Animal Kingdom

Animal kingdom
Basic features…
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Cell wall absent
heterotrophic
Levels of Organization
• Cellular level ….. Sponges
• Tissue level ….. Coelenterates
• Organ Level ….. Platyhelminthes
• Organ System level ... Annelids Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms, Chordates
Body Symmetry
Embryonic Germ layers
GERM layers
• Ectoderm
• Mesoderm
• Endoderm
• DIPLOBLASTIC …… ectoderm & endoderm

• TRIPLOBLASTIC ……Ectoderm ,Mesoderm & Endoderm
Germ Layers
Porifera
Coelenterate
Ctenophora
* Comb plates
* Most members show
bioluminescence
Platyhelminthes
Aschehelminthes
Annelida
Mollusca
Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Chordata – characteristic features
Class – Cyclostomata
• All the organisms are ectoparasites under this class of vertebrates.

• They mostly live on fish’s bodies.
• They have 6-15 gills for respiration in an elongated body.
• Their mouth is circular for sucking without jaws.
• They have cartilaginous vertebral columns and cranium.
• They have scales on their body and paired fins.
• Their blood circulation system is close.
• They are aquatic animals and migrate often for freshwater to lay eggs.
• This process is spawning and they die after laying eggs.
• Their larvae follow metamorphosis and go back to the ocean.
• Some examples are Petromyzon and Myxine.
Class – Pisces
• They are the fishes under this class with scales and plates.
• They are oviparous animals and use gills to respire.
• These have a streamlined body and a muscular tail for movement.
• They are cold-blooded animals with two chambers in the heart.
• They have two types Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.
• The Chondrichthyes have a cartilaginous skeleton.
• The Osteichthyes have bony skeleton
Chondrichthyes
• They are marine animals that have a cartilaginous endoskeleton.

• They have a ventral mouth with a streamlined body.
• The notochord is present in them throughout life.
• They have separate gills without a cover.
• They have tough skin with placoid scales.
• These have very powerful jaws and are predaceous.
• They swim continuously to avoid drowning as there is no air bladder.
• They have two chambers in their hearts and are cold-blooded.
• Some of them have electric organs and a poison sting.
• They have different sexes with internal fertilization.
• Some examples are Scoliodon, Pristis, Trygon, etc.
Osteichthyes
• Fishes from fresh and marine water with bony endoskeleton are under
this subclass.
• They have a streamlined body with a terminal mouth.
• They have four pairs of gills with operculum cover on each side.
• These have cycloid scales on their skin.
• To maintain buoyancy, they have an air bladder.
• They have two chambers in the heart and are cold-blooded animals.
• The sexes are different from external fertilization.
• They are mostly oviparous animals with direct development.
• Some examples are flying fish, Sea horse, Angelfish, etc.
Class – Amphibia
• This class can easily survive in aquatic and terrestrial environments.
• They have moist skin without scales and eyelids for eyes. And the ear is
tympanum.
• They have a well-developed alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive
tracts that open in the exterior through the cloaca.
• Their heart has three chambers and is cold-blooded.
• The respiration process is by lungs, skin, and gills.
• The reproduction by different sexes and internal fertilization takes
place.
• They are oviparous animals with indirect development.
• Some examples are toads and frogs
Class – Reptilia
• They are creepers and crawlers under this phylum.

• They are mainly terrestrial with dry and confined skin cover.
• These have epidemic scales or scutes on their skin.
• Snakes and lizards at the time skin shed to remove the scales.
• There is no ear opening and the Tympanum acts as an ear.
• They have three chambers in their hearts and crocodiles have four.
• Reptiles are cold-blooded animals.
• They can lay eggs outside water as it has a hard covering.
• The male and female sexes are different for internal fertilization.
• They are oviparous animals with direct development.
• Some examples are Turtle, Crocodile, Alligator, Wall lizard, Vipera, etc.
Class – Aves
• They have four chambers in their hearts and use lungs for breathing.
• All the birds are Aves.
• They have feathers and can fly except flightless birds like Ostrich.
• Their wings act as their forelimbs.
• The scaled hind limbs enable them to walk, swim, and climb trees.
• They only have oil glands at the tail, making the rest of the skin dry.
• Their bones are hollow with air cavities.
• The crop and gizzard are digestive tracts of them.
• They come under warm-blooded animals.
• They use lungs to respire and air sacs near them.
• These have different sexes with internal fertilization.
• They are oviparous animals with direct development.
• Some examples are Crow, Pigeon, Vulture, etc.
Class – Mammalia
• They have four chambers in their hearts and use lungs for breathing.
• They are warm-blooded animals.
• Most of them reproduce young except platypus who lay eggs.
• They are mostly terrestrial animals except a few who can fly and live
underwater.
• They have milk-producing glands for infants’ nourishment.
• These have two limbs for walking and other activities.
• Their skin has hair, external ears, and types of teeth in their jaws.
• They have different sex with internal fertilization and direct development.
• They are mostly viviparous animals except for kangaroo, dolphins, and blue
whales.
• Some examples are Platypus, Viviparous – Kangaroo, Flying fox, Delphinus, etc.
Salient Features of Different Subclasses in the Phylum Vertebrata

Animal Kingdom

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Animal kingdom

• DIPLOBLASTIC …… ectoderm & endoderm

• All the organisms are ectoparasites under this class of vertebrates.

• They are marine animals that have a cartilaginous endoskeleton.

• They are creepers and crawlers under this phylum.

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