fundamental change in •1 Chronicles 16:30
the basic concepts and experimental tremble before him, all earth; yea, the world
practices of a scientific discipline. stands firm, never to be moved.
•Psalms 93:1
Protagonists of Intellectual Revolution The Lord reigns; he is robbed in majesty;
Nicolaus Copernicus the lord iis robbed, he is girded with
(Heliocentric Model of Solar System) strength. Yea, the world is established; it
shall never be moved.
Charles Darwin •Psalms 96:10
(Theory of Evolution) Say among the nations, "The Lord reigns!
Yea, the world is established, it shall never
Sigmund Freud be moved; he will judge the peoples with
(Psychoanalysis Theory) equity.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS An English naturalist, biologist and
● A Mathematician and Astronomer geologist.
who formulated a model of the ● All life is related and has descended
universe that placed the Sun rather from a common ancestor: the birds
than the Earth at the center of the and the bananas, the fishes and the
universe. flowers -- all related.
● Born in 1473 in PolandProponent of ● Published his book, On the Origin of
Heliocentric model of the cosmos Species.
where the earth rotates on its axis ● Complex creatures evolve from
for 24 hrs and revolves around the more simplistic ancestors naturally
sun for a year. over time.

● Populations pass through a process

of natural selection in which only the
fittest would survive.
● Organisms have the ability to adapt
to their environment and gradually
changed more competitive to survive
– evolution.

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION (Sigmund

Freud)

● Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939) was

the founding father of
psychoanalysis, a method for
treating mental illness and also a
theory which explains human
CHARLES DARWIN behavior.
Charles Darwin is a biologist who was ● Freud believed that events in our
famously known for his works on evolution childhood have a great influence on
and the process of natural selection. He is our adult lives, shaping our
known as the “Father of Evolution”. personality.
Evolution, as explained by Darwin, occurs
by means of Natural Selection. In addition,
natural selection might occur because of the
following reasons:
1. Overproduction and Variation
2. Competition and Selection
3. Environmental Changes

Reasons why Natural Selections Occur:

1. Overproduction and Variation – some
species produce many offspring but not all
of these young will survive. It means
that not all of the offsprings do not have the
characteristics to survive in the
environment.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION ● Developed hieroglypic form of
(PART 2) writing that were used for recording
astronomical observations, rituals
Mesoamerican Civilization 1200 B.C. and religious matter but was burnt
– 3rd Century A.D. during the invasion of Spanish
The term Mesoamerica comes from the conquerors.
Greek word mesos meaning "in the ● Developed a solar calendar with
Middle." 365 days and ritual calendar with
260 days
OLMEC CIVILIZATION (1500 B.C. – 400
B.C.) Among their other accomplishments, the
The top of the society are priests and ancient Mayas invented a calendar of
nobles who lived in ceremonial remarkable accuracy and complexity. At
centers. right is the ancient Mayan Pyramid Chichen
● Normal people lived in farming Itza, Yucatan, Mexico. The Pyramid of
villages around the elites. Kukulkan at Chichén Itzá, constructed circa
● Carved colossal heads from volcanic 1050 was built during the late Mayan
rocks portraits of rulers. period, when Toltecs from Tula became
● Invented calendar and carved politically powerful. The pyramid was used
hieroglypic writing into the stones as a calendar: four stairways, each with 91
● The mother culture of Mesoamerica. steps and a platform at the top, making a
total of 365, equivalent to the number of
days in a calendar year.

Aztecs (12th – 15th Century)

● Built Chinampas of floating gardens
to plant crops.
● Built empire which has a ruler with
his council consisting of nobles,
priest, and military leaders.
● Developed a calendar with 365 days
Mayans Civilization (300 B.C. - 900 A.D) and a ritual calendar with 260 days
● Developed methods of farming such ● Believed that illness is a punishment
as shifting agriculture and raised from the gods but still uses herbs
bed farming. and medicine for treatment.
● Organized into city-state without
political unity but bounded Aztec Calendar - was an adaptation of the
economically. Developed numbering Mayan calendar. It consisted of a 365-day
system including place value and agricultural calendar, as well as a 260-day
the concept of zero. sacred calendar. (This is a digitalcomposite.
Color added for visibility.)
MIDDLE EAST (17TH CENTURY) 3. Medicine
Middle East is a term used to describe a ● Arabs made use of human cadaver
geographical location that extends from to study and understand its anatomy
Egypt to Afghanistan where Islam arose. and physiology
Islam however is a religion of right actions, ● Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn-Abdallah Ibn-
rules, and laws that begun in 7th Century Sina or Avicenna (ca 970-1037)
and follows the teachings of Muhammad wrote an encyclopedia of medical
who was believed by Muslims as the knowledge. This book was
messenger of God. Islam is also an Arabic translated into Latin and was used
word meaning "submission to God.” as a textbook in Europe up to the
17th century.
If the Roman Catholic has the Bible, Islam ● Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya
on the other hand has the Qur'an (Koran). al-Razi (854-925 CE) spearheaded
Islam as religion plays important role not the construction of the first Islamic
only in Arab ways of living but also in the Bimaristans (hospital).
advancement of science. Islamic
contributions are evident in the field of 4. Astronomy
mathematics, astronomy and medicine. ● Like algebra, the Astrolabe was
improved with religion in mind. It was
1. Geography used to chart the precise time of
● Salat prayers require knowledge in sunrises and sunsets, and to
geography to know the direction of determine the period for fasting
the Qublah; i.e. the direction that during the month of Ramadan, Arab
should be faced when Muslims pray. astronomers of the Middle Ages
● In 1611, Al Idrisi produced very compiles astronomical charts and
accurate maps including a world tables in observatories such as
map that has continents, mountains, those at Palmyra and Maragha.
rivers and famous cities. Gradually, they were able to
● Al-Muqdishi, a geographer also determine the length of a degree, to
produced a colored map. establish longitude and latitude, and
● Muslims are great navigators for the to investigate the relative speeds of
expedition of other countries. sound and light.
Ferdinand Magellan and Christopher
Columbus imported Muslim African Revolution
navigators. Africans like other Eastern civilizations are
pioneers of some advancement in science
2. Mathematics and technology. They work independently
● Muslims invented symbols to without any influence of European science.
express an unknown quantity The diagram below presents some of the
● Made use of zero and decimal remarkable works of Africans in various
system science and technology-related fields.
● Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi
one of the first directors of House of INFORMATION AGE
Wisdom (Bayt Al-Hikmah inBaghdad
where Translation Movement or
knowledge translation to other
language happened). Al-Khwarizmi,
credited with the founding of
algebra, was inspired by the need to
find a more accurate and
comprehensive method of precise
land divisions so that the Koran
carefully obeyed inheritance.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND The development field has always been
NATION BUILDING highly influenced by ECONOMIC
THOUGHT, as exemplified by the fact
|Science and Technology are the key that development has been primarily
drivers to DEVELOPMENT, because measured by increases in Gross National
technological and scientific revolution Product (GNP) and the Gross Domestic
underpin ECONOMIC ADVANCES, Product (GDP).
IMPROVEMENT IN HEALTH SYSTEMS,
EDUCATION AND INFRASTUCTURE.
|are also feared to be contributors to the The global economic situation has become
dehumanization of man and to the a BASIS for determining the classification of
degradation of the environment. countries. The United Nations Department
of Economic and Social Affairs (UN/DESA),
Nation - group or race of people who and the United Nations Conference on
shared history, traditions and culture Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the
sometimes religion, and usually language. five UN regional commissions, including
Generally, people of a specific nation share Economic and Social Commission for Asia
a common national identity that may include and the Pacific (ESCAP) launched the
identity based on race or ethnicity, loyalty World Economic Situation and Prospects
set of political ideas, and institutions, and (WESP) reports.
the linkage of citizenship to nationality.
This provides annual reports on world
State- the governmental apparatus by economic trends in different dimensions. It
which a nation rules itself (Fagoyinbo, also serves as BASIS for classifying
2013). countries around the world as to developed
economies, economies in transition and
As Prof. Gamabari (2008) enumerated, developing economies. Many nations
these aspects shall be: continuously strive to attain "DEVELOPED"
considered in building a strong nation: category which motivate them to strengthen
✓Building a political entity (territory, rules, their own economic dimensions. The WESP
report 2018 stated that an improved an
norms, principles, and common citizenship) improved GLOBAL ECONOMIC situation
✓Building institutions (symbolizes political offer the best chance for the countries to
address LONGER TERM-ISSUES which
entity- institutions such as a bureaucracy, hinders development:
an economy, the judiciary, universities, a
➢Low carbon economic growth
civil service, and civil society organizations);
➢Reducing inequalities
✓Building a common sense of purpose,
➢Economic diversification
hared destiny, a collective
imagination of belonging. ➢Eliminating deep-rooted barriers
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND Government Policies and Laws
PHILIPPINE NATION BUILDING Pertaining to Science and Technology

The Philippine government, as early as RA 2067 – Science Act of 1958 an act to

1980s, prioritize the initiatives on promoting Integrate, Coordinate and Intensify
the role of science and technology in the Scientific and Technological Research and
national development. The declarations in Development.
the 1987 Constitution, Article XIV
acknowledges the significant role of science RA 3589 - An Act amending RA 2067.
andtechnology: Modifying the National Science
Development Board, National Institute of
Section 10. Science and technology are Science and Technology, and the
essential for national development and Philippine Atomic Commission, extending
progress. The State shall give priority to Tax Exemption, Privileges and Grants,
research and development, invention, Request and Donations for Scientific
innovation, and their utilization; and to Purposes to Private Educational Institutions
science and technology education, training, and For other Purposes enacted June 22,
and services. It shall support indigenous, 1963.
appropriate, and self-reliant scientific and
technological capabilities, and their RA 5207 - An Act providing for the
application to the country’s productive Licensing and Regulation of Atomic
systems and national life. Energy Facilities and Materials. Establishing
the Rules of Liability for Nuclear Damage
Section 11. The Congress may provide for and for other purposes. This Act was
incentives, including tax deductions, to approved June 15, 1968.
encourage private participation in programs
of basic and applied scientific research. PD No. 49, s 1972 – Established the
Scholarships, grants-in-aid, or other forms Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical
of incentives shall be provided to deserving and Astronomical Services Administration
science students, researchers, scientists, (PAG-ASA). Its function was to provide
inventors, technologists, and specially gifted environmental protection and to utilize
citizens. scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of
the people.
Section 12. The State shall regulate the
transfer and promote the adaptation of PD No. 334, s 1973 - created the Philippine
technology from all sources for the national National Oil Company (PNOC) to promote
benefit. It shall encourage the widest industrial and economic development
participation of private groups, local through effective and efficient uses of
governments, and community-based energy resources.
organizations in the generation and
utilization of science and technology. RA 8749 - The Philippine Clean Air Act of
1999 was enacted by
Section 13. The State shall protect and Congress on June 23, 1999 to protect and
secure the exclusive rights of scientists, preserve the environment and
inventors, artists, and other gifted citizens to ensure the sustainable development of its
their intellectual property and creations, natural resources.
particularly when beneficial to the people,
for such period as may be provided by
law.
PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2017-
2022

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND

INNOVATION (STI)
• Plays an ECONOMIC ROLE and SOCIAL
PROGRESS
• A KEY DRIVER of the long-term growth of
an economy

• Technology adoption allows the country's

firm and people to benefit from innovations
created from other countries and allows it to
keep up and even leapfrog obsolete
technologies. These can lead to significant
improvements in the productivity of firms in
agriculture, industry and services.
• It can lead to the creation of new public
goods and services, that will help address
the needs of the society, especially of the
disadvantaged including in the areas of
health, education, energy, disaster
resiliency and climate change adaptation.

ASSESSMENT AND CHALLENGES

There is a LOW LEVEL OF INNOVATION
in the country brought
about by:

1. Weaknesses in STI human capital

•Many sectors do not understand or
appreciate the use of technology and
science-based information in their daily
activities.
•Weaknesses in social and professional
cultures (e.g. research culture in a
university)

2. Low Research and Development

(R&D) expenditures by government.
•The bulk of the R&D spending 60% comes
from the public sector.

3. Inadequate S&T Human Resources

Engaged in STI and R&D.
•As of 2013, the country has a total of
36,517 R&D personnel of which 26,495 are
key researchers.
•only 270 researchers for every 1 million
Filipinos. This falls short for the UNESCO
norm of 380 per million population
•This means that there are only 270
researchers for every 1 million Filipinos.
This falls short for the UNESCO norm of
380 per million population.

4. Difficulty in Increasing Employment

Opportunities and Retaining S&T Capital
•The STEM graduates exceeds local
demands (source: USAID STRIDE study)
•here is an out migration and under
employment of Engineers

5. Absence of a Vibrant Intellectual

Property Culture
•The output of R&D is measured by the
number of patents applied and granted to
the Filipino residents. Reports show that
many universities do not have the expertise
to market their patent portfolios for
commercial use. These result in a weak
technology transfer in the country.

6. Weak Linkages among Players in the

STI Ecosystem
•Most HEIs perceived that collaboration with
companies as OUTSIDE their CORE
MISSION.

7. Restrictive Regulations that Hamper

the Implementation of R&D
Programs and Project
•Tedious government procurement process
hampers the immediate acquisition of
equipment and other materials for research,
which in turn delays the implementation of
R&D programs and projects (source: USAID
STRIDE study)

8. Inadequate STI Infrastructure

•The country does not have enough
infrastructure such as laboratory facilities,
testing facilities,
and R&D centers. Those that are existing
needs upgrading.