Biology Practical Record Book to be completed (Experiments 6 to 14)
NOTE: • It is mandatory to use the same ink (blue) to write all the experiments. • Avoid using whitener. • Write the EXPERIMENT NO in the center of the first line. • The Name of the Experiment to be written in Capital letters below the Experiment No. • Draw a double margin. Leave a line after the double margin and then start with AIM. • Do not write the details on the same line as the sub heading. Always start the details from the next line. • All headings, sub headings to be written in CAPITAL LETTERS and underlined with a dark pencil. • Leave a line after writing the details under each sub heading, like AIM, OBSERVATION etc. • Each new experiment to be written on a FRESH PAGE. • Do not write the dates. • Index to be written in CAPITAL LETTERS and leave a line in between the experiments. Write the page numbers (of first page of each experiment Like 01, 05, 09) in the index. • Page numbers should be written only on the ruled side and start with 02, 04, 06 etc. • Diagrams should be drawn on the first blank side of each experiment. • Diagrams should be proportionate to the page and drawn neatly in the center of the page. • Labelling should be written in capital letters towards the right side of the diagram (use a ruler). If there are more labellings that cannot be accommodated on the right, you can label the parts on the left side. Do not draw lines across the diagrams for labelling. • The title should be written in CAPITAL LETTERS (with pencil) at the bottom of the diagram and underlined. • NO COLOUR PENCILS / MARKER PENS to be used for diagrams and the text. EXPERIMENT NO: 06
PHYLUM PORIFERA AND PHYLUM CNIDARIA
AIM:
To observe and study the organisms of Phylum Porifera and Phylum Cnidaria.
OBSERVATION:
1) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM PORIFERA
• They are the simplest multicellular animals.
• The body is porous, the pores are called ostia. In addition to pores, there is a single large opening called the osculum at the top. • The body has a characteristic canal system for circulation of water. Water carries food and oxygen with it. • Respiratory, nervous and excretory organs are absent. • A skeleton is present. It consists of calcareous or siliceous spicules or proteinaceous spongin fibres.
GIVEN SPECIMEN: SYCON
2) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM CNIDARIA
• Body is two layered and encloses a single cavity, called coelenteron in
which digestion takes place. • A number of finger- like processes called tentacles are present around the mouth to catch food. • The body bears special stinging cells called cnidoblasts. • Animals exists in two forms-Sexual polyps and asexual-Medusa
GIVEN SPECIMEN: HYDRA
SYCON
HYDRA EXPERIMENT NO: 07
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES AND PHYLUM NEMATODA
AIM:
To observe and study organisms of Phylum Platyhelminthes and Phylum Nematoda.
OBSERVATION:
1) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
• They are dorsoventrally flattened and are unsegmented worms.
• The alimentary canal has only one opening which serves as mouth. • There is no anus. • Respiratory, circulatory and skeletal systems are absent. • The body of tape worm is flat and is made up of sections called proglottids which regenerate under suitable conditions.
GIVEN SPECIMEN: TAPE WORM
2) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM NEMATODA:
• They are either parasitic or free living.
• They are narrow, elongated and cylindrical bodies which are unsegmented, with a fluid filled false body cavity. • A complete alimentary canal opens at the two ends. • Reproduction occurs sexually and the sexes are separate.
GIVEN SPECIMEN: ASCARIS
TAPEWORM
ASCARIS EXPERIMENT NO: 08
PHYLUM ANNELIDA AND PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
AIM:
To observe and study the organisms of Phylum Annelida and Phylum Arthropoda
OBSERVATION:
1) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM ANNELIDA
• Their body is cylindrical and composed of rings or segments called
metameres. • The animal has a well-developed digestive system with the alimentary canal open at both ends with a mouth and anus. • Respiration is either through the general body surface or gills. • Excretion occurs through coiled tubular structures called nephridia. • In a mature earthworm a short cylindrical band of thick glandular skin called “clitellum” that serves in reproduction.
GIVEN SPECIMEN: EARTHWORM
2) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
•The animals have joined legs, one pair each on some or on all body segments. • The body is covered by a hard exoskeleton made of chitin. • Respiration occurs through general body surface, gills, trachea or book lungs. • Excretion occurs through malpighian tubules. • Compound eyes having many lenses so, arthropods have mosaic vision. GIVEN SPECIMEN: COCKROACH EARTHWORM
COCKROACH EXPERIMENT NO: 09
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA AND PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
AIM:
To observe and study the organisms of Phylum Mollusca and Phylum Echinodermata
OBSERVATION:
1) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
• They have soft and un-segmented body.
• The soft body is usually supported by a hard shell of calcium carbonate. • The body is divided into an anterior head, a ventral muscular foot to help locomotion. • The muscular foot acts as a weapon in some cases • A dorsal visceral mass or hump and the shell is secreted by mantle. • Respiration occurs through gills called ctenidia.
GIVEN SPECIMEN: SNAIL
2) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
• The body has an unsegmented rough outer covering of spines.
• In shape, the animals are star- shaped, spherical or elongated. • Symmetry is radial in adults but bilateral in larvae. • Body cavity is modified into a water vascular system. Tube like extensions called tube feet is present in this system. • Tube feet help in locomotion and food collection. • Sexes are separate.
GIVEN SPECIMEN: STAR FISH
SNAIL
STAR FISH EXPERIMENT NO: 10
CLASS PISCES, CLASS AMPHIBIA AND CLASS REPTILES
AIM:
To observe and study the organisms of Class Pisces, Class Amphibians and Class Reptiles
OBSERVATION:
1) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASS PISCES
• The body is streamlined and covered with scales to cut through the water to swim fast. • Fins are present for locomotion and muscular tail is present which is used for movement. • Two chambered heart and respiration is through gills. • These are cold blooded animals /Poikilotherms. • They are oviparous.
GIVEN SPECIMEN: BONY FISH
2) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASS AMPHIBIA
• They are partly terrestrial and partly aquatic. • Skin is smooth or rough, rich in glands which keep it moist and has pigment cells called chromatophores. • Eardrum (Tympanum) lies on the surface of the skin. • Limbs tetrapodous (four –limbed), pentadactyl type (five-fingered). • Respiration by lungs, skin or buccal lining, gills present at least during the larval stage. • Heart three-chambered with two auricles and a ventricle; red blood corpuscles large, biconvex, oval and nucleated. • Eggs gelatinous covering, usually laid in water.
GIVEN SPECIMEN: A FROG
3) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASS REPTILIA
• They are completely adapted to life on land.
• Two pairs of pentadactyl limbs are present, but in snakes’ limbs are reduced or absent. • Body is covered with epidermal horny scales. • Skin is dry, rough impermeable and devoid of glands. • Respiration takes place by lungs. Gills are absent. • Heart is three-chambered in which ventricles is partially divided • Eardrum (Tympanum) lies at the bottom of a tubular depression.
GIVEN SPECIMEN: LIZARD
BONY FISH
EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A FROG
EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A LIZARD
EXPERIMENT NO: 11
CLASS AVES AND CLASS MAMMALIA
AIM:
To observe and study the organisms of Class Aves and Class Mammalia.
OBSERVATION:
1) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASS AVES
• All birds belong to this class.
• The body is covered with soft feathers (feathery exoskeleton). • There are two pairs of limbs. The fore limbs are modified to form wings in flying birds or are reduced as in non-flying birds. Endoskeleton is light. The bones have got air cavities (pneumatic bones). This makes the bird light. • Body is streamlined and jaws are modified to form a strong beak. • Respiration is by lungs. Lungs have additional bag-like membranous extensions called air sacs. • Heart is completely four-chambered and they are warm blooded (homeotherms) • They lay eggs (oviparous) and eggs are covered with calcareous shell.
GIVEN SPECIMEN: PIGEON
2) GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASS MAMMALIA
• Skin is covered with an exoskeleton of hair. Skin is provided with sweat
glands which help in the regulation of body temperature. • Mammals have two pairs of pentadactyl limbs. • The body cavity is unequally divided into two parts by a muscular partition called diaphragm separating the thorax and abdomen. • Eyes are provided with movable lids and ears have fleshy external ears or pinnae. • Respiration occurs by lungs. • Heart is four – chambered. Red Blood Cells are non- nucleated and usually circular. • They give birth to young ones (viviparous) and support the young ones by means of mammary glands
GIVEN SPECIMEN: RAT
EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A PIGEON
EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A RAT
EXPERIMENT NO: 12
HUMAN LUNGS
AIM:
To study the structure of human lungs
OBSERVATION:
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN LUNGS:
• Lungs are human respiratory organs which lie in the thoracic cavity on the sides of the heart. • The lungs are a pair of elastic, conical, spongy bag like structure which is connected to the larynx by the trachea. • They are covered by a double-wall membrane called pleural membrane. In between the two layers pleural fluid is found which provides protection to the lungs. ∙ The left lung is smaller than the right lung and has a cardiac notch to accommodate the heart on the anterior- median side. • The respiratory tract consists of nostrils, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. The bronchioles open into the alveolar ducts leading to the alveolar sacs or alveoli. • The alveoli are the real respiratory part of the lungs. • Alveoli are lined by a single layer of squamous epithelial cells in which network of capillaries is present. The deoxygenated blood gets oxygenated and the carbon dioxide which enters the alveoli is passed out of the lung through the passages which ultimately is passed out of the body during breathing out movement in expiration.
HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
EXPERIMENT NO: 13
MECHANISM OF BREATHING
AIM:
To demonstrate the mechanism of breathing.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Rubber sheet, thread, bell jar, one holed rubber stopper, a pair of balloons and Y- shaped glass tube.
PROCEDURE:
Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure. The rubber sheet tied at the bottom edge of the bell jar represents the diaphragm and the two rubber balloons are the lungs present in the body.
OBSERVATION AND INFERENCE:
When the rubber sheet is pulled downwards the rubber balloon expands due to air rushing in through the glass tube. When the rubber sheet is pushed upwards the rubber balloon collapses as the air present in them rushes out.
MECHANISM OF BREATHING EXPERIMENT NO: 14
FOOD TESTS
AIM:
To identify the presence of starch, sugars, proteins and fats in the given food
1 IODINE TEST The food sample turns Present of starch is
Take 2-3 ml of iodine blue black confirmed solution with the help of the dropper and add it to the given sample (bread or potato)
BENEDICT TEST A yellow precipitate Presence of sugar
Take 2 ml of milk in a is obtained is confirmed test tube and add Benedict’s solution to the milk. Heat the test tube.
TEST FOR PROTEINS:
SR.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
1 BIURET TEST Mauve colour is Presence of protein Take egg white in a test observed in the test tube is confirmed tube. Add 2 drops of sodium hydroxide and 1- 2 drops of copper sulphate solution
2 XANTHOPROTEIC The yellow Presence of protein
TEST precipitate turns is confirmed Take 2 ml of milk or orange. egg white in a test tube. Concentrated nitric acid is added (a yellow precipitate Is formed). Wash the precipitate with water.
TEST FOR FATS:
SR.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
1. SPOT TEST The blotting paper turns Presence of fats is
Crush groundnuts in a greasy. confirmed. motor and pestles. Rub them on the blotting paper
