Emerging trends in

civil engineering
Recent construction materials

Latest tools and equipments

 Building materials
1. Artificial sand :- It produced by crushing stones obtained from rock

Machineries required for artificial sand

are
Jaw crushers
Cone crushers
Roll crusher
 Higher crushing strength
Grains are well graded, so it should have cubical and angular shape.
Better substitute to river sand
Transportation cost helps to get reduced
Produce as per mix design requirements

2. Sensi tiles Decorative resin, glass, and terrazzo

materials are used.
These tiles are versatile interactive,
light-filtering, and light emitting
materials resonate with a wide range of
designs.
They are available in pre-cast slabs or
tiles, or it can be customized to suit a
project.
 3. Carbon fiber 5 times strong as steel
2 times stiffer, yet
2/3rd less in weights
Woven together like cloth
Restricted material by authorities as well
as expose to hurricanes and tornados

They accumulate in the environment mainly due to the poor

4. Cigarette butt bricks
biodegradability of the cellulose acetate filters. The filters release a range
of toxic chemicals as they deteriorate

The butts, after disinfection at 105oC for 24 hours may be

mixed with soil and sand, manually compacted and later fired.

Decrease density
Increase porosity
Decrease compressive strength
Increase tensile strength
5. 3D printed bricks 6. Translucent wood
Not only environment friendly, but also
a great alternative to plastic and glass.
Translucent wood is produced by
treating and compressing wood strips.
In the production process, lignin (gives
wood its color) is replaced by polymers
to make the wood translucent.
These are modern, The technique to produce - Chemical
sustainable pulping by using boiled water and
architectures people sodium hydroxide
have built homes by
shaping mud into
blocks.
Breezes blowing
through the holes bring
cool, humid air into the
room.
 7. Laminated timber 8. 3D tiles
3D tiles
Regular timber is an anisotropic are an
material, meaning that the physical open
properties change depending on the specific
direction at which the force is applied. ation for
streami
By gluing layers of wood at right ng
angles, the panel is able to massive
achieve better structural rigidity heterogeneous spatial 3D datasets
in both directions.
It is similar to plywood but with 3D tiles are used to stream 3D
distinctively thicker laminations. content such as buildings, trees,
point clouds and vector data on
tiles.
 Road materials
1. Geo synthetics 2. Noise reducing asphalt

Geo-synthetics are synthetic products used to stabilize terrain. A dense graded hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavement
Geo-synthetics used to function as a separator, filter, planar drain, is as quiet at 100 ft away from the road as
reinforcement, protector, and/or as a liquid/gas barrier. Portland cement concrete (PCC) is at 200ft away.
Most common are polyolefins, polyester, rubber, fiberglass and natural One asphalt mix, called open-graded friction
materials. courses (OGFC), is especially helpful in reducing
8 main product categories : Geotextiles, Geogrids, Geonets, noise because it is porous
Geomembranes, Geofoam, Geocells, Geocomposites. It has a higher air voids ratio, which helps water
Advantages- Space and cost savings, quality control of materials and run offs but also helps absorb road noise.
construction, technical superiority. Noise tests on rubberized asphalt ( mixing of
Applications- roads, airfields, railroads, embankments, retaining recycled tires ) shown a 50% to 90% reduction in
structures, reservoirs, canals, dams, erosion control, landfill liners, landfill noise.
covers, mining, aqua culture and agriculture etc.
3. Porous pavements 4. Plastic roads

Plastic-bitumen composite roads have better

Permeable pavements catches catches wear resistance than standard asphalt concrete
precipitation and surface run-off, roads. They do not absorb water; have better
flexibility which results in less rutting and less
storing it in a reservoir while slowly need for repair.
allowing it to infiltrate into the soil Road surfaces remain smooth, lower
below or discharge via a drain tile. maintenance, and absorb sound better.
Using plastics are previously used as a pipe
The most common uses of permeable
such as PVC or HDPE pipe.
pavement are parking lots, low traffic Recent studies have shown some hope in terms
roads, sidewalks, and driveways. of using plastic waste like carry bags,
disposable cups PET bottles that are collected
from garbage dumps.
 5. Solar roads 6. Anti-icing roads 7. Piezoelectric roads

The solar roadway produces clean,

renewable energy.no pollution, no
greenhouse gases, no by-products and the The application of chemicals
solar road panels are completely reusable.
(freezing-point depressants) to
Each solar road panel (roughly 12' by 12')
interlinks with neighboring panels to form
roads before a snow-pavement bond
the system. occurs. Anti-icing emphasizes
Solar roadways (SR) is a modular system; prevention rather than reaction.
photovoltaic cells work by using Piezoelectric devices, used for harvesting the
Anti-icing is a pro active approach to
semiconductors to absorb lights and create vibrational energy of roads and walkways due to
a flow of electrons, which can power any
winter road maintenance. it forms a traffic, can produce electrical energy that is
number of electrical devices. bond-breaker between the predictable, and locally storable.
SR panels made up of tempered glass. glass pavement surface and the snow and piezoelectric devices generate electrical energy
was choosen for its hardness, strength, ice layer which melts snow more by means of a piezoelectric crystal electric
durability and transmittance. floors are design to capture the the wasted
quickly and reduces the chance that
SR glass having textured to create proper energy and resources.
traction for vehicles and pedestrians. ice will for and bond to the surface. Kinetic energy converts into electric energy
SR panels contain LED lights which allows Sodium chloride (salt), magnesium The crystal, placed about 5cm below the
messages to be spelled out on the road chloride, calcium chloride, calcium surface of the asphalt, slightly deforms when
surface, such as “SLOW DOWN”, or “ SPEED vehicle travel across the road, thereby
magnesium acetate .
LIMIT”. producing electrical current.
 Concrete materials

1. PPC - ( Portland pozzolana cement, Portland slag cement )

2. New admixtures - Masterglanium and Polycarboxylic ether
3. Self healing concrete
4. Fiber reinforced concrete
5. High strength concrete
6. High performance concrete
7. Nano concrete
8. Light transmitting concrete
 1. PPC ( Portland pozzolana cement, Portland slag cement )
PPC is an integrated cement which is formed by synthesizing OPC cement with pozzolanic materials in a certain proportion.
Pozzolana is a volcanic powder found in italy near vesuvius.
A pozzolanic material can be a natural or artificial which contains silica and aluminous in a reactive form.
When it gets mix with water or moisture or lime to undergo reaction with calcium hydroxide to form compounds possessing cement
properties.

Types-
1.Artificial pozzolana are fly ash, silica fume, rice husk, blast furnace slag.
2. Natural pozzolana- Burnt clay, pumicite, diatomaceous earth.

Manufacturing process-
1. The primary raw materials are limestone and clay. rocks are transported to the crushers for crush into fine particles.
2. then it all are fed into the air-swept ball mills in desired proportions and mix well enoug before it sent to silos for storing.
3. then mixture pre-heated upto 800-1000 degree celcius where calcinations of CACO3 to CaO takes place.
4. then this pre-heated mixture sent toards rotary kiln for to heat at 145 degree celcius.
5. This clinker is now mixed with gypsum and pozzolana materials in required proportion.
Properties of PPC -
IST= 30 MIN( min)
FST=600 MIN(max)
At 3 days @ 13 MPa
At 7 days @ 22 MPa
At 28 days @ 33 MPa (min)
Dry shrinkage should not be more than 0.15%
Fineness should not be less than 300 m2/kg
Initial strength of PPC is less but final strength is equal t the 28 days strength of OPC.
USES- hydraulic structures, marine structures, prestressed and post tensioned members, in masonry mortars and plastering, in
decorative and artistic structures.
2. New admixtures

Masterglanium Polycarboxylic ether

The masterglanium product offering comprises Polycarboxylic ether acid has a very
new generation high-range water-reducing interesting sort of a structure here with very
admixtures that are specially formulated for bulky side chains. so again you have surface
applications where slump retentions,
adsorption; the long chain polymer molecules
high/early strength and durability are required.
attach themselves to the surface of the
Concrete mixtures containing these premier
cement, thus orienting their bulky side chain
products can be optimized for delivery in
remote locations and for use in hot and cold outward.
climates. After the adsorption taking place, the
Masterglanium is an innovative versatile structure of the polymer itself prevents the
admixture based on 3rd generation cement grains from getting together. In other
polycarboxylic ether (PCE) polymers. words, flocculation is prevented by a bulkiness
It is a high range water reducing admixtures. of the sidechain of the chemical admixture and
It may be used in combination with this process has got steric hindrance.
MasterMATRIX admixtures for producing Especially when you want to produce very high
Rheodynamic concrete, capable of self-
grades of concrete or ultra high-strength
compaction, even in the presence of dense
concrete, you have to rely on PCE admixture.
reinforcement.
 3. Self healing concrete 4. Fiber reinforced concrete
FRC can be defined as a composite material consisting of
The process of self-healing of cracks by the help of mixtures of cement, mortar or concrete and discontinuous,
bacterial reaction in the concrete after hardening is discrete, uniformly dispersed suitable fibers
known as self-healing concrete. Aspect ratio of the fiber is the ratio of its length to its
It can be observed that small cracks that occur in a diameter. typically aspect ratio varries from 30 to 150.
structure of width in the range of 0.05 to 0.1 mm gets Types-
1. SFRC (Steel fiber reinforced concrete)
completely sealed in repetitive dry and wet cycles.
2. PFR ( Polypropylene fiber reinforced cement mortar and
The width of range 0.05-0.1 mm act as capillary and the
concrete
water particles seep through the cracks. these water 3. GFRC (Glass fiber reinforced concrte)
particles hydrate the non or partial reacted cement and 4. Asbestos fibers
cement expands, which in turns fills the crack 5. Carbon fibers
But, when the cracks are of greater width, need of other 6. Organic fibers
remedial work is required.in that application of mineral EFFECT- Fibers are usually used in concrete to control
producing bacteria in concrete use often. plastic shrinkage, cracking and drying shrinkage cracking.
Types of bacteria- Bacillus pasteurizing, bacillus they also lower the permeability of concrete and thus
sphaericus, other bacillus family of coli, subtilis, cohnii, reduce bleeding of water. some types of fibers produce
greater impact, abrasion and shatter resistance in concrete.
balodurans, pseudofirmus etc
Necessity of FRC -
Preparation of bacterial concrete can be prepared in two
It increases tensile strength of cncrete
ways, reduces air voids and water voids the inherent porosity of
1. By direct application gel.
2. By encapsulation in lightweight concrete. it increases durability, anti corrosiveness.
5. Hight strength concrete 6. High performance concrete

High strength concrete is typically used High performance means that the concrete has one or
more of the following properties: Low shrinkage, low
in the erection of high-rise structures.
permeability, a high modulus of elasticity, or high
It has been used in columns. and strength.
occasionally used in bridges, shear walls, The composition of HPC are almost same as those of
foundations too. conventional cement concrete. although, because of
It makes a significant compressive lower water cement ratio, presence of pozzolanas and
chemical admixtures etc. are the reasons behind to
strength on higher side than to the
distinguish them from CCC.
normal concrete. Composition of HPC-
High strength concrete and high 1. Silica fume
performance concrete are not same thing 2. Fly ash
at all because strength and performance 3. GGBFS
Key features-
of concrete are distinct properties of
Compressive strength > 80MPa, even upto 800MPa
concrete. Water binder ratio= 0.25-0.35
HSC is typically recognised as concrete Densified cement paste
with a 28-day cylinder compressive No bleeding-homogeneous mix.
Less capillary porosity
strength greater than 42MPa.
Low free lime content
 7. Nano concrete 8. Light transmitting concrete

Nano concrete is defined as a Light transmitting concrete is achieved by

concrete made by a filling the pores replacing aggregates with transparent
in traditional concrete using nano alternate materials.
particles of size < 500 nano meters The bonding materialsin light transmitting
Addition nano silica to the concrete concrete may be able to transmit light by
leads to improve the material passing using clear resins the concrete mix.
which results in the densifying of Use of optical fibers and fine concrete
micro and nano structures.
also used as light transmitting concrete.
Nano-silica has been replaced in
Optical fibers uses in the proportions of
various proportions such as 5%, 10%,
4% to 5% (by volume)
15% and 20% to the weight of
The LTC can have compressive strength
cement.
upto 70MPa.
Properties characterizing this scale
The main reason for optical fiber using in
are molecular structure; surface
funtional groups; and bond concrete is that it can transmit light even
length,strength(energy),density. an incident angle greater than 600.
 Sustainable materials
1. GGBS concrete
There are competing reasons, in the long term, to extend the practice of partially replacing cement
with waste by products and processed materials possessing pozzolanic properties. Lately some
attention has been given to the use of natural pozzolans like GGBS as a possible partial replacement
for cement. Amongst the various methods used to improve the durability of concrete, and to achieve
high performance concrete, the use of GGBS is a relatively new approach, the chief problem is with
its extreme finesse and high water requirement when mixed with Ordinary Portland cement.

ADVANTAGES APPLICATIONS
Good workability which helps in better placing and compaction. Due to less heat of hydration, used in
Due to the less heat of hydration, less risk of thermal cracking in massive concrete structures viz. dams etc.
large volume of concrete.
High resistance to chloride attack which reduces the risk of corrosion
in concrete.
High resistance to sulphide attack and also other chemicals.
Good sustainability.
 3. Cooling bricks
2. Aero-gel insulation
Aerogel is basically a synthetic porous ultra-light material Comprised of 3D printed porous
derived from a gel, in which the liquid component of the ceramic bricks set in mortar, each brick
gel has been replaced with a gas; for example, graphene
absorbs water like a sponge and is
aerogels are so light that they can rest on top of a grass
designed as a three dimensional lattice
leaf.
The combination of high porosity and extremely small that allows air to pass through the wall.
pores provides aerogels with their extreme properties. As air moves through the 3D printed
solid with extremely low density and low thermal brick, the water that is held in the
conductivity. micro-pores of the ceramic evaporates,
Aerogels are sometimes also known by different names bringing cool air into an interior
such as frozen smoke, solid smoke, solid air,
environment, lowering the temperature
or blue smoke owing to translucent nature and the way
using the principle of evaporative
light scatters in the material.
APPLICATIONS cooling
High performance thermal insulation material for building
applications.
NASA used aerogel to trap space dust particles and for
thermal insulation of space suits.
Aerogels can also be used in air purification by removal of
airborne contaminants and protect our environment by
pollutants.
 4. Green concrete 5. Timbercrete 6. Ferrock
Concrete which is made from concrete Timbercrete is an award-winning,
The name Ferrock is a reflection
wastes that are eco-friendly is called as environmentally sensitive
of its composition largely iron-
“Green concrete”. building material that has many
rich ferrous rock. It’s actually
Concrete wastes like slag, power plant advantages over clay and
created from waste steel dust
wastes, recycled concrete, mining and concrete bricks. Whether used as
which is normally discarded from
quarrying wastes, waste glass, incinerator bricks, blocks, panels or pavers,
industrial processes and silica
residue, red mud, burnt clay,sawdust, its comprehensive performance
from ground up glass. The iron
combustor ash and foundry sand are used. and benefits to the environment
within the steel dust reacts with
Greater resistance to corrosion. are impressive.
CO2 and rusts to form iron
Better longevity of a building due to above Timbercrete is made of a unique
carbonate. It’s this that is fused
characteristics. blend of cellulose (timber waste),
into the matrix of Ferrock and,
Uses industrial wastes. cement, sand, binders and other
like concrete, after it’s dried; it
materials. It is made primarily
Reduces Energy Consumption of cannot be melted back into a
from timber waste such as
manufacturing. liquid form but retains its hard,
sawdust or recycled timber from
Reduces CO2 Emissions. rock-like qualities
discarded pallets and the like.
Applications of Green Concrete:
It is used in the construction of bridges.
It is widely used in the building
construction.
Used in the construction of columns.
Can be used in road construction.
 Survey equipments
Modern surveying instruments provides faster and more precise surveying than conventional instruments
Hence, these instruments are becoming more popular and they are gradually replacing old instruments
such as compass, dumpy level.
We showcase some important instrument into our next pages.

LiDAR key self driving car sensors

 1.LiDAR 2. Scan station
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is a surveying method that Scan Stations are used for a wide
targets the object of interest with a pulse of light, and measures range of High Definition Surveying
the time taken for the light to reflect back to the detector. HDS applications either alongside
It is commonly used by manned aerial flights for measuring traditional survey instruments or as
elevation, and the height and texture of surface structures, such as an alternative to Total Stations.
buildings and vegetation.
This type of surveying technology
LiDAR applications: most commonly Rayleigh scattering, Mie
allows the surveyor to capture and
scattering, Raman scattering, and fluorescence. Suitable
use large volumes of 3D data in a
combinations of wavelengths can allow for remote mapping of
range of environments and is well
atmospheric contents by identifying wavelength-dependent
changes in the intensity of the returned signal. suited to measuring heritage sites,
historic buildings and façades along
with applications in detailed
petrochemical and industrial
environments.

LiDAR digital terrain model

A typical scan station
 3. GPS 4. GIS 5. Photogrammetry
(GPS) is a satellite-based A geographic information ‘Photo’ – light
navigation system. system (GIS) is a framework ‘Gram’ – drawing
A GPS unit determines its for gathering, managing, and ‘Metry’ – measurement
position using satellites that analyzing data. Rooted in the The output of photogrammetry is
orbit the earth. science of geography, GIS typically a map, drawing,
Each satellite’s position, as integrates many types of data. measurement, or a 3D model of
well as the current time, is It analyzes spatial location some real-world object or scene.
transmitted via radio signals. and organizes layers of Many of the maps we use today
The GPS unit receives these information into visualizations are created with photogrammetry
signals and uses them to using maps and 3D scenes. and photographs taken from
calculate its position in terms aircraft.
of latitude, longitude, and PRINCIPLES
altitude. Single point triangulation
The GPS concept is based on multiple point triangulation
time and the known position BRANCHES- Aerial, Terrestrial,
of GPS specialized satellites. Space etc
The satellites carry very
stable atomic clocks that are
synchronized with one
another and with the ground
 6. Drones
7. Direct reading grade rods
Drones are also known as Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles (UAV), or remotely piloted vehicles A Grade Rod or leveling rod, is a graduated
are being used increasingly. In many cases,
rod used to determine differences in
the objectives for drone use requires the
imagery to be mapped in Geographical elevation. Grade Rods can be used with
Information Systems (GIS). surveyor, optical and laser levels.
The purpose of Drones is mapping and GIS. Direct elevation rods have two sections:
There are several commercially available
Upper section: the front of the rod.
products which are suitable off-the-shelf.
There is also the option to use a more Lower section: the back of the rod.
bespoke models which can be customized e.g. How to Read a Direct Elevation Grade Rod
To carry additional sensors. Finally, there is i. Higher numbers on bottom. Lower
the option.
numbers on top.
FACTORS-
i Reliability vs. Adaptability. ii. Has two sections: upper (front) and
ii Ease of use vs. Ground coverage. lower (back
iii Cost.
8. 3D laser scanning 9. Laser level
3D Laser Scanning is an increasingly popular In surveying and construction,
tool for collecting vast amounts of accurate the laser level is a control tool
spatial data within a short amount of time. This
consisting of a laser beam
makes laser scanners a popular piece of
projector that can be affixed to
equipment within surveying, film and
archaeology companies where on site time a tripod, which is levelled
may be restricted. according to the accuracy of the
In essence these scanners collect millions of device and which projects a
individual point measurements within minutes. fixed red or green beam along
The measurements are then plotted within a the horizontal and/or vertical
single XYZ coordinate system to form a 'point
axis.
cloud' of the object’s external surface. With
the addition of GPS data these points can be
geo-referenced and transferred into global
reference systems
 Construction equipments
Scrappers
a) Earth moving equipments

Trenchers Wheel loading shovels

Skid & crawler loader

 1. Skid & crawler loaders 2. Trenchers
Application of skid loader: Trenching machine, also called Ditcher, or Digging
A skid-steer loader can sometimes be used in place Wheel, excavation machine employing a wheel fitted
of a large excavator by digging a hole from the inside. with rim buckets, or with a boom or ladder on which
The skid loader first digs a ramp leading to the edge
an endless chain of buckets or scrapers revolves.
of the desired excavation.
The machine is self-propelled on rubber tires or
CRAWLER
Tracked (or crawler) loaders are machines with a crawlers (continuous metal treads driven by wheels).
tracked chassis and a loader that can be used for As the machine moves forward, it rotates the ladder
digging and moving/loading materials. They are a or wheel so that the buckets dig at their forward
versatile component of any fleet, able to perform edge.
many tasks. These days, loaders are most often They dump onto a conveyor belt or a chute that piles
needed to move heavy materials on a construction the cuttings on either side. Trenching machines can
site.
be equipped to cut hard ground and even soft rock,
They are well-suited for moving wood chips, sand,
but they encounter difficulty with boulders.
rock and recycled materials. Crawler loaders move
on tracks, which can be manufactured using Types of Trenchers: Wheel Trencher, Chain Trencher,
different materials and a varying number of grousers Portable Trencher, Micro Trencher and Tractor
to make them capable of maneuvering various Mount Trencher
surfaces. Hydrostatic drives simplify the operation
of the machines.
Scrappers Wheel loading shovels
A scraper is a machine used for moving or removing dirt, gravel Loading shovels are loaded where it
and any other unnecessary material from the surface. counts, pushing the front end bucket
There are many earth-moving machines on the market, but the
loader efficiency higher. From mini
scraper is specialized for scraping and it is the most efficient
machine for that task.
loaders to large production machines,
One advantage over the other earth-moving machines is the find the right fit for the work in load and
capability to remove wet soil from the surface. With other carry operations, civil & building
machines, the operators will need to wait for the wet soil to construction, earth moving, waste
become dry. handling, recycling, landscaping,
Also, the scraper performs efficiently on heavier soils and other
quarrying, aggregates, block handling,
tough soil conditions. The scraper is a versatile and flexible
machine, as it can be used for a variety of task
lumber yards, agriculture and more.
The four phases of shovel’s work cycle or
digging cycle are digging, swinging,
dumping and returning.

Components of scrappers
b) Advance plastering machine

The cement mix which is poured in a funnel is pumped using centrifugal pump to a hopper.
Inside the hopper, there will be a gear pump which pumps the cement mix as an output to wall
through the cylinder slit.
The cement mix which came out will be captured by the metal plate and it forcibly sticks to the wall.
The cement mix will be punched by metal plate using rollers.
The stuck cement mix will also be smudged using metal plate and rollers.
To make this as automation, we interface the sensors to detect cement flow, the stepper motor for
the movement of the header unit in rail guides and the AC motor to control the flow with
microcontrollers.
Here we can give the vertical and horizontal distance as the input for the movement of header unit.
c) Bridge launcher
Low technological costs are the reason for the success of the
incremental launching method for PC bridges. Compared to the
use of ground falsework, launching diminishes the cost of labor
with similar investments. Compared to the use of Movable
Scaffolding System (MSS), launching diminishes the investments
with similar labor costs. Most beam launchers comprise two
triangular trusses made of long welded modules. The diagonals
may be bolted to the chords for easier shipping although site
assembly is more expensive. Pins or longitudinal bolts are used
for the field splices in the chords. Newgeneration single-girder
machines allow robotized welding and have less support saddles
and smaller winch-trolleys. 50m spans are rarely exceeded in
precast beam bridges. A launching gantry for span-by-span
erection of precast segmental bridges also operates on 30-50m
spans but the payload is much higher as the gantry supports the
entire span during assembly.
 Material handling equipments
1. MOBILE CRANES
2. TELESCOPIC CRANE

This type of crane offers a boom that

consists of a number of tubes fitted
one inside of the other. A hydraulic
mechanism extends or retracts the
tubes to increase or decrease the
length of the boom.

The most basic type of crane consists

of a steel truss or telescopic boom
mounted on a mobile platform, which
could be a rail, wheeled, or even on a
cat truck. The boom is hinged at the
bottom and can be either raised or
lowered by cables or hydraulic
cylinders.
3. TOWER CRANE
4. TRUCK MOUNTED CRANE

The tower crane is a modern form of a Cranes mounted on a rubber tire truck
balance crane. When fixed to the will provide great mobility. Outriggers
ground, tower cranes will often give that extend vertically or horizontally
the best combination of height and are used to level and stabilize the
lifting capacity and are also used when crane during hoisting.
constructing tall buildings.
 5. ROUGH TERRAIN CRANE 6. LOADER CRANE

A crane that is mounted on an undercarriage with

four rubber tires, designed for operations off road. A loader crane is a hydraulically powered
The outriggers extend vertically and horizontally to articulated arm fitted to a trailer, used to
level and stabilize the crane when hoisting. These load equipment onto a trailer. The
types of cranes are single engine machines where numerous sections can be folded into a
the same engine is used for powering the small space when the crane isn’t in use.
undercarriage as it is for powering the crane. In
these types of cranes, the engine is normally
mounted in the undercarriage rather than in the
upper portion
 7. OVERHEAD CRANE 8. BELT CONVEYOR

A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt

conveyor system. A belt conveyor system is one of
Also referred to as a suspended crane, many types of conveyor systems. A belt conveyor
this type is normally used in a factory, system consists of two or more pulleys (sometimes
with some of them being able to lift very referred to as drums), with an endless loop of carrying
heavy loads. The hoist is set on a trolley medium the conveyor belt that rotates about them.
which will move in one direction along One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the
one or two beams, which move at angles belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered
to that direction along elevated or ground pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered
level tracks, often mounted along the side pulley is called the idler pulley
of an assembly area.
 Boring Machine
includes,
TUNNEL BORING MACHINE 1. Cutter head,
with cutting
discs/tools and
2. Muck buckets
to carry and
Basic Functions of TBM: dispose
1. Excavating the ground. excavated muck
3. Power supply
2. Supporting the ground. Systems
3. Mucking the excavated materials. 4. Cutter head
rotation & thrust
Tunnel boring machines are used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in 5. Bracing
rock and conventional "hand mining" in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the system for the
disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This TBM during
significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily mining
urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to 6. Equipment for
construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost ground support
installation
of tunnel boring machines versus drill and blast methods. This is because tunneling with
7. Shielding to
TBMs is much more efficient and results in shortened completion times, assuming they
protect workers
operate successfully. Drilling and blasting however remains the preferred method when
8. Steeling
working through heavily fractured and sheared rock layers. system