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    • How we see ourselves shapes our lives, and is shaped by our cultural context.

    Self-
    perceptions influence, among other things, how we think about the world, our social
    relationships, health and lifestyle choices, community engagement, political actions, and
    ultimately our own and other people's well-being.
    • Social scientists have long understood that people in different parts of the world see
    themselves in different ways, but research has often been driven by a rather blackand-white
    — and some would say stereotypical — view of what the differences are.
    • Culture matters to the extent that it is normal for different experiences to be felt by the
    individuals in a given society. It is worth noting here that the perspectives in cultural matters
    usually provide a new insight into the psychological processes.
    • The experiences we go through in life are facilitated by the culture we live in, because
    culture provides or is the environment which allows all these experiences to take place
    (Warder, 1996).
    • culture has such a greater influence on an individual’s life contributing majorly to the self
    concept of an individual. The influence might either be negative or positive depending on
    the type of culture that one has been brought up in.
    • It is important that individuals study and appreciate their culture and its contribution in
    shaping their individual personalities.

    MODULE 4 - THE SELF FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PSYCHOLOGY

    PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY

    A theory with Sigmund Freud as the main proponent with his other followers the like of Jung,
    Adler, Horney among others. Freud emphasizes that an individual’s behavior and feelings are
    influenced by his unconscious motives. According to Wilson (2002), the unconscious mind
    comprises mental processes that are inaccessible to consciousness but that influence
    judgments, feelings, or behavior. Famously illustrated like an iceberg, Freud believes that the
    most important part of the mind or the self of an individual is that part that is invisible but
    forms the biggest chunk or humongous in size. Additionally, Freud put significance on childhood
    experiences from birth until age of seven which has crucial impact on the individual’s
    personality.

    BEHAVIORIST THEORY

    A critique to then prevailing


    Psychodynamic theory, Behaviorist like
    Pavlov, Thorndike, Skinner, and Watson believes that an individual’s behavior can be described
    and explained not through mental events or to internal psychological processes (cognitive and
    affective) but observed as an individual respond and react to external stimuli coming from his
    environment. Behaviorist subscribe to the idea that psychology is the science of behavior not
    internal processes. For the behaviorist your self and your personality is based on your reactions
    and responses to life challenges and everything that is observable in the naked eye and that
    could be measured and quantified. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a therapeutic technique
    developed by behaviorist for neurodiverse individuals ( autism spectrum ADHD, etc.)

    SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY

    Social Cognitive Theory was promoted by Albert Bandura, he believes that learning occurs in a
    social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and
    behavior. Among the unique feature of the theory is its emphasis on social influence and its
    corresponding external and internal social reinforcement. The theory recognizes the importance
    of past experiences that influences reinforcements, expectations, and expectancies. These are
    factors that contributes to the behavior of the person. This theory believes that the self or an

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