MEDIUM PACKET 1 ANSWER KEY

1. Is PCl3 planar or non-planar? Justify your response by drawing the lewis structure.

Non-planar

2. Determine the Ka for carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) given that a 34.0 mL sample of 0.14 M
carbonic acid has a pH 3.50 at 25.0˚C.

[H3O+] = 10^-pH = 10^-3.50 = 0.000316 M = [HCO3-]

Ka = [HCO3-][H3O+] / [H2CO3] = (0.000316)^2 / (0.14-0.000316 M) = (7.14 x 10^-7)

OR (7.15 x 10^-7)

3. All of the following reactions are examples of redox reactions except for one. Write in
the space below which reaction does not follow the rules of redox chemistry.

(i) Zn + Cu2+⟶ Zn2+ + Cu

(ii) 2 Fe(s) + O2(aq) + 2 H2O(l) ⟶ 2 FeO⋅H2O(s)

(iii) AgCl3 + H2O ⟶ Al(OH)3 + HCl

(iii) IO3-(aq) + H+ + I- (aq) ⟶ H2O(l) + I3-(aq)

MEDIUM PACKET 2 ANSWER KEY
1. What intermolecular forces are present in a sample of HBr (l)?

London dispersion (or Van der Waals) forces and dipole-dipole forces

2. Is ∆S˚ < 0, = 0, or > 0 for the reaction: 2SO3(g) → O2(g) + 2SO2(g)

∆S˚ > 0

3. How many electrons are in resonance in pyrrole?

6 electrons

The 4 pi-electrons in double bonds and the nitrogen lone pair

MEDIUM PACKET 3 ANSWER KEY
1. What is the pH at the equivalence point of a titration between 25.12g of acetic acid in
100mL water and 0.1M NaOH? (Ka of acetic acid = 1.76 * 10-5)

25.12g / 60.052g/mol = 0.418mol

0.418mol NaOH / 0.1M = 4.18L NaOH
0.418mol acetate / (4.18L + 0.100L) = 0.098M acetate

Kb = Kw / Ka = 1.0 * 10-14 / 1.76 * 10-5 = 5.68 * 10-10

5.68 * 10-10 = [OH-][HOAc] / [OAc-] = x2 / 0.098 - x
x = [OH-] = 7.45 * 10-6
pOH = -log(7.45 * 10-6) = 5.13
pH = 14 - 5.13 = 8.87

2. The reaction CO + 3H2 → CH4 + H2O is entirely in the gas phase. Consider a system at
equilibrium. If an inert gas is added to the system, and total pressure is kept constant,
which way will equilibrium shift?

Left

3. W, X, Y, Z are four different elements in the first 20 elements of the periodic table.
Knowing that:
i. The common cation of W has the same electron configuration with the anion of Z.
ii. Y and Z belong to the same group, and they can form 2 common chemical
compounds.
iii. X and Z belong to the same period, and they can form 2 common gaseous
compounds.
iv. W and X can form 𝑊3𝑋2.
Identify these four elements: W= Mg , X=N , Y=S, Z=O
MEDIUM PACKET 4 ANSWER KEY
1. What do you call a process in which no heat transfer takes place?
An adiabatic process

2. Which two phases of matter merge into a single phase at the “critical point” ?
Liquid and gas

3. Which is not a colligative property: vapor pressure, boiling point, osmolarity, viscosity?
Viscosity
MEDIUM PACKET 5 ANSWER KEY
For a given sample of ideal gas at a fixed temperature, not all particles (atoms/molecules) are
traveling at the same speed. The fraction of particles at each speed is predicted by the
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution equation, which can be plotted as P(x) vs. x. Show below is an
example of a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution plot.

1. If the red line represents Ne gas at 298 K, which color curve (green or blue) could
represent Ne gas at 500 K?
Green

2. If the red line represents Ne gas at 298 K, which color curve (green or blue) could
represent Ar gas at 298 K?
Blue

3. What does the area under the curve between speeds of 0 and 10 mean?
The probability of a gas molecule having a speed between 0 and 10
MEDIUM PACKET 6 ANSWER KEY
1. Order the following elements of increasing ionic radius: F+, O, Cl-

F+ < O < Cl-

2. A mixture of gas is contained in a vessel and the equation is given below. The partial
pressures of H2, I2, and 2HI are 0.057 atm, 0.035 atm, and 0.022 atm respectively. The Kp
value of the reaction at 460 degrees celsius is 49. Determine if the reaction will proceed
forward or backward.

H2(g)+I2(g) → 2HI(g)

Qp=(0.0222)/(0.035)(0.057) = 0.2426
Qp (0.2426) < Kp (49)
The reaction will proceed forward

3. 1.0 mol of HNO2 was added with 0.30 mol of KOH to 1.0L of water. Assume the volume
does not change. Knowing the pKa of HNO2 is 3.35, what is the pH of the resulting
solution?
pH = 2.98
MEDIUM PACKET 7 ANSWER KEY
1. Rank the second ionization energy of the following elements: Ne Li C

(least) ___C____ < ___Ne____ < ____Li___ (most)

2. Calculate the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for a solution containing 0.29M lactic acid with a
pOH of 10.21.
pH = 14 - 10.21 = 3.79
[H3O+] = 10-3.79 = 0.000162 [H3O+] = x

(𝑥)(𝑥) ( 0.000162 )( 0.000162 )

Ka = 0.29 − 𝑥
= 0.29 − 0.000162
= 9. 1 · 10-8

3. Given the reaction: 2 HI (g) ⇌ I2 (g) + H2 (g)

If the volume is reduced by half at a constant temperature, does the reaction shift towards
the products, shift towards the reactants, or does nothing happen?

Nothing happens
MEDIUM PACKET 8 ANSWER KEY
1. Which molecule has the highest bond order and which has the lowest: SO2 NO3- XeF

Highest:___SO2_____ Lowest:____XeF_____

NO3- = 4/3 SO2 = 3/2 XeF = 1

Highest: SO2 Lowest: XeF

2. A solution containing 0.12 M of HCl is titrated with a solution of NaOH with a molarity
of 0.76 M. Calculate the pH of the titration solution before any titrant is added.

0.12 M HCl = 0.12 H3O+

pH = -log(0.12) = 0.92

3. A first-order reaction has a half-life of 15 minutes, how much time is required for this
reaction to 63% complete.
0.693 −1
𝑡1/2 = 0. 63; 𝑘 = 15 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
= 0. 0462 𝑚𝑖𝑛
[𝐴] 𝑙𝑛 (0.63)
𝑙𝑛 ( [𝐴] 𝑡 ) =− 𝑘𝑡; 𝑙𝑛 (63%) =− 0. 0462 × 𝑡 → 𝑡 = −0.0462
≃ 10. 0 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
0
MEDIUM PACKET 9 ANSWER KEY
𝑚 𝑛
1. In the reaction, [𝐴] + [𝐵] → [𝐶] + [𝐷], the rate law looks like: 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴] [𝐵] ,
where 𝑘 is some constant. Given the following experimental data where [𝐵] is held
constant, what is the value of 𝑛?
[A] (in M)

Experiment Time = 0 s Time = 10 s

1 0.10 0.9

2 0.20 0.19

3 0.30 0.29

𝑛=0

2. 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3(𝑠) + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2(𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐻2𝑂(𝑙) + 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔)

There are 3.5 g of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 in a closed 2L container. 60 mL of 1M HCl solution is added to
the container. Assume that the 𝐶𝑂2 produced behaves like an ideal gas. Calculate its
−1 −1
pressure (3 significant digits). (Temperature: 298K, R=0.08206 𝐿 · 𝑎𝑡𝑚 · 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ·𝐾 )
𝑚(𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3) 3.5𝑔
𝑛(𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3) = 𝑀(𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3)
= (40.08+12.01+16.00×3)𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0. 035 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑛(𝐻𝐶𝑙) = 𝑐(𝐻𝐶𝑙) × 𝑉(𝐻𝐶𝑙) = 1𝑀 × 0. 06𝐿 = 0. 06 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
1
𝑛(𝐶𝑂2) 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑡𝑜 2
× 𝑛(𝐻𝐶𝑙) = 0. 03 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛𝑅𝑇 0.03×0.08206×298
𝑃(𝐶𝑂2) = 𝑉
= 2
= 0. 367 𝑎𝑡𝑚

3. There is great current interest in developing fuel cells based on the reaction:
2CH3OH (l) + 3O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l).
Write a balanced equation for the half-reaction that occurs in acid solution for such a fuel
cell at the anode and cathode.
anode: CH3OH + H2O → CO2 + 6H+ + 6e–
cathode: O2 + 4H+ + 4e– → 2H2O
MEDIUM PACKET 10 ANSWER KEY
1. 𝐶𝐻4(𝑔) + 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) → 2𝐻2(𝑔) + 2𝐶𝑂(𝑔)
The reaction takes place in a closed container with a volume of 3L. The total pressure at
the beginning of the reaction is 3.6 atm. The partial pressure of 𝐶𝐻4 is 2.6 atm, 𝐻2 is 0.4
2
atm, 𝐶𝑂 is 0.6 atm. Knowing that K for this reaction is 4. 8 × 10 , calculate the
equilibrium partial pressure for 𝐶𝑂2 (3 sig figs)..

𝐶𝐻4 𝐶𝑂2 𝐻2 𝐶𝑂

I 2. 6 𝑎𝑡𝑚 0 0.4 atm 0.6 atm

C +x +x -2x -2x

E (2. 6 + 𝑥) x (0.4-2x) 0.6-2x

2 2
2 (0.4−2𝑥) ·(0.6−2𝑥)
𝐾 = 4. 8 × 10 = (2.6+𝑥)·𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 = 0. 0000461 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃(𝐶𝑂2) = 0. 0000461 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 4.61 x 10-5 atm

2. A hot metal cube 1cc (cubic centimeter) in volume was placed into a cup of water. The
water was previously 23°C but increased in temperature to 32°C. Before removing the
cube, the volume of the system in the cup was measured to be 34cc. The heat capacity of
water is 4.186J/g°C. What was the change in heat of the system?

Twater = 32-23 = 9 ℃
1 mL cube + 33 mL water = 33 g water
∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝐶∆𝑇 = (33 𝑔)(4. 186)(9)
∆𝐻 = 1243 𝐽

3. Consider the reaction: [𝐴] + [𝐵] ↔ [𝐶] at 400°K. The forward reaction rate constant is
7
11min-1, and the arrhenius constant, A, is 5 · 10 min-1. A catalyst is added and the
activation energy of the forward reaction, Ea, is reduced by 5 kJ/mol. What is the new rate
constant of the forward reaction?

49.5min-1
MEDIUM PACKET 11 ANSWER KEY
1. Write out the name of the following compound: Mn2(SO3)3
Manganese (III) sulfite

2. Rank the following compounds from smallest number of oxygens to most:

Bromic acid, perchloric acid, iodous acid, dihydrogen monoxide
Dihydrogen monoxide (H2O) < iodous acid (HIO2) < bromate (HBrO3) < perchloric acid
(HClO4)

3. What’s the bond order of an O-O bond in ozone (O3)? (1.5)

MEDIUM PACKET 12 ANSWER KEY
1. Determine if hydrogen bonds can exist in the structures below. If they do exist, draw
dashed lines of where the bond would occur

There should be dashed lines in #1 and #3.

#2 cannot form hydrogen bonds.

2. The density of gaseous form of sulfur is 2.857g/L under standard conditions. What is the
molecular formula of sulfur in this case?
2. 857 𝑔/𝐿 × 22. 4 𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 63. 9968 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
63.9968 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
For 𝑆𝑛 ⇒ 𝑛 = 32.066 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
≃ 2, the molecular formula of sulfur in this case is 𝑆2

3. Solution A has a pH of 10. Solution B has a pH of 5. How many times more acidic is
Solution B than Solution A?
100,000 times more acidic OR 105 times more acidic
MEDIUM PACKET 13 ANSWER KEY
1. Under standard conditions, a glass jar filled with air has a mass of 152.34 g. When it is
filled with oxygen, it has a mass of 152.37 g. What is its mass when it is filled with
nitrogen? (M(air) ≃ 28. 97 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙)
Under standard conditions, the pressure and temperature of the gas is constant. Since the gasses
are in the jar, the volume of the gas is also constant. Therefore, all the gasses in the jar have the
same moles.
∆𝑚 = 152. 37𝑔 − 152. 34𝑔 = (31. 998 − 28. 97)𝑛
𝑛 = 0. 00990753 mol
Mass of the jar = 152.34 g - 0. 00990753 mol × 28. 97𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙=152.053g
Mass when filled with nitrogen = 152.053 g + 0.00990753 mol × 28.014 g/mol = 152. 331 g.

2. Determine if a 20 mL solution of 0.03M AgNO3 and 50 mL of 0.1 M K2SO4 will form a

precipitate. (Given: Ksp for Ag2SO4 = 1.2 x 10-5)

Find new molarities of Ag+ and SO42-

Ag+: 0.02*0.03= 0.0006 moles ⇒ 0.0006/0.03 = 0.02
SO42-: 0.1*0.05-0.005 moles ⇒ 0.005/0.03 = 0.17

Mass action
(0.02)^2(0.17) = 0.000068

Qsp>Ksp ⇒ will precipitate

3. A 5L vessel holds a reaction where in the forward direction, the system is exothermic. A
stress is applied to the system and where the temperature is increased but the moles of
mixture and the volume remain constant. Will the reaction proceed forwards, backwards,
or is more information needed?

More information needed. Le Chatelier is ambiguous in this case.

MEDIUM PACKET 14 ANSWER KEY
1. The term used to describe the concentration of the enzyme-substrate complex in a
single-substrate, single-product reaction: __________
Steady state

2. Consider the following reaction: 3C(s) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g)

If you have 2.3g of C(s) and 5L of H2(g) at STP, what is the limiting reagent and how much
product (in grams) will be formed? Assume there are 22.4 L/mol of gas at STP.

5L H2 x 1mol/22.4L = .223 moles of H2 gas

.223 moles of H2/ 4 moles per reaction = 0.0558
2.3 g of C x 1mol/ 12.011g = 0.191 moles of C(s)
0.191 moles of C(s)/ 3 moles per reaction = 0.0638
H2 (g) is the limiting reagent

0.223 moles/4 = 0.05575 moles of product formed

0.05575 mol * 44.1g/ mol C3H8 = 2.46 grams formed

3. What do you call the slowest step in a chemical reaction that determines the overall rate
of chemical reaction?
Rate determining step