Decision Analytics Journal 4 (2022) 100089

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Decision Analytics Journal

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dajour

Cloud droplets scavenging of gaseous pollutant from the atmosphere:

Nonlinear modelling and analyses
A.A. Yinusa a ,∗, M.G. Sobamowo a , S.J. Ojolo a , M.A. Usman b
a Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Lagos, Nigeria
b
Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, University of Lagos, Nigeria

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The principle of how hazardous pollutants are annulled by rain, dew or precipitations has been a subject of
Cloud droplet interest in addressing environmental challenges and climate change. This scavenging process when studied
Gaseous atmospheric pollutants scavenging generates nonlinear dynamic models that require robust techniques for obtaining their solutions before use
PADE-Homotopy perturbation method
for predictions. Consequently, this work presents analytical solutions to such unsteady processes using PADE-
Multi-step differential transformation method
Homotopy perturbation method (PADE-HPM) and Multi-step differential transform method (MSDTM). The
Finite difference method
obtained solutions are verified via a numerical finite difference method (FDM). These methods demonstrate
adequate aptitude for predicting the scavenging processes. Furthermore, the study of the controlling parameters
shows that reduction in the formation rate of the annulling agents causes a corresponding decrease in the
density of the available raindrop for scavenging. Meanwhile, augmentation in formation rate rapidly neutralizes
pollutants from the atmosphere. A synonymous impact is realized for growth rate parameter. In addition,
it is established that as the transformation rates of hazardous gases reduce while scavenging processes are
augmented, the threat posing pollutants would be completely annulled. It is envisaged that the present study
will find usage in overcoming one of the dares facing the world at large on scavenging of hazardous pollutants.

1. Introduction to meticulously address and review related studies. Consequently, Tov

et al. [1] did a study on the impact of fluid scavenging on altitudinal
Air pollution by gaseous particulates is a major challenge city face dispersal of solvable pollutants. They established that drizzly deposi-
today. The discharge of particulates and gaseous matters from various tion is very important for gaseous pollutants removal as it strongly
household, vehicular sources and industries have contributed to the affects the atmospheric global gaseous pollutants concentration. On
rapid increase in atmospheric pollution. The release of gases like NO2 the extension of the work, Shukla et al. [2] used a city as a case
and SO2 from industries and power plants normally reach very high study and performed analysis on the influence of rain on gaseous pol-
into the atmosphere and combine with the moisture over there. This lutant and particulate matter removal. They modelled the problem as
amalgamation results in acidic rain which is very detrimental to the
a system of nonlinear fully coupled equations and employed numerical
ecosystems. Meanwhile particulate matters usually from smoke and
schemes in obtaining concentration solutions. They concluded that the
dust released by industrial processes, construction works and road
equilibrium levels of these pollutants are functions of emission’s rate,
traffic have continuous pollution impact on the atmosphere. As a result,
growth rate and removal parameters. Sharma et al. [3] investigated
predicting chemical composition and elucidating processes which affect
atmospheric behaviour is not just vital but necessary. Hence, addressing atmospheric pollutants suspended in air while Blando et al. [4] did a
problems related to atmospheric science, climate change, air quality survey on the formation of subordinate carbon-based aerosol. Further
and ecosystem become topics of extremely high importance. works on precipitation rummaging of SO2 in a manufacturing space;
rain fall scavenging of atmospheric vaporizer for emergency applica-
2. Literature review and methodology tions and its overview on cloud and pollution have been critically
studied [5,6]. Moore et al. [7] studied fog and cloud and were able to
2.1. Related studies on scavenging of pollutants generate a relationship between drop size and chemical composition.
Mumtaz and Ertan [8] considered a facility location problem using
The needs for critical assessments on scavenging of harmful pollu- multi-objective technique and showed how the work may be employed
tants have been elucidated in the previous section. This calls for need in locating temporary companies or centres for the distribution of

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: aayinusa@unilag.edu.ng (A.A. Yinusa).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dajour.2022.100089
Received 6 September 2021; Received in revised form 20 May 2022; Accepted 1 July 2022
Available online 4 July 2022
2772-6622/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
A.A. Yinusa, M.G. Sobamowo, S.J. Ojolo et al. Decision Analytics Journal 4 (2022) 100089

natural gas. They generated a model for the problems investigated and
used an iterative method to obtain the non-dominated set of solutions.
It was concluded that the scheme combines bound and branch iterative
programming approaches for efficient operations. Kuyyetli et al. [9]
designed a predictive model based on artificial neural network and
use the outcome for the prediction of future number of daily patients
and deaths. Three different deep learning and neural networks were
applied for generating the prediction models. The anticipated models’
results were then used to support decision making for policy makers.
Das et al. [10] investigated the environmental impact when phase
change materials (PCMs) are incorporated in vehicles for achieving
human thermal comfort. They proposed that appropriate PCM may be
selected via simultaneous multi-characterized decision-making models.
The disproportions of the selection methods were noted and used to Fig. 1. Cloud droplet.
provide entropy-based weights. They concluded that Gallium and other
phase change materials are appropriate for interior vehicle thermal
management. Sinha and Rajendran [11] scrutinized an innovative lo-
cation analytics model for finding station locations of emerging air
taxi services in metropolitan areas. The analytics model was integrated
with a k-means iterative clustering and warm start techniques. They
concluded that the projected model outclasses the present ones in both
analysis and selection. Several predictive models have also been used to
find applications in deep learning schemes [12], water regulations [13],
airline industries and in cluster-based demand forecasting [14]. Pooja
et al. [15] described a method of predicting species future under
climate and land cover changes in Himalaya while Erica et al. [16]
explored how the shift in precipitation regimes may change the pop-
ulation and phenology of near to the ground latitude ectotherms.
Furthermore, the means of studying the shift in precipitation regime
as well as methods of handling the abundance of many tropical insects Fig. 2. Gaseous pollutant.

during the wet season have also been presented and discussed [17–34].
Different schemes for reducing hazardous pollutants using rain have
been considered [35,36] while analytical and quantitative approaches
to establish a comparative study on the problem of climate change and
environmental challenges have been considered and presented [37,38].
Different nonlinear models have also been applied in the analyses
of greenhouse gases elimination [39–43]. Hatami et al. [44] did a
dynamic study on the combustion analysis for iron-micro dusts by em-
ploying Weighted Residual Methods. Sobamowo and Yinusa continued
with the research scope by re-formulating and solving the resulting
nonlinear models via Adomian decomposition method (ADM) [45],
Daftarder Geji and Jefari method (DJM) [46] and Variational Iteration
method [47]. They also presented and employed Differential transform
(DTM) in one of their recent works on heat transfer and flow of
nanofluid above a vertical surface [48]. The aforementioned methods of Fig. 3. The reduction of pollutants using cloud droplets.
solution have been successfully applied to generate analytical solutions
to different problems in science and engineering. However, to the
best of our knowledge, problems involving atmospheric science have
Considering the work of Shyam et al. [5], the four vital processes in
been approached via numerical schemes due to the strongly coupled
rate format have been modelled as shown in Eq. (1). The Nomenclatures
nonlinear nature of the models. These numerical schemes aside having
their own residues also involve initialization of controlling parameters attributed to the equations include 𝜉𝑎 which represents the gaseous
before the numerical values may be use for simulation and parametric pollutants cumulative concentration in absorbed state (mol/dm 3 ),𝜉𝑑
studies. Meanwhile, problems that link data analytics and atmospheric which represents the cloud droplet density (mol/dm 3 ),𝜉𝑟 which repre-
science as presented in this study, require robust and efficient schemes sents the atmospheric rain drop density (mol/dm 3 ),𝜉𝑗 which represents
that do not just provide the solutions to the nonlinear models but also the atmospheric gaseous pollutants cumulative concentration (mol/dm
3 ),𝜇 which represents the cloud water droplet formation (min−1 ),𝜆
preserve the controlling parameters for effective parametric studies.
Fascinated by the above-mentioned research works, the paper presents which represents the growth rate of raindrop (mol/min/dm 3 ),𝜏 which
analytical methods for predicting the history of gaseous pollutants represents the time (min),𝛽 which represents the Natural depletion rate
during and after reaction with cloud droplets as this will go a long way coefficient of 𝜉𝑑 (min−1 ),𝑟 which represents the proportional coefficient
to help balance the environment or atmosphere especially in situations between raindrop density and gaseous pollutant concentration (dm
3 /min/mol),𝜂 which represents the fraction of r that re-enters into the
where experimental results are unavailable.
cloud (dimensionless),𝜎 which represents the natural depletion rate co-
2.2. Problem description and governing equation efficient of raindrops from the atmosphere (min−1 ), 𝑞 which represents
the cumulative emission rate of gaseous pollutants (mol/min/dm 3 ),𝜀
Consider a cloud droplet, gaseous pollutant and an interaction which represents the natural removal rate coefficient of 𝜉𝑗 (min−1 ),𝛼
between both as displayed in Figs. 1, 2 and 3 respectively. which represents the removal rate coefficient of 𝜉𝑗 due to interaction

2
A.A. Yinusa, M.G. Sobamowo, S.J. Ojolo et al. Decision Analytics Journal 4 (2022) 100089

with 𝜉𝑟 (dm 3 /min/mol),𝜅 which represents the natural removal rate + 𝑝5 𝜉𝑗5 (𝜏) + 𝑝6 𝜉𝑗6 (𝜏) + 𝑝7 𝜉𝑗7 (𝜏)
coefficient of 𝜉𝑎 (min−1 ),𝑣 which represents the removal rate coefficient
𝑑
of 𝜉𝑎 due to interaction with 𝜉𝑟 (dm 3 /min/mol), 𝑑𝜏 which represents
−1
the rate of change with respect to time (min ),𝛿 [𝑘] which represents 𝜉𝑎 = 𝜉𝑎0 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑎1 (𝜏) + 𝑝2 𝜉𝑎2 (𝜏) + 𝑝3 𝜉𝑎3 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 𝜉𝑎4 (𝜏)
the coefficient of the DTM transform of a constant (dimensionless),𝑖 + 𝑝5 𝜉𝑎5 (𝜏) + 𝑝6 𝜉𝑎6 (𝜏) + 𝑝7 𝜉𝑎7 (𝜏)
which represents the MsDTM iteration level (dimensionless),𝑁 which
represents the converged point or level of iteration (dimensionless),𝜉𝑎𝑚
Substituting into Eq. (1) and applying the principle of Homotopy
which represents the MsDTM solution of 𝜉𝑎 (mol/dm 3 ),𝜉𝑑𝑚 which rep-
perturbation,
resents the MsDTM solution of 𝜉𝑑 (mol/dm 3 ),𝜉𝑟𝑚 which represents the
MsDTM solution of 𝜉𝑟 (mol/dm 3 ) and 𝜉𝑗𝑚 which represents the MsDTM (
d d d
solution of 𝜉𝑗 (mol/dm 3 ). 𝐻𝑃 𝑀𝐸𝑞1 = (1 − 𝑝) 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑑1 (𝜏) + 𝑝2 𝜉𝑑2 (𝜏)
d𝜏 𝑑0 d𝜏 d𝜏
)
𝑑𝜉𝑑 d d d
= 𝜆 − 𝛽𝜉𝑑 + 𝑟𝜂𝜉𝑟 𝜉𝑗 +𝑝3 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 𝜉𝑑4 (𝜏) + 𝑝5 𝜉𝑑5 (𝜏)
𝑑𝜏 d𝜏 𝑑3 d𝜏 d𝜏
d d d d
𝑑𝜉𝑟 ⎛ 𝜉𝑑0 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑑1 (𝜏) + 𝑝2 𝜉𝑑2 (𝜏) + 𝑝3 𝜉𝑑3 (𝜏) ⎞
= 𝜇𝜉𝑑 − 𝜎𝜉𝑟 − 𝑟𝜉𝑟 𝜉𝑗 ⎜ d𝜏 d𝜏 d𝜏 d𝜏 ⎟
𝑑𝜏 ⎜ 4 d ⎟
𝑑𝜉𝑗 (1) 5 d
= 𝑞 − 𝜀𝜉 − 𝛼𝜉𝑗 𝜉𝑟 ⎜+𝑝 d𝜏 𝜉𝑑4 (𝜏) + 𝑝 d𝜏 𝜉𝑑5 (𝜏) − ⎟
𝑑𝜏 ⎜ ⎟
+𝑝 ⎜ ( 2 3 4 5
) ⎟
𝑑𝜉𝑎 ⎜𝜆 + 𝛽 𝜉𝑑0 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑑1 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑑2 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑑3 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑑4 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑑5 (𝜏) − ⎟
= 𝛼𝜉𝑗 𝜉𝑟 − 𝜅𝜉𝑎 − 𝑣𝜉𝑟 𝜉𝑎
𝑑𝜏 ⎜ ⎛𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) + ⎞ ⎛𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) + ⎞
2 2 ⎟
⎜𝑟𝜂 ⎜ 0 1 2
⎟⎜ 0 1 2
⎟ ⎟
The model is with initial conditions: ⎜ ⎜𝑝3 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝5 𝜉 (𝜏)⎟ ⎜𝑝3 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝5 𝜉 (𝜏)⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ 𝑟3 𝑟4 𝑟5 ⎠ ⎝ 𝑗3 𝑗4 𝑗5 ⎠ ⎠
𝜉𝑑 (0) ≥ 0
(5)
𝜉𝑟 (0) ≥ 0
The model is with initial conditions: (2)
𝜉𝑗 (0) ≥ 0 (
d d d
𝐻𝑃 𝑀𝐸𝑞2 = (1 − 𝑝) 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑟1 (𝜏) + 𝑝2 𝜉𝑟2 (𝜏)
𝜉𝑎 (0) ≥ 0 d𝜏 𝑟0 d𝜏 d𝜏
)
d d d
+𝑝3 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 𝜉𝑟4 (𝜏) + 𝑝5 𝜉𝑟5 (𝜏)
3. Methods of solution d𝜏 𝑟3 d𝜏 d𝜏
d d 2 d
⎛ 𝜉𝑟0 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑟1 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉 (𝜏) ⎞
⎜ d𝜏 d𝜏 d𝜏 𝑟2 ⎟
This section presents analytical solutions to the coupled dynamic ⎜+𝑝3 d 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 d 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝5 d 𝜉 (𝜏) − ⎟
model via PADE-HPM and MsDTM. ⎜ d𝜏 𝑟3 d𝜏 𝑟4 d𝜏 𝑟5 ⎟ (6)
⎜ ( ) ⎟
⎜ 2 3 4 5 ⎟
3.1. PADE-homotopy perturbation method +𝑝 ⎜𝜇 𝜉𝑑0 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑑1 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑑2 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑑3 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑑4 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑑5 (𝜏) + ⎟
⎜ ( 2 3 4 5
) ⎟
⎜𝜎 𝜉𝑟0 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑟1 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑟2 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑟3 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑟4 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑟5 (𝜏) ⎟
The relative merits and the provision of satisfactory analytical so- ⎜ ⎛𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉 (𝜏) + ⎞ ⎛𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉 (𝜏) + ⎞
2 2 ⎟
⎜+𝑟 ⎜ 𝑟0 𝑟1 𝑟2
⎟⎜ 0
𝑗 𝑗1 𝑗2
⎟ ⎟
lutions with expedient convergence and stability coupled with entire ⎜ ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎝𝑝 𝜉𝑟3 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 𝜉𝑟4 (𝜏) + 𝑝5 𝜉𝑟5 (𝜏)⎟⎠ ⎜⎝𝑝3 𝜉𝑗3 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 𝜉𝑗4 (𝜏) + 𝑝5 𝜉𝑗5 (𝜏)⎟⎠ ⎠
analytic procedures of HPM coerce us to apply the scheme in solving
such problem as encountered in the present study and as presented in
Eq. (1). (
d d d
𝐻𝑃 𝑀𝐸𝑞3 = (1 − 𝑝) 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑗1 (𝜏) + 𝑝2 𝜉𝑗2 (𝜏)
d𝜏 𝑗0 d𝜏 d𝜏
)
3.2. The basic idea of HPM d d d
+ 𝑝3 𝜉𝑗3 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 𝜉𝑗4 (𝜏) + 𝑝5 𝜉𝑗5 (𝜏)
d𝜏 d𝜏 d𝜏
d d d
The basic ideas of HPM have been available in one of our previously ⎛ 𝜉𝑗0 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑗1 (𝜏) + 𝑝2 𝜉𝑗2 (𝜏) ⎞
⎜ d𝜏 d𝜏 d𝜏 ⎟
published works [49]. However, it should be pointed out that of all the ⎜ 3 d 4 d 5 d ⎟
values of p between 0 and 1, p = 1 produces the best result. Therefore, ⎜+𝑝 d𝜏 𝜉𝑗3 (𝜏) + 𝑝 d𝜏 𝜉𝑗4 (𝜏) + 𝑝 d𝜏 𝜉𝑗5 (𝜏) − ⎟
⎜ ⎟
setting𝑝 = 1, results in the desired approximation solution of Eq. (1) +𝑝 ⎜ ( 2 3 4 5
) ⎟
using Eq. (2). This is usually constructed as shown in Eq. (3). ⎜𝑞 + 𝜖 𝜉𝑗0 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑗1 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑗2 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑗3 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑗4 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑗5 (𝜏) + ⎟
⎜ ⎛𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) + 𝑝2 𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) + ⎞ ⎛𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) + 𝑝2 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) + ⎞ ⎟
⎜𝛼 ⎜ 0 1 2
⎟⎜ 0 1 2
⎟ ⎟
𝑢 = lim 𝑈 = 𝑝0 𝑈𝑜 + 𝑝1 𝑈1 + 𝑝2 𝑈2 + ⋯ ⎜ ⎜𝑝3 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝5 𝜉 (𝜏)⎟ ⎜𝑝3 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝5 𝜉 (𝜏)⎟ ⎟
𝑝→1 ⎝ ⎝ 𝑟3 𝑟4 𝑟5 ⎠ ⎝ 𝑗3 𝑗4 𝑗5 ⎠ ⎠
(3)
𝑢 = lim 𝑈 = 𝑈𝑜 + 𝑈1 + 𝑈2 + ⋯ (7)
𝑝→1

Also, the dependent variables used to present the solution behaviour

are dummy in nature. (
d d d
To apply the principle of HPM to the governing equations, we let, 𝐻𝑃 𝑀𝐸𝑞4 = (1 − 𝑝) 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑎1 (𝜏) + 𝑝2 𝜉𝑎2 (𝜏)
d𝜏 𝑎0 d𝜏 d𝜏
)
d d d
𝜉(𝜏) = 𝜉0 + 𝑝𝜉1 + 𝑝2 𝜉2 + 𝑝3 𝜉3 + 𝑝4 𝜉4 + 𝑝5 𝜉5 + 𝑝6 𝜉6 + 𝑝7 𝜉7 + ⋯ (4) +𝑝3 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 𝜉𝑎4 (𝜏) + 𝑝5 𝜉𝑎5 (𝜏)
d𝜏 𝑎3 d𝜏 d𝜏
d d d
Then, ⎛ 𝜉𝑎0 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑎1 (𝜏) + 𝑝2 𝜉𝑎2 (𝜏) ⎞
⎜ d𝜏 d𝜏 d𝜏 ⎟
𝜉𝑑 = 𝜉𝑑0 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑑1 (𝜏) + 𝑝2 𝜉𝑑2 (𝜏) + 𝑝3 𝜉𝑑3 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 𝜉𝑑4 (𝜏) ⎜ 3 d 4 d 5 d ⎟
⎜+𝑝 d𝜏 𝜉𝑎3 (𝜏) + 𝑝 d𝜏 𝜉𝑎4 (𝜏) + 𝑝 d𝜏 𝜉𝑎5 (𝜏) − ⎟
⎜ ⎛ ⎟ (8)
+ 𝑝5 𝜉𝑑5 (𝜏) + 𝑝6 𝜉𝑑6 (𝜏) + 𝑝7 𝜉𝑑7 (𝜏) ⎜ ⎜𝜉𝑟0 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑟1 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑟2 (𝜏) + ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜𝜉𝑗0 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑗1 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑗2 (𝜏) + ⎞⎟
2 2
⎟
⎜𝛼 ⎜ + ⎟
𝑝 ⎜ ⎝𝑝3 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝5 𝜉 (𝜏)⎟⎠ ⎜⎝𝑝3 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑝5 𝜉 (𝜏)⎟⎠ ⎟
𝑟3 𝑟4 𝑟5 𝑗3 𝑗4 𝑗5
𝜉𝑟 = 𝜉𝑟0 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑟1 (𝜏) + 𝑝2 𝜉𝑟2 (𝜏) + 𝑝3 𝜉𝑟3 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 𝜉𝑟4 (𝜏) ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 𝑘 (𝜉 2 3 4 5
) ⎟
+ 𝑝5 𝜉𝑟5 (𝜏) + 𝑝6 𝜉𝑟6 (𝜏) + 𝑝7 𝜉𝑟7 (𝜏) ⎜ 𝑎0 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑎1 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑎2 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑎3 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑎4 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑎5 (𝜏) − ⎟
⎜ ⎛𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) + 𝑝2 𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) + ⎞ ⎛𝜉𝑎 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑎 (𝜏) + 𝑝2 𝜉𝑎 (𝜏) + ⎞ ⎟
⎜𝑣 ⎜ 0 1 2
⎟⎜ 0 1 2
⎟ ⎟
𝜉𝑗 = 𝜉𝑗0 (𝜏) + 𝑝𝜉𝑗1 (𝜏) + 𝑝2 𝜉𝑗2 (𝜏) + 𝑝3 𝜉𝑗3 (𝜏) + 𝑝4 𝜉𝑗4 (𝜏) ⎜ ⎜ 3 4 5 ⎟ ⎜ 3 4 5 ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝𝑝 𝜉𝑟3 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑟4 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑟5 (𝜏)⎠ ⎝𝑝 𝜉𝑎3 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑎4 (𝜏) + 𝑝 𝜉𝑎5 (𝜏)⎠ ⎠

3
A.A. Yinusa, M.G. Sobamowo, S.J. Ojolo et al. Decision Analytics Journal 4 (2022) 100089

The resulting equations based on the power of p are, ⎧ d 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝛽 𝜉 (𝜏) − 𝑟𝜂 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) − 𝑟𝜂 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) ⎫
⎪ d𝜏 𝑑5 𝑑4 𝑟0 𝑗4 𝑟1 𝑗3
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ −𝑟𝜂 𝜉 𝑟2 (𝜏) 𝜉 𝑗2 (𝜏) − ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎧ d 𝜉𝑑 (𝜏) = 0⎫ ⎪𝑟𝜂 𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) − 𝑟𝜂 𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪
⎪ d𝜏 0 ⎪ ⎪ 3 1 4 0
⎪
⎪ d ⎪ ⎪ d 𝜉 (𝜏) − 𝜇 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝜎 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑟𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑟𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) +⎪
⎪ 𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪ ⎪ d𝜏 5 𝑟 𝑑 4 𝑟 4 𝑟 0 𝑗 4 𝑟 1 𝑗3 ⎪
⎪ d𝜏 0
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
𝑝0 ∶ ∶ ⎨ d ⎬ (9) ⎪𝑟𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) + 𝑟𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) + 𝑟𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪
⎪ 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪ ⎪ 2 2 3 1 4 0
⎪
⎪ d𝜏 0
⎪ ⎪ d 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝜖 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝛼 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) ⎪
⎪ d ⎪ ⎪ d𝜏 5 𝑗 𝑗4 𝑟 0 𝑗 4 ⎪
⎪ 𝜉𝑎 (𝜏) = 0⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ d𝜏 0 ⎭ 𝑝5 ∶ ∶ ⎨+𝛼 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝛼 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) + ⎬
𝑟1 𝑗3 𝑟2 𝑗2
⎧ d 𝜉𝑑 (𝜏) − 𝜆 + 𝛽 𝜉𝑑 (𝜏) − 𝑟𝜂 𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) = 0 ⎫ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ d𝜏 1 0 0 0
⎪ ⎪𝛼 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝛼 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪
⎪ d ⎪ ⎪ 3 𝑟 𝑗 1 𝑟 4 𝑗 0 ⎪
⎪ 𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) − 𝜇 𝜉𝑑 (𝜏) + 𝜎 𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) + 𝑟𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪ ⎪ d ⎪
⎪ d𝜏 5 𝜉𝑎 (𝜏) − 𝛼 𝜉 𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉 𝑗 (𝜏) − 𝛼 𝜉 𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉 𝑗 (𝜏) − 𝛼 𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) − ⎪
⎪ d𝜏 1 0 0 0 0
⎪ ⎪
0 4 1 3 2 2
⎪
𝑝1 ∶ ∶ ⎨ d ⎬ (10)
⎪ 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) − 𝑞 + 𝜖 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) + 𝛼 𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪ ⎪𝛼 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) − 𝛼 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑘𝜉 (𝜏) − ⎪
⎪ d𝜏 1 0 0 0
⎪ ⎪ 3 𝑟 𝑗 1 𝑟 4 𝑗 0 𝑎 4 ⎪
⎪ d ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
𝑣𝜉
⎪ 0 𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑎 (𝜏) − 𝑣𝜉 𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉 𝑎 (𝜏) − 𝑣𝜉 𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉 𝑎 (𝜏) − ⎪
⎪ 𝜉𝑎 (𝜏) − 𝛼 𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) + 𝑘𝜉𝑎 (𝜏) − 𝑣𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑎 (𝜏) = 0⎪ ⎪
4 1 3 2 2
⎪
⎩ d𝜏 1 0 0 0 0 0 ⎭
⎪𝑣𝜉𝑟3 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑎1 (𝜏) ⎪
⎧ d ⎫ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ d𝜏 𝜉𝑑2 (𝜏) + 𝛽 𝜉𝑑1 (𝜏) − 𝑟𝜂 𝜉𝑟0 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗1 (𝜏) − 𝑟𝜂 𝜉𝑟1 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗0 (𝜏) = 0⎪ ⎪−𝑣𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎩ 𝑟4 𝑎0 ⎭
⎪ d ⎪ (14)
⎪ d𝜏 𝜉𝑟2 (𝜏) − 𝜇 𝜉𝑑1 (𝜏) + 𝜎 𝜉𝑟1 (𝜏) + 𝑟𝜉𝑟0 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗1 (𝜏) ⎪
⎪ ⎪ Solving the above equations, substituting into the series and setting
⎪+𝑟𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪
2∶ ⎪ 1 0 ⎪ p = 1, the resulting solutions are:
𝑝 ∶ ⎨ d ⎬ (11)
⎪ 𝜉𝑗2 (𝜏) + 𝜖 𝜉𝑗1 (𝜏) + 𝛼 𝜉𝑟0 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗1 (𝜏) + 𝛼 𝜉𝑟1 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗0 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪ ⎡⎛1∕15𝑟𝜂𝛼𝜆3 + 1∕40𝜂𝑘𝜆2 𝑟𝜎 + 1∕15𝑟𝑣𝜂𝜆3 + 1∕20𝛼𝛽𝑘𝜆2 −⎞ ⎤
⎪ d𝜏 ⎪ ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎜1∕30𝛼𝑘𝜆2 𝜇 − 1∕15𝑟𝛼𝜆3 + 𝛽𝑘 𝜆𝜎 ⎟ 5
2
⎥
⎪ d ⎪ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟𝜏 + ⎥
⎪ 𝜉𝑎2 (𝜏) − 𝛼 𝜉𝑟0 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗1 (𝜏) − 𝛼 𝜉𝑟1 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗0 (𝜏) + 𝑘𝜉𝑎1 (𝜏) − ⎪ 120
⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎪ d𝜏 ⎪ ⎢ ⎜ 2 2 3 ⎟ ⎥
⎪ ⎪ 𝜉𝑑 = ⎢⎝+1∕20𝛽𝑘𝜆 𝑣 − 1∕30𝑘𝜆 𝜇𝑣 − 1∕15𝑟𝑣𝜆 ⎠ ⎥+⋯ (15)
⎪𝑣𝜉𝑟0 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑎1 (𝜏) − 𝑣𝜉𝑟1 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑎0 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪ ⎢( ) ⎥
⎩ ⎭ ⎢ −1∕8𝜎𝛼𝜆2 + 1∕24𝑘2 𝜆𝜇 + 1∕12𝑘𝜆2 𝑟 − 1∕8𝜎𝑣𝜆2 𝜏 4 ⎥
d ⎢ ⎥
⎧ 𝜉𝑑3 (𝜏) + 𝛽 𝜉𝑑2 (𝜏) − 𝑟𝜂 𝜉𝑟0 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗2 (𝜏) − 𝑟𝜂 𝜉𝑟1 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗1 (𝜏)⎫ ⎢ ( 2 2
) 3 2
⎥
⎪ d𝜏 ⎪ ⎢+ 1∕3𝛼𝜆 + 1∕6𝑘𝜆𝜎 + 1∕3𝑣𝜆 𝜏 − 1∕2𝑘𝜆𝜏 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎪−𝑟𝜂 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪
⎪ 𝑟2 𝑗0 ⎪ ⎡ ⎤
⎪ d ⎪ ⎢⎛1∕15𝑟2 𝜂 2 𝜆3 + 1∕30𝛽𝜂𝑘𝜆2 𝑟 − 1∕30𝜂𝑘𝜆2 𝜇𝑟 − 1∕15𝑟2 𝜂𝜆3 +⎞ ⎥
⎢⎜ ⎟ 5 ⎥
⎪ 𝜉𝑟3 (𝜏) − 𝜇 𝜉𝑑2 (𝜏) + 𝜎 𝜉𝑟2 (𝜏) ⎪ ⎢⎜ 𝛽𝑘2 𝜆𝜇 𝛽𝑘𝜆2 𝑟 ⎟𝜏 + ⎥
⎪ d𝜏 ⎪ ⎢⎜1∕40𝛼𝛽𝜆 𝜎 − ⎟
2 2
− + 1∕40𝛽𝜆 𝜎𝑣 ⎥
⎪+𝑟𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑟𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑟𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪ ⎢⎝ 120 60 ⎠ ⎥
⎪ 𝑟0 𝑗2 𝑟1 𝑗1 𝑟2 𝑗0 ⎪ 𝜉𝑟 = ⎢( ) ⎥+⋯ (16)
⎪ d ⎪ ⎢ −1∕8𝑟𝜎𝜂𝜆2 − 1∕12𝛼𝛽𝜆2 − 1∕24𝛽𝑘𝜆𝜎 − 1∕12𝛽𝜆2 𝑣 𝜏 4 ⎥
3∶ ⎢ ⎥
𝑝 ∶ ⎨ d𝜏 𝜉𝑗3 (𝜏) + 𝜖 𝜉𝑗2 (𝜏) + 𝛼 𝜉𝑟0 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗2 (𝜏) ⎬ (12)
⎢ ( ) 3 ⎥
⎪ ⎪ 2
⎢+ 1∕3𝑟𝜂𝜆 + 1∕6𝛽𝑘𝜆 𝜏 + 𝜆𝜏 ⎥
⎪+𝛼 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝛼 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪ 𝑟1 𝑗1 𝑟2 𝑗0 ⎪ ⎣ ⎦
⎪ d ⎪ (
⎡⎛ −1∕15𝑟2 𝜂 + 1∕15𝑟2 𝜆3 ) ⎤
⎪ d𝜏 𝜉𝑎3 (𝜏) − 𝛼 𝜉𝑟0 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗2 (𝜏) − 𝛼 𝜉𝑟1 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗1 (𝜏) ⎪ ( ) ⎞
⎢⎜ 𝛽 ⎟ ⎥
⎪ ⎪ ⎢⎜ ⎛ ⎛ − 𝜇∕40 𝛼+⎞ ⎞ ⎟ ⎥
⎪−𝛼 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑘𝜉 (𝜏) − ⎪ ⎢⎜ ⎜ 2 ⎜ 60 ⎟ ⎟ 2 ⎟ ⎥
⎪ 𝑟 2 𝑗 0 𝑎 2 ⎪ ⎢⎜+ ⎜1∕40𝑟𝜎 𝜂 + ⎜ ⎟ 𝜎 − 1∕30𝛽𝑘𝑟 + 1∕20𝑘𝜇𝑟⎟ 𝜆 + ⎟ 𝜏 5 + ⎥
⎢⎜ ⎜ ⎜ 𝛽𝑣 ⎟ ⎟ ⎥
⎪ ⎪ ⎢⎜ ⎝ ⎝ 60 − 1∕40𝜇𝑣 ⎠ ⎠ ⎟
⎥
⎩𝑣𝜉𝑟0 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑎2 (𝜏) − 𝑣𝜉𝑟1 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑎1 (𝜏) − 𝑣𝜉𝑟2 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑎0 (𝜏) = 0 ⎭ ⎢⎜( ) ⎟
⎥
𝜉𝑗 = ⎢ 𝛽𝑘𝜎
2 2
𝑘 𝜇 2 ⎟
⎧ d ⎫ ⎜ + 𝜆 ⎟ ⎥+⋯
⎢⎝ 120 ⎠ ⎥
⎪ d𝜏 𝜉𝑑4 (𝜏) + 𝛽 𝜉𝑑3 (𝜏) − 𝑟𝜂 𝜉𝑟0 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗3 (𝜏) ⎪ ⎢
120
⎥
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ( 2 2 2
) 4 ⎥
⎪−𝑟𝜂 𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) − 𝑟𝜂 𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) ⎪ ⎢ −1∕8𝑟𝜎𝜂𝜆 − 1∕12𝛼𝛽𝜆 − 1∕24𝛽𝑘𝜆𝜎 − 1∕12𝛽𝜆 𝑣 𝜏 ⎥
⎪ 1 2 2 1
⎪ ⎢ ( ) ⎥
⎪−𝑟𝜂 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪ ⎢+ −1∕6𝜆𝑘𝜇 − 1∕3𝑟𝜆2 𝜏 3 − 1∕2𝜎𝜆𝜏 2 + 𝜆𝜏 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎪ 𝑟 3 𝑗0 ⎪ ⎣ ⎦
⎪ d ⎪
⎪ 𝜉 𝑟4 (𝜏) − 𝜇 𝜉𝑑3 (𝜏) + 𝜎 𝜉 𝑟3 (𝜏) + 𝑟𝜉𝑟0 (𝜏) 𝜉 𝑗3 (𝜏) + 𝑟𝜉 𝑟1 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗2 (𝜏) +⎪ (17)
⎪ d𝜏 ⎪ ⎡ ⎤
⎪𝑟𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑟𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪ ⎢⎛−1∕15𝑟𝜂𝛼𝜆3 + 1∕40𝑟𝜖𝜎𝜂𝜆2 +
𝛼𝛽𝜖𝜆2
− 1∕30𝛼𝛽𝑘𝜆2 +⎞ ⎥
⎪ 2 𝑟 𝑗1 𝑟 3 𝑗0 ⎪ ⎢⎜ 60 ⎟ 5 ⎥
⎪ d ⎪ ⎢⎜ 𝛽𝜖𝑘𝜆𝜎 𝛽𝜖𝜆2 𝑣 ⎟𝜏 + ⎥
𝑝4 ∶ ∶ ⎨ 𝜉𝑗4 (𝜏) + 𝜖 𝜉𝑗3 (𝜏) + 𝛼 𝜉𝑟0 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗3 (𝜏) + 𝛼 𝜉𝑟1 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗2 (𝜏) + ⎬ ⎜
⎢ 1∕30𝛼𝑘𝜆 𝜇 + 1∕15𝑟𝛼𝜆 +
2 3
+ ⎟ ⎥
⎝ ⎠
⎪ d𝜏 ⎪ ⎢
𝜉 𝑎 = ⎢(
120 60 ⎥
(18)
⎪𝛼 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝛼 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪ ) ⎥+⋯
⎪ 2 𝑟 𝑗 1 𝑟 3 𝑗 0 ⎪ ⎢ −1∕8𝑟𝜎𝜂𝜆2 − 1∕12𝛼𝛽𝜆2 − 1∕24𝛽𝑘𝜆𝜎 − 1∕12𝛽𝜆2 𝑣 𝜏 4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎪ d ⎪ ⎢ ( ) 3 ⎥
𝜉
⎪ d𝜏 𝑎4 (𝜏) − 𝛼 𝜉 𝑟0 (𝜏) 𝜉 𝑗3 (𝜏) − 𝛼 𝜉𝑟1 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑗2 (𝜏) ⎪ 2 2
⎢+ −1∕6𝜆𝑘𝜇 − 1∕3𝑟𝜆 𝜏 − 1∕2𝜎𝜆𝜏 + 𝜆𝜏 ⎥
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪−𝛼 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) − 𝛼 𝜉 (𝜏) 𝜉 (𝜏) + 𝑘𝜉 (𝜏) − ⎪ ⎣ ⎦
⎪ 𝑟 2 𝑗1 𝑟 3 𝑗0 𝑎3 ⎪ Eqs. (15)–(18) are the desired HPM solutions. However, in order
⎪ ⎪
𝑣𝜉
⎪ 𝑟0 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑎3 (𝜏) − 𝑣𝜉 𝑟1 (𝜏) 𝜉 𝑎2 (𝜏) − 𝑣𝜉 𝑟2 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑎1 (𝜏) ⎪ to capture the transient behaviour as required in this study up to
⎪ ⎪ the asymptotic and steady domain, After Treatment Technique (ATT)
⎪−𝑣𝜉𝑟3 (𝜏) 𝜉𝑎0 (𝜏) = 0 ⎪
⎩ ⎭ with the help of MAPLE 16 is employed using PADE [45,46] on 𝜉𝑑 ,
(13) PADE [8,49] on 𝜉𝑟 , PADE [43,44] on 𝜉𝑗 and PADE [45,46] on 𝜉𝑎 .

4
A.A. Yinusa, M.G. Sobamowo, S.J. Ojolo et al. Decision Analytics Journal 4 (2022) 100089

3.3. Basic principle of multi-step differential transform method (MsDTM) 𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) = 1∕2𝜇 𝜆 𝜏 2 + (−1∕6𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 − 1∕6𝜎 𝜇 𝜆) 𝜏 3
⎛−1∕6𝜇 𝛽 𝜆⎞
⎛ 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎞
⎜1∕24𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 − 1∕4𝜎 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎜−1∕6𝜎 𝜇 𝜆⎟ ⎟ 4
+⎜ ⎝ ⎠ ⎟𝜏
The basic principle of DTM and MsDTM can be referred to in ⎜ ⎟
our previously published work [48]. Given that the process under ⎜ ⎟
⎝−1∕8𝑟𝜇(
𝜆𝑞
) ⎠
consideration is as shown in Eq. (1), simplifying the equation gives: ⎛ 1∕5𝜇 −1∕24𝛽 3
𝜆 + 1∕8𝜂 𝑟𝜇 𝜆 𝑞 ⎞
⎛−1∕6𝜇 𝛽 𝜆⎞
(27)
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎛ 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎞ ⎟
𝑑𝜉𝑑 ⎜ ⎜ 1∕24𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 − 1∕4𝜎 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟
= 𝜆 − 𝛽𝜉𝑑 + 𝑟𝜂𝜉𝑟 𝜉𝑗 ⎜−1∕5𝜎 ⎜ ⎜−1∕6𝜎 𝜇 𝜆⎟ ⎟ ⎟ 5
𝑑𝜏 +⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎠ ⎟ ⎟𝜏 + ⋯
𝑑𝜉𝑟 ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
= 𝜇𝜉𝑑 − 𝜎𝜉𝑟 − 𝑟𝜉𝑟 𝜉𝑗 ⎜ ⎝−1∕8𝑟𝜇 𝜆 𝑞 ⎠ ⎟
𝑑𝜏 ⎜ ⎟
𝑑𝜉𝑗 (19)
= 𝑞 − 𝜀𝜉𝑗 − 𝛼𝜉𝑗 𝜉𝑟 ⎜ ⎟
𝑑𝜏 ⎝−1∕5𝑟 (−1∕4𝜇 𝜆 𝜀 𝑞 + (−1∕6𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 − 1∕6𝜎 𝜇 𝜆) 𝑞) ⎠
𝑑𝜉𝑎
= 𝛼𝜉𝑗 𝜉𝑟 − 𝜅𝜉𝑎 − 𝑣𝜉𝑟 𝜉𝑎
𝑑𝜏 ⎛−1∕24𝜀3 𝑞 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ 4
𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) = 𝑞𝜏 − 1∕2𝜀 𝑞𝜏 2 + 1∕6𝜀2 𝑞𝜏 3 + ⎜ ⎟𝜏
Using [48], the recursive relation of Eq. (19) becomes; ⎜−1∕8𝛼 𝜇 𝜆 𝑞 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
( ) (
⎛−1∕5𝜀 −1∕24𝜀3 𝑞 − 1∕8𝛼 𝜇 𝜆 𝑞
)
⎞
1 ∑
𝑘
⎜ ⎟
𝜉𝑑 [𝑘 + 1] = 𝜆𝛿 [𝑘] − 𝛽𝜉𝑑 [𝑘] + 𝜂𝑟 𝜉𝑟 [𝑙] 𝜉𝑗 [𝑘 − 𝑙] (20) ⎛−1∕4𝜇 𝜆 𝜀 𝑞 ⎞ ⎟ 𝜏5
𝑘+1 +⎜
𝑙=0 ⎜−1∕5𝛼 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
( ) ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
∑𝑘 ⎝ ⎝+ (−1∕6𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 − 1∕6𝜎 𝜇 𝜆) 𝑞 ⎠ ⎠
1 ( )
𝜉𝑟 [𝑘 + 1] = 𝜇 𝜉𝑑 [𝑘] − 𝜎𝜉𝑟 [𝑘] − 𝑟 𝜉𝑟 [𝑙] 𝜉𝑗 [𝑘 − 𝑙] (21) ⎛−1∕5𝜀 −1∕24𝜀 𝑞 − 1∕8𝛼 𝜇 𝜆 𝑞
3 ⎞
𝑘+1 𝑙=0 ⎛−1∕6𝜀 ⎜ ⎟ ⎞
( ) ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
∑𝑘 ⎜ ⎝−1∕5𝛼 (−1∕4𝜇 𝜆 𝜀 𝑞 + (−1∕6𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 − 1∕6𝜎 𝜇 𝜆) 𝑞)⎠ ⎟
1 +⎜ ⎟ 𝜏6 + ⋯
𝜉𝑗 [𝑘 + 1] = 𝑞 𝛿 [𝑘] − 𝜀 𝜉𝑗 [𝑘] − 𝛼 𝜉𝑟 [𝑙] 𝜉 [𝑘 − 𝑙] (22) ⎜ ⎛1∕12𝜇 𝜆 𝜀2 𝑞 − 1∕2 (−1∕6𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 − 1∕6𝜎 𝜇 𝜆) 𝜀 𝑞 ⎞ ⎟
𝑘+1 𝑙=0 ⎜−1∕6𝛼 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
( ) ⎜ ⎜ ( ) ⎟ ⎟
∑
𝑘 ∑
𝑘 ⎝ ⎝+ 1∕24𝜇 𝛽 2 𝜆 − 1∕4𝜎 (−1∕6𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 − 1∕6𝜎 𝜇 𝜆) − 1∕8𝑟𝜇 𝜆 𝑞 𝑞 ⎠ ⎠
1
𝜉𝑎 [𝑘 + 1] = 𝛼 𝜉𝑟 [𝑙] 𝜉𝑗 [𝑘 − 𝑙] − 𝜅𝜉𝑎 [𝑘] − 𝑣 𝜉𝑎 [𝑙] 𝜉𝑟 [𝑘 − 𝑙]
𝑘+1 𝑙=0 𝑙=0 (28)
(23)

With initial condition transformation given as: 𝜉𝑎 (𝜏) = 1∕8𝛼 𝜇 𝜆 𝑞𝜏 4 + (1∕5𝛼 (−1∕4𝜇 𝜆 𝜀 𝑞

𝜉𝑑 [0] = 0 + (−1∕6𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 − 1∕6𝜎 𝜇 𝜆) 𝑞) − 1∕40𝜅 𝛼 𝜇 𝜆 𝑞) 𝜏 5

𝜉𝑟 [0] = 0 ⎛1∕12𝜇 𝜆 𝜀2 𝑞 − 1∕2 (−1∕6𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 − 1∕6𝜎 𝜇 𝜆) 𝜀 𝑞 ⎞
⎛ ⎜ ⎟ ⎞
(24) ⎜ ( ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟
𝜉 [0] = 0 ⎜1∕6𝛼 ⎜ + 1∕24𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 − 1∕4𝜎 (−1∕6𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
𝜉𝑎 [0] = 0 +⎜ ⎝− 1∕6𝜎 𝜇 𝜆) − 1∕8𝑟𝜇 𝜆 𝑞) 𝑞 ⎠ ⎟ 𝜏6 + ⋯
⎜ ⎟
⎜−1∕6𝜅 (1∕5𝛼 (−1∕4𝜇 𝜆 𝜀 𝑞 + (−1∕6𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 − 1∕6𝜎 𝜇 𝜆) 𝑞) ⎟
The Classical DTM series solutions to Eqs. (20), (21), (22) and (23) ⎜ ⎟
using Eq. (24) are: ⎜ −1∕40𝜅 𝛼 𝜇 𝜆 𝑞) ⎟
⎝ ⎠
∑
𝑁
(29)
𝜉𝑑 (𝜏) = 𝜉𝑑 [𝑖] 𝜏 𝑖
𝑖=0
∑
𝑁 The MsDTM solution is then expressed as:
𝜉𝑟 (𝜏) = 𝜉𝑟 [𝑖] 𝜏 𝑖 ∑
𝑁
( )𝑖
𝑖=0 𝜉𝑑𝑚 (𝜏) = 𝜉𝑑𝑚𝑖 𝜏 − 𝜏𝑚−1
∑
𝑁 (25) 𝑖=0
𝜉𝑗 (𝜏) = 𝜉𝑗 [𝑖] 𝜏 𝑖 ∑
𝑁
( )𝑖
𝑖=0 𝜉𝑟𝑚 (𝜏) = 𝜉𝑟𝑚𝑖 𝜏 − 𝜏𝑚−1
∑𝑁
𝑖=0
𝜉𝑎 (𝜏) = 𝜉𝑎 [𝑖] 𝜏 𝑖 ∑
𝑁
( )𝑖 (30)
𝑖=0 𝜉𝑗𝑚 (𝜏) = 𝜉𝑗𝑚𝑖 𝜏 − 𝜏𝑚−1
𝑖=0
Which in expanded form becomes; ∑
𝑁
( )𝑖
𝜉𝑎𝑚 (𝜏) = 𝜉𝑎𝑚𝑖 𝜏 − 𝜏𝑚−1
( ) 𝑖=0
𝜉𝑑 (𝜏) = 𝜆 𝜏 − 1∕2𝛽 𝜆 𝜏 2 + 1∕6𝛽 2 𝜆 𝜏 3 + −1∕24𝛽 3 𝜆 + 1∕8𝜂 𝑟𝜇 𝜆 𝑞 𝜏 4
( 3
)
⎛−1∕5𝛽 −1∕24𝛽 𝜆 + 1∕8𝜂 𝑟𝜇 𝜆 𝑞 ⎞ Using the MsDTM solutions in Eq. (30), 3000 equations each were
⎜ ⎛−1∕4𝜇 𝜆 𝜀 𝑞 ⎞ ⎟ generated, solved and verified.
+⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ 𝜏5
⎜+1∕5𝜂 𝑟 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ For verification’s sake, FDM is used with discretization presented
⎜ ⎜+ (−1∕6𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 − 1∕6𝜎 𝜇 𝜆) 𝑞 ⎟ ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ below
( ) 𝜉𝑑𝑛+1 − 𝜉𝑑𝑛
⎛−1∕5𝛽 −1∕24𝛽 3 𝜆 + 1∕8𝜂 𝑟𝜇 𝜆 𝑞 ⎞
⎛−1∕6𝛽 ⎜ ⎟ ⎞ (26) = 𝜆 − 𝛽𝜉𝑑𝑛 + 𝑟𝜂𝜉𝑟𝑛 𝜉𝑗𝑛
⎜ ⎟ ℎ
⎜ ⎝+1∕5𝜂 𝑟 (−1∕4𝜇 𝜆 𝜀 𝑞 + (−1∕6𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 − 1∕6𝜎 𝜇 𝜆) 𝑞)⎠ ⎟⎟ 𝜉𝑟𝑛+1 − 𝜉𝑟𝑛
⎜ = 𝜇𝜉𝑑𝑛 − 𝜎𝜉𝑟𝑛 − 𝑟𝜉𝑟𝑛 𝜉𝑗𝑛
⎜ ⎛1∕12𝜇 𝜆 𝜀2 𝑞 − 1∕2 (−1∕6𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 − 1∕6𝜎 𝜇 𝜆) 𝜀 𝑞+ ⎞ ⎟ ℎ
+⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ 𝜏6 + ⋯ 𝑛+1
𝜉𝑗 − 𝜉𝑗𝑛 (31)
⎜ ⎜⎛1∕24𝜇 𝛽 2 𝜆 − 1∕4𝜎 (−1∕6𝜇 𝛽 𝜆 − 1∕6𝜎 𝜇 𝜆)⎞ ⎟ ⎟
⎜+1∕6𝜂 𝑟 ⎜⎜ = 𝑞 − 𝜀𝜉𝑗𝑛 − 𝛼𝜉𝑗𝑛 𝜉𝑟𝑛
⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ℎ
⎜ ⎜⎜ ⎟𝑞 ⎟ ⎟ 𝜉𝑎𝑛+1 − 𝜉𝑎𝑛
⎜ ⎜⎜−1∕8𝑟𝜇 𝜆 𝑞 ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎠ = 𝛼𝜉𝑗𝑛 𝜉𝑟𝑛 − 𝜅𝜉𝑎𝑛 − 𝑣𝜉𝑟𝑛 𝜉𝑎𝑛
⎝ ⎝⎝ ⎠ ⎠ ℎ

5
A.A. Yinusa, M.G. Sobamowo, S.J. Ojolo et al. Decision Analytics Journal 4 (2022) 100089

Fig. 4. Super-imposed plot of the model solution used for verification. Fig. 5. Effect of growth rate on pollutants cumulative concentration.

4. Results and discussion

This section first presents the verifications of the employed meth-

ods using FDM. The verification process help give confidence in the
methods before further simulations. Thereafter, parametric studies are
presented and used to meticulously study the influences of growth and
droplet formation rates on cumulative pollutants concentration, influ-
ences of growth and droplet formation rates on absorbed cumulative
pollutants’ concentration and effect of droplets formation on the density
of atmospheric precipitation.

4.1. Verification of PADE-HPM and MsDTM with FDM

Fig. 4 shows the verification of the two approximate analytical

solution with numerical FDM. The assessment of the super-imposed
plot and Table 1 establish the validity of the schemes employed in
solving the transient problem. This satisfactory outcome derived from
the verification process provides confidence in the application of the
two approximate analytical methods for subsequent visualization and
parametric studies.
Fig. 6. Effect droplets formation on pollutants cumulative concentration.
4.2. Influences of growth and droplet formation rates on cumulative pollu-
tants concentration

Figs. 5–6 display the influences of cloud precipitations and rate

of growth of raindrop density on cumulative pollutants’ concentra-
tion. From the parametric studies carried out, both parameters were
observed to have evident influences on cumulative pollutants’ concen-
tration. Apparently, a reduction in growth rate parameter causes a
corresponding reduction in droplets’ formation rate. This consequently
augments the cumulative concentration of the available atmospheric
pollutants. As observed from the figures, an asymptotic or steady
behaviour is attained after 40 min. This means that an increase in
the controlling parameters beyond this point gives negligible impacts
on the scavenging process. These obvious phenomena help show the
importance of nonlinear modelling and solving problems analytically
as the parametric studies help to save a lot of time and resources in
understanding and predicting the scavenging process.

4.3. Influences of growth and droplet formation rates on absorbed cumula-

tive pollutants’ concentration

Figs. 7–8 show the effects of growth and droplet formation rates
Fig. 7. Effect of growth rate on absorbed cumulative pollutants’ concentration.
on absorbed cumulative pollutants’ concentration. Synonymous effects

6
A.A. Yinusa, M.G. Sobamowo, S.J. Ojolo et al. Decision Analytics Journal 4 (2022) 100089

Table 1
Verification of the PADE-HPM and MsDTM with FDM.

T 𝜉𝑑 (mol/dm3 ). 𝝉 𝜉𝑟 (mol/dm3 ).

(mins) FDM MsDTM PADE-HPM (mins) FDM MsDTM PADE-HPM

0 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

5 10.812885 10.812885 10.812885 5 1.931333 1.931333 1.931333

10 12.277149 12.277149 12.277148 10 5.668706 5.668706 5.668706

15 12.475113 12.475113 12.475113 15 9.729302 9.729302 9.729302

20 12.501886 12.501886 12.501886 20 12.897271 12.897371 12.897371

25 12.505510 12.505510 12.505510 25 15.258944 15.259944 15.259945

30 12.506003 12.506012 12.506012 30 17.005659 17.005659 17.005659

35 12.506072 12.506072 12.506072 35 18.295478 18.295478 18.295478

40 12.506083 12.506083 12.506083 40 19.247593 19.247589 19.247589

45 12.506085 12.506086 12.506086 45 19.950387 19.950387 19.950387

50 12.506087 12.506087 12.506087 50 20.469154 20.469154 20.469154

55 12.506088 12.506088 12.506087 55 20.852093 20.852092 20.852092

60 12.506088 12.506088 12.506088 60 21.134776 21.134776 21.134776

T 𝜉𝑗 (mol/dm3 ). 𝝉 𝜉𝑎 (mol/dm3 ).

(mins) FDM MsDTM PADE-HPM (mins) FDM MsDTM PADE-HPM

0 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

5 17.086544 17.086544 17.086544 5 16.914722 16.914722 16.914722

10 5.446206 5.446206 5.446204 10 6.170890 6.170880 6.170880

15 3.125604 3.125614 3.125614 15 3.544228 3.544228 3.544228

20 2.355466 2.355466 2.355466 20 2.685831 2.685831 2.685832

25 1.991659 1.991659 1.991659 25 2.279324 2.279324 2.279324

30 1.787921 1.787921 1.787921 30 2.050968 2.050966 2.050966

35 1.662502 1.662501 1.662501 35 1.910060 1.910060 1.910060

40 1.580713 1.580713 1.580713 40 1.818011 1.818011 1.818011

45 1.525348 1.525348 1.525348 45 1.755625 1.755625 1.755625

50 1.486918 1.486917 1.486917 50 1.712282 1.712281 1.712281

55 1.459775 1.459775 1.459775 55 1.681649 1.681649 1.681649

60 1.440369 1.440369 1.440369 60 1.659738 1.659737 1.659737

as in Figs. 5–6 are noticed although with a reduced rapidness. An 5. Conclusion

increase in growth rate posed a corresponding increase in droplets’
formation. This consequently reduces the absorbed state of the cumu-
lative pollutants’ concentration until asymptotic or steady behaviour is
In this work, critical assessments have been performed to study and
attained.
try to annul gaseous pollutants’ concentration using precipitation as
the scavenging element. The predictive solutions obtained by means of
PADE-HPM and MsDTM were verified via an efficient numerical finite
4.4. Effect of droplets formation on the density of atmospheric precipitation
difference method (FDM). Both schemes yield excellent results and are
impeccable for handling the problem in the present study. Thereafter,
Fig. 9 depicts the influence of droplets formation on the density of parametric studies were carried out to comprehend how controlling
atmospheric precipitation. This study is important because before rain parameters influence the scavenging processes. It is anticipated that
drop can annul the effect of the atmospheric gaseous pollutants, there this research work will be of great importance in the understanding of
must be water formation in the cloud. As expected, the intensification gaseous pollutants reduction to an acceptable limit. It is also envisaged
in droplets formation augments the precipitation density. This conse- that this work will be useful in solving to a great extent one of
quently leads to the overall reduction in the atmospheric pollutants. the environmental challenges facing the world at large on gaseous
Thereby limiting the environmental challenges posed by these perilous atmospheric pollutants and in the determination of different pollutants
gases released in to the globe. neutralization period under different atmospheric conditions.

7
A.A. Yinusa, M.G. Sobamowo, S.J. Ojolo et al. Decision Analytics Journal 4 (2022) 100089

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