History Of Medieval India (1000 CE to 1520CE)

25 June 2024 19:48

 Chp 1 Delhi Sultanate
05 July 2024 19:26

I. Political Conditions on Eve of Turkish Invasion

II. Rise & Fall of Slave Dynasty
III. Khiliji
I.1.1 Political Conditions on Eve of Turkish Invasion
06 July 2024 20:57

Political
The Hindu Shahi Kingdom, also known as the Kabul Shahi, controlled a vast region from Kabul to North India, including
Gandhara. This powerful kingdom emerged after the decline of the Kushan Empire and established Kabul as its capital. The
Hindu Shahi Kingdom, one of the most powerful of its time, controlled territories stretching from Afghanistan to India.

When Mahmud of Ghazni began to rise in power, the Hindu Shahi Kingdom moved its capital from Kabul to Peshawar. To
enter India, three main passes were used: the Khyber Pass, the Gomal Pass, and the Bolan Pass. The Hindu Shahi Kingdom
was able to control these crucial passes.

Mahmud of Ghazni initially traveled through Sindh, Multan, and Uch to enter India. However, he later chose the Khyber Pass
as his preferred route for entry. This pass was commonly used by invaders to enter the northwestern region of India.

Indian Kingdoms
Pratihara's
The Pratiharas, also known as the Gurjaras, were located in Western and Central India, in what is now Madhya Pradesh. They
shifted their capital from Ujjain to Kannauj after the Arab invasion of Sindh, which they successfully resisted. Their control
extended over Malwa. The Pratiharas had internal conflicts with the Palas (Bengal) and the Rashtrakutas (Deccan) as they
attempted to expand their boundaries. When the power of the Pratiharas declined, their feudatories declared independence.

Main features of feudatories:

- They accepted the supremacy of another king.
- They had a mutual military agreement, where they would support each other if attacked.
- A local king would accept the rule of a superior king.

When Mahmud Ghazni entered India, he attacked the Pratiharas. The last ruler of the Pratiharas was Rajyapata, who was
defeated by Mahmud Ghazni. Following the decline of the Pratiharas, the Chandellas of Bundelkhand and the Chalukyas of
Gujarat declared their independence.

Palas
The Palas struggled with the Pratiharas for control over Kannauj and eventually managed to capture it from them. The Palas
were not affected by the invasions of Mahmud Ghazni due to their distance from the areas he targeted.

Rashtrakutas
The Rashtrakutas also struggled with the Pratiharas for control of Kannauj. The last powerful ruler of the Rashtrakutas was
Krishna III. After his death, the feudatories of the Rashtrakutas declared their independence, including the Chalukyas of
Badami.

Rajput Kingdom
The eight Rajput kingdoms were located in Northern, Central, and Western India. These kingdoms belonged to the Kshatriya
clan and were among the most powerful rulers of their time. Historically, they never accepted the supremacy of any other
king. However, this changed during the reign of Akbar.

The eight Rajput kingdoms are:

- Chalukyas of Anilwar
- Chauhans of Ajmer
- Gahadavalas of Kannauj
- Tomaras of Delhi
- Paramaras of Malwa
- Chandelas of Bundelkhand
- Kalachuris of Chedi
 - Kalachuris of Chedi
- Sena of Bengal

➢ Chalukyas of Anhilwara

In the middle of the 10th century, after the death of Mahmud Ghazni, Muhammad Ghor became the ruler. There was a
struggle between the Chauhans of Ajmer and the Chalukyas of Anhilwara. The Chauhans of Ajmer were more powerful and
eventually defeated the Chalukyas of Anhilwara, causing the Chalukyas to lose many of their territories.

➢ Chauhans of Ajmer

The Chauhan dynasty was founded in the 11th or 12th century. Ajay Raja founded the city of Ajmer, which was initially called
Ajayamery and later renamed Ajmer. The Chauhans of Ajmer were in constant struggle with the Paramaras of Malwa and the
Chalukyas of Anhilwara.

Muhammad Ghor came to India seeking wealth and to extend his power. His invasion of Punjab brought him into conflict
with Prithviraj Chauhan.

Battles of Tarain

There were two battles of Tarain:

1191 – First Battle of Tarain:

The first battle of Tarain took place in 1191 between Prithviraj Chauhan and Muhammad Ghor. Prithviraj Chauhan won the
battle with the support of all the Rajputs, who united to prevent an outsider from ruling Indian territory. Jaichandra of
Kannauj, who was Prithviraj’s cousin, did not join the alliance because his daughter was married to Prithviraj Chauhan, and
he was jealous of Prithviraj’s success.

1192 – Second Battle of Tarain:

The second battle of Tarain occurred in 1192. After being defeated in the first battle, Muhammad Ghor returned to Ghazni,
gathered a larger army, and came back the following year to confront Prithviraj Chauhan. This time, Muhammad Ghor
launched a surprise attack and defeated Prithviraj Chauhan. Prithviraj was taken prisoner, and Muhammad Ghor offered him
a chance to rule Ajmer under his authority. Prithviraj, considering it against his pride, rebelled. Consequently, Muhammad
Ghor punished him, and Prithviraj Chauhan was killed.

Delhi was under Prithviraj Chauhan's control, and after the decline of the Chauhans, Muhammad Ghor captured Delhi and
made it his capital in India.

➢ - Gahadavalas of Kannauj

The Gahadvalas of Kannauj existed during the 10th century. JaChandra was the last powerful ruler, known for his rivalry with
Prithviraj Chauhan. After Jai Chandra's death, the kingdom of the Gahadvalas of Kannauj declined.

➢ - Tomars of Delhi

The Tomaras of Delhi were vassals of the Pratiharas. Dhillika was founded by the Tomaras in 736 AD, now known as Delhi.
Later, constant attacks from the Chauhans of Ajmer led to their overthrow. The Chauhans gained control over Delhi through
persistent attacks and eventually took over the city.

➢ Paramaras of Malwa

The Paramaras of Malwa had their capital in Dhar and were vassals of the Rashtrakutas. They declared independence in 10
CE. A prominent ruler was Bhoja, known for his disinterest in warfare and politics, focusing instead on patronizing art and
literature. He was a contemporary of Mahmud Ghazni. Malwa's decline began during his reign due to his lack of interest in
the political affairs of his kingdom. Eventually, the Chalukyas of Gujarat took control of Malwa.

➢ Chandellas of Bundelkhand
Bundelkhand, now part of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, was under the control of the Chandellas. They had authority
over Allahabad, Gwalior, and Kalinjar. Their most significant ruler was Vidhyadhara. Initially, they defeated the Pratiharas and
later overcame the Paramaras of Malwa and the Gahadavalas of Kannauj. The Chandellas ruled until the 14th century.
 later overcame the Paramaras of Malwa and the Gahadavalas of Kannauj. The Chandellas ruled until the 14th century.

➢ Kalachuris of Chedi
Chedi, now located in Madhya Pradesh, is presently known as Tripuri.

➢ Sena of Bengal
The Sena of Bengal had control over East Bengal, which is now part of Bangladesh. Despite its distance, it was invaded by
the general of Mohammad Ghor, Bakhtiyar Khilji.
1.2 MAHMUD OF GHAZNI
08 July 2024 23:47

Mahmud of Ghazni was a Turk who started as a slave bought by the Shah. Alaptagin,
another Turk, came to Persia, became a slave of the Persian Shah, converted to Islam,
and trained as a soldier. His son-in-law, Subuktigin, who was Mahmud's father, moved
to Afghanistan and took control of Ghazni. After Subuktigin died, Mahmud became the
ruler of Ghazni in 998.

Mahmud wasn't happy just ruling Ghazni. He wanted more wealth, so he looked to
India, which was known for its riches and elephants. He had never seen elephants
before, as there were none in Afghanistan. Mahmud invaded India mainly to get
wealth, not to expand his territory. He defeated all the rulers he fought against in India
and gained a lot of wealth from his conquests.

**Timeline of Mahmud of Ghazni**

In 1001, Mahmud of Ghazni came to India for the first time, attacking the Hindu Shahi
Kingdom. The ruler, Jaipal, shifted his capital from Kabul to Peshawar. In 1004,
Mahmud attacked Bhatinda (Punjab), and in 1005, he attacked Bhera.

In 1006, Mahmud attacked Multan. The ruler of Multan agreed to pay tribute and
allowed Mahmud to pass through. However, when Mahmud returned in 1008, the ruler
refused to pay tribute and barred his passage, prompting Mahmud to attack and annex
Multan. In 1009, Mahmud attacked the Hindu Shahi Kingdom again, leading the
kingdom to shift its capital from Kabul to Peshawar and then to Western India.
Mahmud captured all their territories, leaving the Hindu Shahi Kingdom with only
jagirs. Mahmud targeted temples for their wealth, as they were easier to conquer than
kingdoms.

In 1014, Mahmud attacked Thaneswar, capturing the Chakraswami temple, marking his
first significant conquest in what is now Haryana. Between 1014 and 1018, he launched
three continuous attacks into the Indo-Gangetic Plain, instilling fear among the people,
who failed to form any alliances against him. In 1018, he attacked the temples in
Mathura and Vrindavan.

In 1019, the Rajputs, led by ruler Vidhyedhara, formed a confederacy against Mahmud.
Despite this, Mahmud won the battle, and Vidhyedhara escaped from the battlefield. In
1021, Mahmud attacked Kannauj Fort and Kalinjar Fort. He besieged Kalinjar Fort,
blocking entry and exit. Lahore and Gwalior subsequently surrendered to him.

In 1025, Mahmud launched his final invasion of India, targeting the Somnath Temple.
The ruler of Anhilwara escaped, offering Mahmud elephants as he returned to Ghazni.
While returning, the Jats attacked and looted Mahmud's wealth. In 1027, Mahmud
returned for revenge, attacked the Jats, reclaimed his wealth, and went back to Ghazni.
Mahmud of Ghazni died in 1030 due to tuberculosis.
Estimates of MAHMUD OF Ghazni.
Estimates of Mahmud of Ghazni

**Strengths: **
- Good strategist
- Strong and resourceful
- Effective commander
- Cunning
- Able to punish effectively

**Weaknesses:**
**Weaknesses:**
- Greedy for wealth
- Suffered from illness
- Viewed India as a wealth bank

Mahmud of Ghazni was instrumental in developing Ghazni. He constructed buildings,

museums, universities, libraries, and mosques. He patronized art, architecture, and
literature. A Persian scholar named Al-Beruni, who was part of his kingdom, wrote a
book about Mahmud of Ghazni titled "Tarikh-ul-Hind." Additionally, the Persian poet
Firdausi wrote the epic "Shahnameh" during his reign.
1.3 MUHAMMAD OF GHOR
08 July 2024 19:46

Muhammad of Ghor, a Turk, lived around 1175 AD to 1206 AD. He was initially a vassal of Ghazni and
accepted the overlordship of Ghazni, despite its decline after 150 years. As Ghazni weakened,
Muhammad of Ghor rose to power. He invaded India for three primary reasons: the pursuit of
wealth, the desire to establish his rule and extend his kingdom, and to gain military glory.
Muhammad of Ghor and his brother, Ghiyasuddin, divided their expansion efforts; Muhammad
focused on the east and invaded India, while Ghiyasuddin moved towards the west, targeting Persia.

Muhammad of Ghor invaded Sindh and Multan through the Uch road to enter India. In 1175, he
annexed and captured Multan. In 1176, he occupied Debal in Sindh, which was an important port and
the capital of Sindh. In 1178, Muhammad of Ghor attacked the Chalukyas of Anhilwara but was
defeated, marking his first defeat. He retreated and returned later. In 1185, he captured Peshawar
and Lahore.

In 1191, the first Battle of Tarain took place in Haryana between Muhammad of Ghor and Prithviraj
Chauhan. Muhammad of Ghor's army, composed of Turkish archers, was surrounded and defeated
by Prithviraj's forces. The Rajputs, united under Prithviraj, prevented Muhammad of Ghor from
establishing his rule.

In 1192, the second Battle of Tarain occurred. According to the Persian historian Firishta, Muhammad
of Ghor brought an army of 125,000 soldiers. He took advantage of the Rajput tradition of not
fighting after sunset and launched a surprise attack, defeating Prithviraj Chauhan, who was taken
prisoner. Prithviraj was given the chance to rule Ajmer under Muhammad of Ghor's authority but
rebelled and was subsequently killed.

In 1193, Ajmer was captured by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, a general of Muhammad of Ghor. This event
marked the beginning of the Delhi Sultanate. Prithviraj Chauhan's rebellion led to his death and the
reassertion of control over Ajmer by Muhammad of Ghor.

In 1194, the Battle of Chandawar took place between Jai Chandra and Muhammad of Ghor, resulting
in Jai Chandra's defeat. With no powerful Rajput rulers left, Muhammad of Ghor returned to Ghor,
entrusting the control of the Indian territory to his generals. Qutb-ud-din Aibak became the ruler of
Delhi, while Bakhtiyar Khilji controlled Bengal and Bihar.

After Jayachandra's death, his son briefly recovered Kannauj from Ghor. However, the Gahadavala
dynasty of Kannauj soon lost it again. In 1204, Muhammad of Ghor faced the Persian ruler in the
Battle of Andhkhund and was defeated. He then returned to India to quell a revolt in Punjab led by
the Khokhars. On his way back to Ghor in 1206, he was killed. Following his death, his Geneerals
declared their independence. Qutb-ud-din Aibak gained control over Delhi, Bakhtiyar Khilji over
Bengal and Bihar, and Taj-ud-din Yaldoz over Ghazni and Ghor.
I.II Rise and fall of Delhi Sultanate
10 July 2024 19:25

There were five dynasties

 Slave Dynasty [1206 - 1290]

 Khilji Dynasty[ 1290 -1320] Extended their empire
 Tughaq Dynasty [1320 -1414] Downfall started
 Sayyad Dynasty [1414 -1451]
 Lodi Dynasty [1451- 1526] First Battle of Panipat ,Establishment
of Mughals
I.II.1.1 Qutubuddin Aibak
10 July 2024 20:13

Qutb-ud-din Aibak, who held the title of Malik, was a brilliant commander during the lifetime of Muhammad of Ghor. He was
appointed as a governor by Muhammad of Ghor and played a crucial role in his campaigns. Qutb-ud-din Aibak ruled from 1206 to
1210, following the death of Muhammad of Ghor.

In 1192, Qutb-ud-din Aibak became the governor of Delhi. Two years later, in 1194, he played a significant role in the Battle of
Chandwar, where Muhammad of Ghor defeated Jai Chandra. In 1197, Qutb-ud-din Aibak successfully suppressed a Rajput
rebellion. Between 1198 and 1206, he captured Malwa, Kalinjar, and Ranthambhore Fort for Muhammad of Ghor.

In 1206, following the death of Muhammad of Ghor, Qutb-ud-din Aibak established the Delhi Sultanate and gained control over
Northern and Central India. During his short reign, he focused on consolidating his power and building the trust of the people
rather than making new conquests. His rule lasted until 1210, when he died in an accident while playing horse polo.

Qutb-ud-din Aibak had a son named Aram Shah, who was deemed incapable of ruling. Some nobles rejected Aram Shah’s claim to
the throne and supported Iltutmish instead. However, other nobles supported Aram Shah, hoping to have a puppet ruler they
could control.
Renaissance to 1914
25 June 2024 19:49

Renaissance
Renaissance is a french word, meaning rebirth. It was started in the city state of ITALY . It had begun
during the 13th century.
during this there were number of developments in education growing in the culture of Europe. This
development was Was started looking at the Roman and the Greek culture.
How advanced and. During that time, Italy was divided in small states in ITALY City state. This area
was a wealthy state. There were a trade from Asia and africa to europe.
The city was purporous because of trade.
Influential people were directly or indirectly connected to trade . Italian people making a lot of
money will interact with people and with other cultures. .
The italian city states are competitive with each other. There were, there was rivalry between each
other. The city was the city challenging with each other , who was ample of wealth .
There was so much rivalries between cities versus cities. Italian city is influenced by the Greek and
the Roman Empire.

Italian city states name VENICE,CRENOA, ROME, FLORENCE These are the most richest cities, states
and trade takes place . wealthy people who provide funds for promoting development and cultural
development for the progress of the Italian City states to improve with their provide fund provided

CAUSE 1.
CONSTANTINOPLE - 1453

Italian city states name VENICE,CRENOA, ROME, FLORENCE These are the most richest cities, states
and threading takes place from these places only melody family or people stay over here when the
family provides fun thought to promote development of culture, education, and that's all related to
Renaissance
Renaissance
28 June 2024 21:34

The term "Renaissance" is French for "rebirth." It began in the city-states of Italy during the 13th century
and marked a period of significant developments in education and culture across Europe. This cultural
awakening drew inspiration from Roman and Greek heritage.

At that time, Italy was divided into numerous small city-states, each enjoying considerable wealth due to
flourishing trade with Asia and Africa. The prosperity of these city-states was largely driven by trade, and
many influential individuals were either directly or indirectly involved in commercial activities. The
wealth generated from these interactions with diverse cultures facilitated significant cultural exchanges.

The Italian city-states were highly competitive, often engaged in rivalries over wealth and influence. This
competition spurred progress and innovation. Some of the most prosperous city-states included Venice,
Crenoa, Rome, and Florence. These cities were centers of trade and commerce.

Wealthy individuals and families in these city-states often provided funds to support cultural and
educational advancements. Their patronage was crucial in promoting the development and progress of
Italian city-states, enabling them to achieve remarkable cultural and intellectual growth.