9582 Photosynthesis 2

(a) The table contains statements about three biological processes.
1.
Complete the table with a tick if the statement in the first column is true, for each process.
Photosynthesis Anaerobic Aerobic respiration

respiration
ATP produced
Occurs in
organelles
Electron transport
chain involved
(3)
(b) Write a simple equation to show how ATP is synthesised from ADP.
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(1)
(c) Give two ways in which the properties of ATP make it a suitable source of energy in
biological processes.
1. _________________________________________________________________
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2. _________________________________________________________________
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(2)
(d) Humans synthesise more than their body mass of ATP each day. Explain why it is
necessary for them to synthesise such a large amount of ATP.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
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Much of Indonesia is covered with forest. Large areas of forest have been cleared and planted
2. with oil-palm trees to be used in the production of fuel.
(a) In these forests, nitrogen in dead leaves is made available to growing plants by the action
of bacteria. Describe the role of bacteria in making the nitrogen in dead leaves available to
growing plants.
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(5)
(b) During photosynthesis, oil-palm trees convert carbon dioxide into organic substances.
Describe how.
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(6)
(Total 11 marks)
Scientists investigated the effects of temperature and light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis
3. in creeping azalea. They investigated the effect of temperature on the net rate of photosynthesis
at three different light intensities. They also investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of
respiration. The graph shows the results.
(a) (i) Name the factors that limited the rate of photosynthesis between X and Y.
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(1)
(ii) Use information from the graph to explain your answer.
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(2)
(b) Use information from the graph to find the gross rate of photosynthesis at 20°C and
medium light intensity.
Answer ____________________
(1)
(c) Creeping azalea is a plant which grows on mountains. Scientists predict that in the area
where this plant grows the mean summer temperature is likely to rise from 20 °C to 23 °C.
It is also likely to become much cloudier. Describe and explain how these changes are
likely to affect the growth of creeping azalea.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
(a) The concentrations of carbon dioxide in the air at different heights above ground in a forest
4. changes over a period of 24 hours. Use your knowledge of photosynthesis to describe
these changes and explain why they occur.
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(5)
(b) In the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis, the carbon in carbon dioxide becomes
carbon in triose phosphate. Describe how.
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(5)
(Total 10 marks)
Tomato plants were grown in two glasshouses, each with an area of 2000 m2. The table shows
5.
the mean number of hours of sunshine per month during fruit production.
1995 – 1997 1998 – 2000

(no extra carbon dioxide (extra carbon dioxide)
Mean number of hours of

148.91 147.00
sunshine per month
• The scientists used heating to maintain the temperature inside the glasshouses above
18 °C. They opened the windows to keep the temperature below 30 °C.
• From 1998 to 2000 they maintained the carbon dioxide concentration between 0.06 % and
0.08 % when the windows were closed and between 0.04 % and 0.05 % when the windows
were open.
• The carbon dioxide concentration in the air outside the glasshouse was 0.04 %.
(a) The scientists monitored the number of hours of sunshine per month. Explain why they
monitored the number of hours of sunshine.
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(2)
(b) The temperature, the use of fertiliser and the number of insect pests were controlled during
this investigation. Name one other factor which should have been controlled during the
investigation. Explain why variation in this factor would affect yield.
Factor _____________________________________________________________
Explanation _________________________________________________________
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Introduction
6.
Resource A – D relate to a single investigation.
Scientists investigated the effect of supplying extra carbon dioxide on the yield of tomatoes
growing in a glasshouse. They compared the mean yield of tomatoes from 1995 to 1997 when no
extra carbon dioxide was supplied with the mean yield of tomatoes from 1998 to 2000 when extra
carbon dioxide was supplied.
Resource A
Tomato plants were grown in two glasshouses, each with an area of 2000 m2. Figure 1 shows the
mean number of hours of sunshine per month during fruit production.
Figure 1
1995 - 1997 1998 - 2000

(no extra carbon dioxide) (extra carbon dioxide)
Mean number of hours of

148.91 147.00
sunshine per month
• The scientists used heating to maintain the tempera ture inside the glasshouses above
18 °C. They opened the windows to keep the tempera ture below 30 °C.
• From 1998 to 2000 they maintained the carbon dioxide concentration between 0.06 % and
0.08 % when the windows were closed and between 0.04 % and 0.05 % when the windows
were open.
• The carbon dioxide concentration in the air outside the glasshouse was 0.04 %.
Resource B
Figure 2 shows the mean difference between the yield of tomatoes with extra carbon dioxide and
the yield with no extra carbon dioxide for each week during the harvesting period.
If the yield is greater when extra carbon dioxide is supplied, the difference in yield is shown as an
increase. If the yield is lower when extra carbon dioxide is supplied, the difference is shown as a
decrease.
Figure 2
Resource C
Figure 3 shows the relationship between the time when the tomatoes were harvested and the
yield.
Figure 3
Number of weeks from Mean yield per week with Mean yield per week without
beginning of year extra carbon dioxide / kg m–2 extra carbon dioxide / kg m–2
13 – 19 1.25 0.83
20 – 25 1.62 1.47
26 – 48 1.23 1.06
The commercial price for tomatoes varies with the time of year. The highest price is paid for
tomatoes between weeks 13 and 19. The lowest price is paid between weeks 26 and 48.
Resource D
Whiteflies are an important insect pest of tomatoes. The adults can fly from plant to plant. Their
young do not have wings. The adults and young feed on the plant sap and introduce viruses into
the tomato plants. Feeding and the introduction of viruses both reduce the yield of tomatoes. The
scientists controlled the number of whitefly in the glasshouses by releasing parasitic wasps. The
wasps lay their eggs in the young of the whitefly. The wasp eggs hatch and feed on the young
whitefly, killing them.
(a) (i) An increase in carbon dioxide concentration affected the yield of tomatoes in week
35. Use Figure 2 to describe how.
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(1)
(ii) There was a decrease in yield when extra carbon dioxide was supplied during some
weeks of the year. Use information from Resource A to suggest why.
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(1)
(b) Using Figure 3, calculate the percentage increase in yield when extra carbon dioxide was
added for weeks 13 to 19. Show your working.
Percentage increase ____________________

(2)
(c) Additional information is required for tomato growers to decide whether it is economically
profitable to add extra carbon dioxide to produce very early tomatoes.
Give two pieces of information that the growers would require.
1. _________________________________________________________________
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2. _________________________________________________________________
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(2)
(d) Adding extra carbon dioxide during the summer (weeks 24 – 36) is unlikely to be profitable.
Use data from the resource sheet explain why.
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(2)
(e) The control experiment in this investigation was when data were collected with no extra
carbon dioxide added. Some scientists said this control experiment was not satisfactory.
Explain how you could improve the control experiment.
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
In the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis, light energy generates ATP.

7.
Describe how.
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(Total 5 marks)
The diagram represents some of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
8.
(a) Describe the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis and explain how they allow the
continued synthesis of hexose sugars.
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(6)
(b) Describe the role of electron transport chains in the light-dependent reactions of
photosynthesis.
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(6)
(c) Explain why the increase in the dry mass of a plant over twelve months is less than the
mass of hexose produced over the same period.
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(3)
(Total 15 marks)
Transpiration in sorghum plants was measured under different conditions. The table shows the
9. results
Transpiration rate / mmol m-2 s-1

Growing conditions
Low carbon dioxide High carbon dioxide
concentration concentration
Dry soil 12.68 ± 1.64 11.07 ± 1.52
Watered soil 18.29 ± 1.51 15.08 ± 1.38
(a) Changing the carbon dioxide concentration had a greater effect on the rate of transpiration
when the plants were watered than when they were kept in dry conditions. Explain why.
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(2)
(b) (i) Giving a reason for your choice, suggest one factor which should be kept constant
during this investigation.
Factor ________________________________________________________
Reason _______________________________________________________
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(1)
(ii) The figures in the table are the mean values ± standard deviation. Suggest what the
values of standard deviation given in the table indicate about the effects of carbon
dioxide concentration and of watering on the variability of the results.
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(1)
(Total 4 marks)
An investigation was carried out into the effect of carbon dioxide concentration and light intensity
10. on the rate of photosynthesis in a species of plant.
(a) The temperature was kept constant during this investigation. Explain why.
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(2)
(b) The table shows the effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of
photosynthesis in maize.
Carbon dioxide Rate of photosynthesis / arbitrary

concentration / arbitrary units units
30 10
60 20
100 30
150 40
230 50
300 60
400 60
Describe and explain the effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of
photosynthesis.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
(a) The flow chart shows the main stages in aerobic respiration.
11.
(i) Complete the flow chart by writing, in the appropriate boxes, the number of carbon
atoms in substance P and the name of substance Q.
(2)
(ii) Some ATP is formed in the cytoplasm and some in the mitochondria. Use the
information given to calculate the number of molecules of ATP formed in a
mitochondrion from one molecule of glucose in aerobic respiration. Show how you
arrived at your answer.
Answer____________________
(2)
(iii) In the presence of oxygen, respiration yields more ATP per molecule of glucose than
it does in the absence of oxygen. Explain why.
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(3)
(b) Anabaena is a prokaryote found inside the leaves of a small fern. Anabaena can produce
ammonia from nitrogen (nitrogen fixation). This reaction only takes place in the anaerobic
conditions found in cells called heterocysts. Heterocysts are thick-walled cells that do not
contain chlorophyll. The drawing shows the relationship between Anabaena and the fern.
(i) Suggest how the features of the heterocysts improve the efficiency of the process of
nitrogen fixation.
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(3)
(ii) In China, the fern is cultivated and ploughed into fields to act as an organic fertiliser.
Explain how ploughing the fern plants into the soil results in an improvement in the
growth of the rice crop grown in these fields.
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(5)
(Total 15 marks)
There is evidence that the first photosynthetic organisms were primitive water-dwelling bacteria.
12. The very first of these lived near the surface of the water in lakes and contained a purple pigment
that absorbed light most strongly in the green region of the spectrum. Later, other bacteria
evolved that lived on the top of sediment at the bottom of the lakes (Figure 1). Gene mutations
had enabled these bacteria to synthesise chlorophyll instead of the purple pigment present in the
bacteria living near to the surface. Chlorophyll absorbs light most strongly in the blue and red
regions of the spectrum (Figure 2).
Figure 1
Figure 2
(a) Describe how light energy absorbed by chlorophyll molecules is used to synthesise ATP.
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(5)
(b) Use Figure 2 to explain how natural selection would favour the evolution of sediment-
dwelling bacteria containing a different photosynthetic pigment from those living near the
surface of the water.
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(6)
(Total 11 marks)
An investigation was carried out to find the effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentration on
13. the rate of photosynthesis in a particular type of plant. The graph shows the results.
(a) (i) In this investigation, temperature was kept constant. Explain why.
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(1)
(ii) Suggest suitable units for measuring the rate of photosynthesis in this investigation.
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(2)
(b) (i) Give the evidence from the graph that carbon dioxide is limiting the rate of
photosynthesis between A and B.
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(1)
(ii) Explain the shape of the curve between B and C.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
The diagram shows the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

14.
(a) In which part of a chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions occur?
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(1)
(b) Name the substances in boxes A, B and C.
A ________________________________
B _______________ + _______________
C ________________________________
(3)
(c) Use information in the diagram to explain
(i) the role of chlorophyll in photolysis;
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(3)
(ii) how the energy of light is converted into chemical energy in the light-dependent
reactions.
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(3)
(d) In an investigation, single-celled algae were kept in bright light and were supplied with
carbon dioxide containing radioactive carbon atoms. After 300 seconds, the carbon dioxide
supply was turned off. The graph shows how the concentrations of carbon dioxide,
glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) and ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) changed.
(i) Explain why, between 0 seconds and 300 seconds, the concentration of radioactive
GP remained constant.
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(3)
(ii) Explain why, between 300 seconds and 380 seconds, the concentration of radioactive
RuBP increased.
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(2)
(Total 15 marks)
The diagram shows the structure of a chloroplast.
15.
(a) Label the diagram with an X to show where the light-dependent reactions take place and
with a Y to show where the light-independent reactions take place.
(1)
(b) The photolysis of water is an important part of the process of photosynthesis. Describe
what happens in the photolysis of water.
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(2)
(c) ATP and reduced NADP are two products of the light-dependent reactions. Describe one
function of each of these substances in the light-independent reactions.
ATP _______________________________________________________________
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Reduced NADP ______________________________________________________
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
(a) The table contains some statements relating to biochemical processes in a plant cell.
16. Complete the table with a tick if the statement is true or a cross if it is not true for each
biochemical process.
Statement Glycolysis Krebs cycle Light-dependent

reaction of
photosynthesis
NAD is reduced
NADP is reduced
ATP is produced
ATP is required
(4)
(b) An investigation was carried out into the production of ATP by mitochondria. ADP,
phosphate, excess substrate and oxygen were added to a suspension of isolated
mitochondria.
(i) Suggest the substrate used for this investigation.
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(1)
(ii) Explain why the concentration of oxygen and amount of ADP fell during the
investigation.
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(2)
(iii) A further investigation was carried out into the effect of three inhibitors, A, B and C,
on the electron transport chain in these mitochondria. In each of three experiments, a
different inhibitor was added. The table shows the state of the electron carriers, W–Z,
after the addition of inhibitor.
Electron carrier
Inhibitor
added
W X Y Z
A oxidised reduced reduced oxidised
B oxidised oxidised reduced oxidised
C reduced reduced reduced oxidised
Give the order of the electron carriers in this electron transport chain. Explain your
answer.
Order _______ _______ _______ _______
Explanation ____________________________________________________
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
(a) Describe how NADP is reduced in the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis.

17.
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(2)
(b) In an investigation of the light-independent reaction, the amounts of glycerate
3-phosphate (GP) and ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) in photosynthesising cells were
measured under different environmental conditions.
Figure 1 shows the effect of reducing the carbon dioxide concentration on the amounts of
glycerate 3-phosphate and ribulose bisphosphate in photosynthesising cells.
Figure 1
(i) Explain why there is twice the amount of glycerate 3-phosphate as ribulose
bisphosphate when the carbon dioxide concentration is high.
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(1)
(ii) Explain the rise in the amount of ribulose bisphosphate after the carbon dioxide
concentration is reduced.
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(1)
(c) Figure 2 shows the results of an experiment in which photosynthesising cells were kept in
the light and then in darkness.
Figure 2
(i) In the experiment the cells were supplied with radioactively labelled 14CO2. Explain
why the carbon dioxide used was radioactively labelled.
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(1)
(ii) Explain how lack of light caused the amount of radioactively labelled glycerate
3-phosphate to rise.
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(2)
(iii) Explain what caused the amount of radioactively labelled glucose to decrease after
the light was switched off.
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
The graph shows the absorption of different wavelengths of light by three photosynthetic
18. pigments in a red seaweed.
(a) (i) Describe what the graph shows about the properties of chlorophyll a.
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(1)
(ii) Describe the part played by chlorophyll in photosynthesis.
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(3)
(b) The red seaweed lives under water at a depth of 2 metres. Suggest an advantage to the
red seaweed of having other pigments in addition to chlorophyll a.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
The diagram shows the energy flow through a freshwater ecosystem.

19.
All units are kJ m–2year–1.
(a) Name
(i) process A;
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(1)
(ii) the group of organisms represented by box B.
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(1)
(b) Calculate the percentage efficiency with which light energy is transferred to energy in
producers. Show your working.
Answer ____________________
(2)
(c) Describe the effect of light energy in the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis.
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(2)
(d) If a plant is kept in the dark it is still able to produce carbohydrates, as long as it is provided
with two products of the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis. Give the name of
these products and explain their function in the light-independent reaction of
photosynthesis.
Name _____________________________________________________________
Function ___________________________________________________________
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Name _____________________________________________________________
Function ___________________________________________________________
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(4)
(Total 10 marks)
The diagram shows a summary of the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis.
20.
(a) (i) Complete the boxes to show the number of carbon atoms in the molecules.
(2)
(ii) In which part of a chloroplast does the light-independent reaction occur?
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(1)
(iii) Which process is the source of the ATP used in the conversion of glycerate
3-phosphate (GP) to triose phosphate?
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(1)
(iv) What proportion of triose phosphate molecules is converted to ribulose bisphosphate

(RuBP)?
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(1)
(b) Lowering the temperature has very little effect on the light-dependent reaction, but it slows
down the light-independent reaction. Explain why the light-independent reaction slows
down at low temperatures.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Gas exchange in an aquatic plant was investigated by placing shoots in tubes containing
21. bromothymol blue indicator solution. Bromothymol blue indicator is yellow below pH 6, green
between pH 6.1 and 7.5, and blue at pH 7.6 and above. Into each of four tubes, A, B, C and D,
10 cm3 of bromothymol blue solution were placed. Each tube was closed with a bung and left for
10 minutes. Similar-sized shoots of an aquatic plant were then placed into each of tubes A, B
and C. The tubes were treated as shown in the diagram.
They were then placed at equal distances from a 60 watt lamp and left for one hour.
The table shows the initial and final colours of the indicator in the four tubes.
Tube Treatment Initial colour of Colour of indicator

indicator after one hour
A Uncovered Green Blue
B Covered with black paper Green Yellow
C Covered with muslin Green Green
D Uncovered Green Green
(a) Explain the results for
tube A;
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tube B;
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tube C.
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(4)
(b) (i) Explain how the results from tube D help to confirm that the explanations for the other
tubes are valid.
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(1)
(ii) Explain why all the tubes were placed the same distance from the lamp.
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
The percentage of light absorbed by an aquatic plant was measured when it was exposed to
22. different wavelengths. The rate of photosynthesis was also measured at each wavelength of
light. The results are shown in the graph.
(a) Describe and explain the relationship between light absorption and the rate of
photosynthesis for the wavelengths of light between 410 nm and 500 nm.
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(2)
(b) Give one dependent variable you could measure in order to determine the rate of
photosynthesis in an aquatic plant.
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(1)
(c) Use the graph to identify the range of wavelengths of light that would be green in colour.
Give a reason for your answer.
Wavelengths __________ to __________ nm
Reason ____________________________________________________________
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(2)
(d) A suspension of chloroplasts was isolated from an aquatic plant and a reagent was added.
The reagent is blue when oxidised and is colourless when reduced.
(i) The suspension of chloroplasts in blue reagent was exposed to sunlight. The blue
colour disappeared. Use your knowledge of the light-dependent reactions of
photosynthesis to explain why.
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(2)
(ii) Another suspension of chloroplasts was set up as before. Small quantities of ADP
and phosphate ions were added and then the tube was exposed to light. The blue
colour disappeared more quickly. Explain why.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Tomato growers have increased the yield of fruit from 100 to 400 tonnes per hectare by growing
23. the tomato plants in automatically heated glasshouses and enhancing the carbon dioxide
concentration. To control the nutrient supply to the roots, the plants are grown without soil in
plastic troughs, as shown in the diagram.
(a) Explain how enhancing the carbon dioxide concentration helps to increase the yield.
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(2)
(b) Maintaining a high temperature in a glasshouse in winter, when the light intensity is low,
may reduce the yield. Explain how.
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(2)
(c) Tomato fruits have a high percentage of water. When making tomato ketchup, it is more
economical to use fruits which have a low percentage of water. Growers can reduce the
water content of the fruit by adding sodium chloride to the nutrient solution in the plastic
trough.
Explain how adding sodium chloride can reduce the water content of the fruit.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
(a) (i) Give two products of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.

24.
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii) The products of the light-dependent stage are used in the light-independent stage of
photosynthesis. What are these products used for?
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(1)
(b) The graph shows the rate of uptake or release of carbon dioxide by a plant at different light
intensities.
Explain the rate of carbon dioxide exchange at point X.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Mark schemes
(a)
1.
Anaerobic Aerobic
Photosynthesis
respiration respiration
ATP produced
Occurs in
organelles
Electron
transport chain
involved
1 mark per column

Mark ticks only. Ignore anything else if different symbols such as
crosses are used as well.
If crosses are used instead of ticks allow cross as equivalent to a
tick.
Reject tick with a line through
3
(b) ADP + Pi → ATP;

Both sides correct, but allow other recognised symbols or words for
phosphate ion. Reject P unless in a circle.
Accept = as equivalent to arrow
Accept reversible arrow
Ignore any reference to kJ / water
1
(c) 1. Energy released in small / suitable amounts;
2. Soluble;
3. Involves a single / simple reaction;

1. In context of release, not storage. Ignore producing energy /
manageable amounts.
2. Reject "broken down easily / readily". Reject "quickly / easily
resynthesised".
2 max
(d) 1. ATP cannot be stored / is an immediate source of energy;
2. ATP only releases a small amount of energy at a time;

2
[8]
(a) 1. Saprobionts / saprophytes;
2.
2. Digest / break down proteins / DNA / nitrogen-containing substances;
3. Extracellular digestion / release of enzymes;
4. Ammonia / ammonium produced;
5. Ammonia converted to nitrite to nitrate / ammonia to nitrate;
6. Nitrifying (bacteria) / nitrification;
7. Oxidation;
Ignore all references to other parts of the nitrogen cycle
1. Accept saprotrophs. Allow this mark if saprobionts linked to fungi.
2. Ignore"nitrogen in plants"
Ignore enzymes excreted
6. Accept Nitrosomonas / Nitrobacter
5 max
(b) 1. Carbon dioxide combines with ribulose bisphosphate / RuBP;
2. Produces two molecules of glycerate (3-)phosphate / GP;
3. Reduced to triose phosphate / TP;
4. Using reduced NADP;
5. Using energy from ATP;
6. Triose phosphate converted to other organic substances / named organic

substances / ribulose bisphosphate;
7. In light independent reaction / Calvin cycle;

3. Accept add hydrogen for reduced
4. Accept alternatives such as NADPH for reduced NADP / GALP
for TP / ribulose biphosphate
6 max
[11]
(a) (i) Temperature and light;

3. 1
(ii) Increase in temperature causes increase in rate of photosynthesis / uptake of

carbon dioxide;
Increase in light / more / medium / high light (intensity) causes increase in rate
of photosynthesis / uptake of carbon dioxide;
2
(b) 2.75 – 2.81 (mg g–1 hr–1)

Accept answers in range 2.75 – 2.81
1
(c) 1. Growth will decrease (at higher temperature);
2. Rate of respiration will increase at higher temperature;
3. Photosynthesis decreases as limited by light / as there is less light;

Ignore references to effect of temperature on rate of photosynthesis
3
[7]
(a) 1. High concentration of carbon dioxide linked with night / darkness;

4.
Accept: converse of low in day
2. No photosynthesis in dark / night / light required for photosynthesis / light-

dependent reaction;
Ignore references to rate of photosynthesis in day / night
Accept day = light
3. (In dark) plants (and other organisms) respire;

Must be a reference to plants or all organisms
4. In light net uptake of carbon dioxide by plants / plants use more carbon dioxide
than they produce / rate of photosynthesis greater
than rate of respiration;
Do not allow converse for this point
Accept description of compensation point
5. Decrease in carbon dioxide concentration with height;

Accept: converse of increase closer to ground
6. At ground level fewer leaves / less photosynthesising

tissue / more animals / less light;
5 max
(b) 1. Carbon dioxide combines with ribulose bisphosphate / RuBP;
2. To produce two molecules of glycerate 3-phosphate / GP;
3. Reduced to triose phosphate / TP;
4. Requires reduced NADP;
5. Energy from ATP;

This mark scheme is based on specification content. Accept
alternate names such as NADPH
Credit relevant diagrams
Accept: description of ‘reduced’
5
[10]
(a) To see if a difference in hours of sunshine was present / because it is necessary to monitor
5. factors which cannot be controlled;
So that they could eliminate this factor from affecting the yield (with /without extra carbon
dioxide);
OR
Duration of light influences length of time for photosynthesis / temperaturein glasshouse;
Higher photosynthesis results in higher yield / more carbohydrates /sugars / proteins
produced;
2 max
(b) Named factor;

Explanation of why the factor is important;
E.g.
Density of planting;
Competition for named resource;
or
Same variety of tomato;
Yield will vary with different varieties / with different genotypes;
or
Water (application);
Water needed for expansion of fruit / maintain leaf turgidity / maintain stomatal
opening / replace water lost in transpiration / water used in photosynthesis;
For named resourceaccept ‘nutrient’ but not ‘food’
2
[4]
(a) (i) Yield increases by 0.6 kg m–2 (when extra carbon dioxide present);
6. 1
(ii) Temperature / light intensity so could be lower in these weeks (as temperature /
light insensity not fully controlled / monitored) (over period 1998 – 2000);
1
(b) Two marks for correct answer of 50.6%;;

One mark for incorrect answer in which candidate has shown clearly that calculation
based on an increase / 0.42 and original mass / 0.83
2
(c) Cost of supplying carbon dioxide;

Price of (very early) tomatoes;
2
(d) Lowest price paid for tomatoes;

Some carbon dioxide lost as windows open in summer;
Little / no mean increase in yield in summer;
2 max
(e) Grow with extra carbon dioxide in one glasshouse and without carbon dioxidein other
glasshouse at same time;
So all environmental conditions / light and temperature same for experiment and
control;
2
[10]
1. Light (energy) excites / raises energy level of electrons in chlorophyll;
7.
2. Electrons pass down electron transfer chain;
Q Accept any reasonable alternative for electron transfer chain.
3. (Electrons) reduce carriers / passage involves redox reactions;
4. Electron transfer chain / role of chain associated with chloroplast

membranes / in thylakoids / grana;
Example such as chemiosmosis;
5. Energy released / carriers at decreasing energy levels;
6. ATP generated from ADP and phosphate / Pi / phosphorylation of ATP;

[5]
(a) 1 5C / RuBP combines with CO2;

8.
2 to form 3C compound / TP / GP;
3 using ATP;
4 and reduced NADP / eq;
5 2 molecules of 3C compound / TP / GP form hexose;
6 all RuBP is regenerated;
7 10 molecules of 3C / TP / GP form 6 molecules of 5C / RuBP;

6 max
(b) 1 electron transport chain accepts excited electrons;
2 from chlorophyll / photosystem;
3 electrons lose energy along chain;
4 ATP produced;
5 from ADP and Pi;
6 reduced NADP formed;
7 when electrons (from transport chain) and H+ combine with NADP;
8 H+ from photolysis;
6 max
(c) 1 some hexose / biomass / eq. used in respiration;
growth cancels this point
2 CO2 produced (is lost to air);
3 some parts of the plant are eaten / some parts lost to decomposers
/ in leaf fall;
3
[15]
(a) dry conditions - stomata partially closed;

9. due to less turgor in guard cells;
OR
watered conditions - stomata more open;
due to greater turgor in guard cells;
2
(b) (i) EITHER

temperature [Allow heat] - higher causes more water evaporation /
diffusion [not just transpiration]
OR
light - causes stomatal opening
OR
soil texture - determines availability of water
OR
humidity - reduces evaporation / reduces gradient / wind
causes more (water) evaporation;
1
(ii) high CO2 gives less variation AND watering gives less variation;
OR
insignificant difference in variability as small differences in SD;
reject ‘no difference’
1
[4]
(a) Temperature affects photosynthesis; Affects enzyme activity;

10. So that any change in photosynthesis rate is result of carbon dioxide / light intensity;
max 2
(b) Carbon dioxide increases rate of photosynthesis;

Up to max;
Something else / correct suggestion is a limiting factor;
3
[5]
(a) (i) P = 3;
11. Q = acetylcoenzyme A;
2
(ii) 36 ATP, however derived = 2 marks

30 ATP, however derived = 1 mark
2
(iii) Correct statement in the context of aerobic respiration or
anaerobic respiration concerning:
Oxygen as terminal hydrogen / electron acceptor allowing operation of electron
transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation;
Fate of pyruvate;
Significance of ATP formed in glycolysis;
3
(b) (i) Thick walls exclude oxygen;

Produced by photosynthetic cells (of fern and Anabaena);
Contain no chlorophyll so do not photosynthesise;
Do not produce oxygen;
Oxygen would inhibit nitrogen fixation process;
max. 3
(ii) Decomposers / bacteria / fungi / saprobionts (in fields);
Convert protein / organic nitrogen (in cells of fern) into

ammonium ions (allow ammonia);
Ammonium ions (ammonia) converted to nitrite, then converted to nitrate;
Allow 1 mark for NH3 / NH NO3

By nitrifying bacteria / correctly named;
Nitrate used to form protein / amino acids in rice;
5
[15]
(a) Excitation of chlorophyll molecule / electrons / energy of (pairs of)

12. electrons raised to higher energy level;
Electron(s) emitted from chlorophyll molecule;
Electron(s) to electron transport chain;
Loss of energy by electron(s) along electron transport chain;
Energy lost by electron(s) is used to synthesise ATP;
From ADP + Pi;

“By electrons” need not be stated in each marking point if it can be
reasonably inferred that the candidate is referring to electrons
max 5
(b) Little green light reaches bottom as absorbed by surface dwellers / water;
Red and blue not absorbed and so penetrate;
Variation in pigments of sediment dwellers;
Bacteria with chlorophyll at an advantage as chlorophyll absorbs red and blue;
(Survive to) reproduce in greater numbers and pass on advantageous
alleles / genes in greater numbers / increase in frequency of advantageous
alleles in subsequent generations;
Increase in frequency / numbers of bacteria with chlorophyll;
6
[11]
(a) (i) temperature also affects photosynthesis / rate of reaction; need to ensure the effect of
13. only one variable is being observed;
1
(ii) CO2 used / O2 produced / sugar produced / increase in mass;

per unit of time;
accept any volume or mass unit; per time unit;)
(allow one mark for indicator of photosynthesis – second mark is for
time element)
2
(b) (i) as carbon dioxide increases, rate of photosynthesis increases;

1
(ii) carbon dioxide not limiting photosynthesis / another factor / named

factor limiting;
explanation for named factor;
2
[6]
(a) Grana / thylakoids / lamellae;

14. 1
(b) A = oxygen / O2
B = ADP and phosphate / Pi / phosphoric acid / correct formula;
C = reduced NADP; ALLOW NADPH / NADPH2 / NADPH + H+
3
(c) (i) Absorbs light / energy;

Loses electrons / becomes positively charged / is oxidised;
Accepts electrons from water / from OH– which causes more water
to dissociate / pulls equilibrium to the right;
3
(ii) Electrons raised to higher energy level / electrons excited;

Use of electron carriers / cytochromes / acceptors;
For production of ACT
[REJECT ‘energy production’]
3
(d) (i) GP formed from RuBP + CO2;

GP → TP / sugar-phosphate / sugar / to RuBP;
GP formed at same rate as it is used;
3
(ii) No CO2 to combine with / not enough CO2 to combine with RuBP
RuBP not changed into GP / TP RuBP reformed from GP / TP;
2
[15]
(a) On diagram, correctly labelled:
15.
Light-dependent: granum / thylakoid membranes – labelled ‘X’
AND
Light-independent: stroma – labelled ‘Y’;
1
(b) Any two from:
(Water) forms H+ / hydrogen ions and electrons / e– ;
O2 / oxygen formed; [NOT ‘O’, NOT ‘O –’]
(Light) excites electrons / raises energy level of electrons / electrons to

chlorophyll / to photosystem;
max 2
(c) (ATP) Provides energy for GP → TP / provides P for RuP / TP → RuBP;
(Reduced NADP) Provides H / electrons for GP → TP / reduces GP to TP;

2
[5]
16. (a) x;
x x ;
x x
4
(b) (i) pyruvate / succinate / any suitable Krebs cycle substrate;

1
(ii) ADP and phosphate forms ATP;

oxygen used to form water / as the terminal acceptor;
2
(iii) Y X W Z;
order of carriers linked to sequence of reduction / reduced
carriers cannot pass on electrons when inhibited;
2
[9]
(a) electrons;
17. from chlorophyll / photolysis;
2
(b) (i) RuBP combines with carbon dioxide to produce 2 x GP;

1
(ii) less used to combine with carbon dioxide /

less used to form glycerate 3-phosphate;
1
(c) (i) used in photosynthesis allows detection of products;
1
(ii) ATP and reduced NADP not formed;

GP is not being used to form RuBP / is being formed from RuBP;
2
(iii) used in respiration / formation of starch / cellulose;

1
[8]
(a) (i) pigment reflects / does not absorb green or yellow or orange;
18. pigment absorbs blue or violet;
pigment absorbs red;
(accept correct wavelengths instead of colours)
(any 2 for 1 mark)
1
(ii) light (energy) absorbed by chlorophyll;

raises energy level of electrons / electrons are excited / emitted;
ATP formed;
3
(b) more wavelengths / colours absorbed;

more (efficient) photosynthesis can occur at these depths / low light intensities
or
more (efficient) photosynthesis can occur when some wavelengths are not
present;
2
[6]
(a) (i) respiration;

19. 1
(ii) decomposers;
(accept bacteria / fungi)
1
(b) × 100 = 5.14 / 5.1%;
(correct answer = 2 marks)

(principle: energy in producers ÷ energy of light absorbed = 1 mark)
2
(c) excites chlorophyll / electrons;

release electron(s);
2 max
(d) reduced NADP;

reduces GP / to change GP to TP;
ATP;
provides the energy to reduce GP / convert GP to TP / TP to RuBP /
provides phosphate to convert TP to RuBP;
4
[10]
(a) (i) RuBP – 5; GP – 3; TP – 3; Glucose – 6;
20.
(all correct = 2 marks; 3 or 2 correct = 1 mark)
2
(ii) stroma;
1
(iii) light-dependent reaction / (photo)phosphorylation;

(accept photolysis)
1
(iv) 5 out of 6 / 83% / equivalent;

1
(b) enzymes involved / not a photochemical reaction;

slow rate of enzyme / chemical reaction at low temperature /
less kinetic energy / fewer collisions;
2
[7]
(a) adding CO2 decreases pH / makes more acid

21. OR removing CO2 increases pH / makes more alkaline;
(credit anywhere but do not credit this mark if
stated that oxygen is an alkaline gas)
rate of photosynthesis > rate of respiration in A;

respiration only in B;
rate of photosynthesis = rate of respiration in C;
4
(b) (i) shows that indicator alone does not change colour in light;
1
(ii) so that all tubes receive same amount of heat

1
[6]
(a) the more light absorbed, the greater the rate of photosynthesis;
22. light provides the energy for light dependent reactions / photolysis /
light independent reactions / production of reduced NADP /
exciting electrons in chlorophyll;
(do not give credit if energy is used in photosynthesis)
2
(b) count the number of bubbles / measure the volume of gas / measure the
change in pH / carbon dioxide / hydrogen carbonate ions;
(credit oxygen produced)
1
(c) 530 – 630 nm;
(any values within this range)
limited absorption of light / (green) plants reflect green light /

limited photosynthesis at these wavelengths of light;
(allow references to no light absorbed or no photosynthesis)
2
(d) (i) chlorophyll excited / reduced NADP formed;

electrons from chlorophyll / reduced NADP changes the dye colour;
2
(ii) ADP and phosphate needed to produce ATP / ATP is a product of

the light dependent reactions;
ADP levels are a limiting factor;
(must explain the idea of limiting factors – do not credit answers like
more ADP causes more photosynthesis)
2
[9]
(a) rate of photosynthesis increased;

23. normal atmospheric concentration a limiting factor / more / faster
production of biomass or sugars / more products of photosynthesis
transported to fruits;
2
(b) (increased temperature) increases rate of respiration;

rate of photosynthesis too low to replace respiratory loss
2
(c) lower water potential of nutrient solution;

less water absorbed into roots (by osmosis);
(not: water lost from roots)
2
[6]
(a) (i) Reduced NADP;

24.
Accept NADPH/ NADPH+/NADPH2
1
ATP;
Accept oxygen/O2
1
(ii) (To incorporate carbon dioxide) to make sugars/glucose/fructose;

Accept ‘to fix carbon dioxide’
Accept correct biochemical answers
Accept provide energy to make sugars
1
(b) Change (in CO2 exchange) due to photosynthesis;
1
Plants carry out photosynthesis and respiration;

1
At X (rates of) respiration and photosynthesis same;

1
2 max
[5]

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(a) The table contains statements about three biological processes.

Photosynthesis Anaerobic Aerobic respiration

(ii) Use information from the graph to explain your answer.

1995 – 1997 1998 – 2000

Mean number of hours of

1995 - 1997 1998 - 2000

Mean number of hours of

Percentage increase ____________________

Give two pieces of information that the growers would require.

In the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis, light energy generates ATP.

Transpiration rate / mmol m-2 s-1

Dry soil 12.68 ± 1.64 11.07 ± 1.52

Watered soil 18.29 ± 1.51 15.08 ± 1.38

Carbon dioxide Rate of photosynthesis / arbitrary

The diagram shows the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

(a) In which part of a chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions occur?

(b) Name the substances in boxes A, B and C.

(i) the role of chlorophyll in photolysis;

Reduced NADP ______________________________________________________

Statement Glycolysis Krebs cycle Light-dependent

(i) Suggest the substrate used for this investigation.

A oxidised reduced reduced oxidised

B oxidised oxidised reduced oxidised

C reduced reduced reduced oxidised

Order _______ _______ _______ _______

(a) Describe how NADP is reduced in the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis.

(ii) Describe the part played by chlorophyll in photosynthesis.

The diagram shows the energy flow through a freshwater ecosystem.

(ii) the group of organisms represented by box B.

(ii) In which part of a chloroplast does the light-independent reaction occur?

(iv) What proportion of triose phosphate molecules is converted to ribulose bisphosphate

Tube Treatment Initial colour of Colour of indicator

A Uncovered Green Blue

B Covered with black paper Green Yellow

C Covered with muslin Green Green

D Uncovered Green Green

(a) Explain the results for

Give a reason for your answer.

Wavelengths __________ to __________ nm

(a) (i) Give two products of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.

Explain the rate of carbon dioxide exchange at point X.

1 mark per column

(b) ADP + Pi → ATP;

(c) 1. Energy released in small / suitable amounts;

3. Involves a single / simple reaction;

(d) 1. ATP cannot be stored / is an immediate source of energy;

2. ATP only releases a small amount of energy at a time;

3. Extracellular digestion / release of enzymes;

4. Ammonia / ammonium produced;

5. Ammonia converted to nitrite to nitrate / ammonia to nitrate;

6. Nitrifying (bacteria) / nitrification;

(b) 1. Carbon dioxide combines with ribulose bisphosphate / RuBP;

2. Produces two molecules of glycerate (3-)phosphate / GP;

3. Reduced to triose phosphate / TP;

4. Using reduced NADP;

5. Using energy from ATP;

6. Triose phosphate converted to other organic substances / named organic

7. In light independent reaction / Calvin cycle;

(a) (i) Temperature and light;

(ii) Increase in temperature causes increase in rate of photosynthesis / uptake of

Order ___ _ _ ___

Wavelengths to nm