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POLITICS  Its complexity includes the promulgation
of policies that affect directly human and

- Comes from the Greek Word “politika” or institutions; economic and social
affairs of the cities (polis). development.
- Set of activities that are associated with  There’s a great deal in managing the
decision making in groups. proper utilization of the resources.
- Power relations between individual
- Distribution of resources or status
- Is the exercise of power, the science of
government, the making of collective CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
decisions, the allocation of scarce GOVERNANCE
resources, and the practice of management 1. PARTICIPATION – everyone can directly or
and leadership indirectly partake in governmental processes. This
- Who gets what, when and how? Harold is because participation is an essential the
Laswell cornerstone good governance
2. RULE OF LAW – there’s impartiality of the

CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICS (Shievely, legal framework and full protection of human
2013) rights and dignities.
- Politics always involves the making of 3. TRANSPARENCY – information is freely

collective decisions for group of people. accessible.
- Those decisions are made by some 4. RESPONSIVENESS- service to all
members of the group exercising power stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe
over other members of the group.
5. CONSENSUS-ORIENTED – there’s a general
VALUES OF POLITICS agreement or unanimity of views or opinions an in
• Politics helps you know your rights. facts.
• Politics clarifies what you, yourself 6. EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY-

believe. result-oriented and best performance within the
available resources.
• Politics is a living, breathing subject.
7. EQUITABLE AND INCLUSIVE - “fair and
• Politics helps you understand our nation’s for all”
parties.
8. ACCOUNTABILITY – “Do you take full
• Politics prepares you to be responsibility of your actions?” It is the crucial
RESPONSIBLE for adult life. requirement for good governance.
GOVERNANCE GOVERNMENT
 Latin word Gubenare, Greek Word - A group of people with authority to

Kubernaein “to steer”. govern a country or a state.
 Manner of steering or governing, directing - The people is the government.
or controlling a group of people or a state.
 The process of decision-making and the
process by which decisions are ARTICLE II, SECTION I OF THE 1987
implemenyted (or not implemented). CONSTITUTION - The Philippines is a
 Directly related to politics since politics is democratic and republican State. Sovereignty
the art of governance. resides in the people and all government authority
 Exercise of power or authority by political emanated form them.
leaders for the well- being of the citizens.
Ideology - refers to a system of beliefs about how society should function, behave, and operate according to
Heywood. He further explains that from a social-scientific viewpoint, an ideology is a more or less coherent set
of ideas that provides a basis for organized political action, whether this is intended to preserve, modify or
overthrow the existing system of power.
Functions of Political Ideology –
 It offers an account of the existing order by examining what works and what does not work, as well as
other various issues and problems that the state and the broader society are confronted with.
 It provides a model of a desired social order, a vision of the Good Society.
 It outlines how political change, or the desired social order can be achieved.
ANTOINE DESTUTT DE TRACY - A French philosopher who coined the word Ideology during the French
Revolution.
DISTINGUISHED IDEOLOGIES FROM IDEAS (Macridis in Ranney, 1995)
COMPREHENSIVENESS - An ideology covers many great matters
PERVASIVENESS - The set of ideas has not only been known for a long time but has shaped the political
beliefs and actions of the people.
EXTENSIVENESS - The set of ideas held by a large member of people and plays a vital role in nations and
state of political affairs.
INTENSIVENESS - The set of ideas commands a strong commitment from many of its adherents and
significantly influences political beliefs and actions.
CHRACTERISTICS OF IDEOLOGY
● Ideologies have their level end is –ism
● Ideology provide explanation for the problems that confronts modern societies by providing futuristic
vision.
● Ideology is action oriented.
● Ideologies mobilize a large number of people.
FEATURES OF IDEOLOGY (Heywood, 2012)
● It offers and account of existing order usually in the form of “world view”.
● It advances a model of a desire future, a vision of good society.
● It explains how political change can and should be brought about-how to get from two other features.
INTELLECTUAL COMPONENTS OF IDEOLOGY
● Values
● The vision of the Ideal Polity.
● The conception of human nature.
● The strategy of action.
● Political Tactics.
SOCIETAL ROLE OF IDEOLOGIES
 Ideology answers the eternal questions and cut off beliefs and values.
● Ideologies explains how the universe works and why it works that way.
● Ideologies tell us how to behave; they help us predict the future.
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY - It could be seen as commitment to change political system. (Roskins, etc., 2012)
1) LIBERALISM - It is derived from the Latin Word ‘’liber” which means “free men” in short, men who
were neither serfs nor slaves. A view that sees more need for change and improvement in societal relations
requiring governmental involvement ( Scherms, 2011) and that society must be free from government
interventions (Mote and Islam 2011).
Types of Liberalism
 Classical Liberalism - It subscribed to egotistical liberalism; have a belief in negative freedom; the
state is regarded as best necessary evil; have a broadly positive view of civil society.
 Neoliberalism - Proposed that states are constantly interacting with each other and that they value
cooperation as part of their own interest.
2) CONSERVATISM - It is derived from the term “conservation”. It is a political philosophy that tends to
support the status quo and advocates change only in moderation upholding the value o tradition and seeks to
preserve all that is good about the past.
EDMUND BRUKE - He is the founder of Modern Conservatism – authored Reflections on the French
Revolution (1970) in which he said that “society is a complex web of relationships among the past, present
and future. (CHANGE IS NOT GOOD) (Tradition is important; no human reason can undo it.) (The world
changes so does the conservatives.) (Conservatives believe that human reason can devise a solution to
human problems.)
3) SOCIALISM - It is derived from the word “socialist” in Latin “social” meaning to combine or to share. It
is an economic and political doctrine governmental ownership and direction of production and services, but
which would retain the existing institutions as the means of regulating them.
1. Cooperation is preferred over competition.
2. Social equality is the main way to attain social stability and cohesion
4) SOCIAL DEMOCRACY - It is a moderate or reformist brand of socialism that favor a balance between
the market and the state rather than abolition of capitalism. It is an ideological stance that support a full
balance between market capitalism and state intervention.
It lacks a systematic underkying theories and is inherently vague. -
Heywood, 2011 It is the mildest form of socialism stressing welfare measure but not sate ownership
of industry. - RoskinS, 2012
5) COMMUNISM - It is an economic , social and political system seeking government ownership of the
means of production and services directed by a process of scientific administration and universal assent.
- It is an extremely left-wing ideology , based on the revolutionary socialist teachings of Karl Marx,
characterized by a collective ownership and a planned economy.
Each should work to their capability and will receive according to their needs.
6) FASCISM - It is derived from an Italian word “fasces” which means a bundle of rod with an axe-blade
protruding that signified the authority of magistrates in Imperial Rome.
- An Italian word used which refers to or band not until Benito Mussolini employed the term Fascism to
describe the armed parliamentary squad he formed during and after World War I.
7) RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM - It is an unusual political ideology. The word fundamentalism is
taken from the Latin word Fundamental, meaning “base”. Themes of Religious Fundamentalism -
Religion as politics, The fundamentalist impulse, Anti-modernism, Militancy
8) FEMINISM - It is derived from Latin Word “Femina” meaning “women or female” concerned with the
attainment of gender equality in political, economic and social spheres of life.
9) ENVIRONMENTALISM - It is an ideology focusing on the idea that environment is endangered and
must be preserved through regulation and lifestyle changes. (Roskins, 2012) - Its concern is about natural
environment and particular about reducing the environmental degradation that is more of a policy
orientation rather than ideological stance.
POWER
• Power is the ability to influence or outright control the behavior of people.
• Power is the ability to influence another person or group to perform an act.
NATURE OF POWER
 POWER OVER – the ability to dominate another person or group.

 POWER TO – the ability to do something based on one’s abilities,; intellect, resources, knowledge,
stamina, etc.
 POWER WITH – the ability to work with others to get something done by cooperation.
DIMENSION OF POWER
• POWER AS DECISION MAKING -usage of power to influence policy decision.
- Force (intimidation)
- Deal (exchange of offer)
-Loyalty and Commitment (out of love)
 POWER AS AGENDA SETTING/ NON-DECISION-MAKING POWER – to keep threatening

issues below the policy radar screen.
- It limits the scope of actual decision making to safe issues by manipulating the dominant community
values, myths and political institutions and procedures.
 POWER AS THOUGHT CONTROL – a function of the ability to influence others by shaping their
preferences
TYPES OF POWER
 COERCIVE POWER – uses threat, intimidation

 REWARD POWER – uses reward, new opportunities and roles.
 LEGITIMATE POWER – emanates from position .
 EXPERT POWER – Based on skills and expertise that can influence others.
 REFERENT POWER –based on the person she admires like celebrities, influencers or famous
persons.
CONSEQUENCES OF POWER
 COMPLIANCE – means readiness or act as agreeing to so something.

 COMMITMENT – is an even more desirable outcome because of the trust and emotional pledge that
it cause. It is perceived as loyalty or sense of dedication or devotion.
 RESISTANCE – means to refuse or to oppose.

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POLITICS  Its complexity includes the promulgation

of policies that affect directly human and

2. RULE OF LAW – there’s impartiality of the

- Politics always involves the making of 3. TRANSPARENCY – information is freely

• Politics clarifies what you, yourself 6. EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY-

 Latin word Gubenare, Greek Word - A group of people with authority to

Functions of Political Ideology –

DISTINGUISHED IDEOLOGIES FROM IDEAS (Macridis in Ranney, 1995)

COMPREHENSIVENESS - An ideology covers many great matters

● Ideologies have their level end is –ism

● Ideology is action oriented.

● Ideologies mobilize a large number of people.

FEATURES OF IDEOLOGY (Heywood, 2012)

● It advances a model of a desire future, a vision of good society.

INTELLECTUAL COMPONENTS OF IDEOLOGY

● The vision of the Ideal Polity.

● The conception of human nature.

● The strategy of action.

SOCIETAL ROLE OF IDEOLOGIES

● Ideologies tell us how to behave; they help us predict the future.

• Power is the ability to influence or outright control the behavior of people.

• Power is the ability to influence another person or group to perform an act.

 POWER OVER – the ability to dominate another person or group.

• POWER AS DECISION MAKING -usage of power to influence policy decision.

- Deal (exchange of offer)

-Loyalty and Commitment (out of love)

 POWER AS AGENDA SETTING/ NON-DECISION-MAKING POWER – to keep threatening

 COERCIVE POWER – uses threat, intimidation

 COMPLIANCE – means readiness or act as agreeing to so something.

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