CH07A
CH07A
CH07A
TRANSIENT CIRCUITS
IN CIRCUITS WITH CAPACITORS AND INDUCTORS, VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS
CANNOT CHANGE INSTANTANEOUSLY.
EVEN THE APPLICATION, OR REMOVAL, OF CONSTANT SOURCES CREATES A
TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR.
LEARNING GOALS
FIRST ORDER CIRCUITS
Circuits that contain a single energy storing elements.
Either a capacitor or an inductor.
THE MODEL
WHEN THERE ARE INDUCTORS OR CAPACITORS, THE MODELS BECOME LINEAR ORDINARY
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (ODEs). HENCE, IN GENERAL, ONE NEEDS ALL THOSE TOOLS
IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO ANALYZE CIRCUITS WITH ENERGY STORING ELEMENTS.
AN INTRODUCTION
INDUCTORS AND CAPACITORS CAN STORE ENERGY. UNDER SUITABLE CONDITIONS THIS ENERGY
CAN BE RELEASED. THE RATE AT WHICH IT IS RELEASED WILL DEPEND ON THE PARAMETERS
OF THE CIRCUIT CONNECTED TO THE TERMINALS OF THE ENERGY STORING ELEMENT.
TRANSIENT
di
VS = v R + v L = Ri (t ) + L (t )
dt
INITIAL CONDITION
t 0 i (0 −) = 0
i ( 0 + ) = 0
inductor i (0−) = i (0+ )
STEP 1 L di VS = L
(t ) + i (t ) =
R dt R R
STEP 2 STEADY STATE i () = K = VS
1
R
STEP 3 INITIAL CONDITION −
t
VS L
ANS : i (t ) = 1 − e R
i (0+) = K1 + K 2 R
LEARNING BY DOING
t
−
i(t ) = K1 + K 2e , t 0 v (t )
v (t )
IS = + i (t )
R
di L di
v (t ) = L (t ) I S = (t ) + i (t )
dt R dt
INITIAL CONDITION : i (0+) = 0
L
STEP 1 =
R t
−
L
STEP 2 i () = I S K1 = I S ANS : i (t ) = I S 1 − e R
STEP 3 i (0+) = 0 = K1 + K 2
t
−
i (t ) = K1 + K 2e , t 0
INITIAL CONDITIONS
CIRCUIT IN STEADY STATE FOR t 0
MODEL FOR t 0
3k
vC (0−) = (12) = 4V v (0+) = 4V
3k + 6k
v (t )
i (t ) = STEP 1
R2
= RP C = (2 103 )(100 10−6 F ) = 0.2 s
STEP 2 v () = K1 = 0
DETERMINE MODEL FOR CAPACITOR − t
4
VOLTAGE; USE IT TO FIND ], t 0 3 v (0+) = K1 + K 2 = 4V K 2 = 4V
ANS : i (t ) = e 0.2 [mASTEP
3 t
v (t ) dv v (t ) −
+ C (t ) + = 0; RP = R1 || R2 v (t ) = 4e 0.2 [V ], t 0
R1 dt R2
dv v (t ) RP = 3k || 6k = 2k t
4 − 0.2
C (t ) + =0 ANS : i (t ) = e [mA ], t 0
dt RP 3
t
LEARNING EXAMPLE FIND vO (t ), t 0 −
x ( t ) = K1 + K 2 e ,t 0
K1 = x (); K1 + K 2 = x (0+ )
t
−
i (t ) vO (t ) = K1 + K 2e , t 0
STEP 2: FIND K1 USING STEADY
STATE ANALYSIS
KVL(t>0)
dvO
0.5 (t ) + vO (t ) = 6 vO () = 6V
dt
vO () = K1
K1 = 6V
THE NEXT STEP REQUIRES THE INITIAL
VALUE OF THE VARIABLE, vO (0+)
MODEL FOR t 0. USE KVL
di FOR THE INITIAL CONDITION ONE NEEDS
− VS1 + R1i (t ) + L (t ) + R3i (t ) = 0
dt THE INDUCTOR CURRENT FOR t<0 AND
di USES THE CONTINUITY OF THE INDUCTOR
2 (t ) + 4i (t ) = 12 vO (t ) = 2i (t )[V ] CURRENT DURING THE SWITCHING.
dt
di
0.5 (t ) + i (t ) = 3[ A] THE STEADY STATE ASSUMPTION FOR t<0
dt SIMPLIFIES THE ANALYSIS
dvO STEP 1
0.5 (t ) + vO (t ) = 6V
dt = 0.5
CIRCUIT IN STEADY STATE (t<0)
a
RTH = 2 || 2 = 1
iL I1 − 12 + 4 I1 − 4 = 0
I1 = 4[ A]
t 0 KVL
KVL VTH = VOC = 2 I1 − 4
VTH = 4[V ]
b 4
i L (0−) = i (0+) = [ A]
3
MUST FIND i L (t ) 4 8
i (0+) = vO (0+) = [V ]
FOR EXAMPLE USE THEVENIN 3 3
88 8 8 1010
ASSUMING INDUCTOR IN STEADY K=1 +==
KK1 1++KK2 2= =KK
K6162−+− K222=
=−K
6K =2K26=2=−KK 2 =
2
STATE 33 3 3 33
t
−
vO (t ) = K1 + K 2e , t 0
t
10 − 0.5
vO (t ) = 6 − e [V ], t 0
3
USING THEVENIN TO OBTAIN MODELS
Obtain the voltage across the capacitor
or the current through the inductor
a
Circuit RTH a
with Inductor
resistances or Inductor
and Capacitor VTH +
sources or
Thevenin − Capacitor
b
Representation of an arbitrary b
circuit with one storage element
Model for Vc K1 = 6
dvC
RTH C + vC = vTH
dt Now we need to determine
6k a 6k the initial value Vc(0+)
+ vTH − b using continuity and the
iO (t ) steady state assumption.
12V +
-
6k t 0 6k
circuit in steady state
before the switching
6k 6k
+ vC (0−) −
iO (t )
12V +
6k
-
6k t 0
vC (0−) = 6V
Continuity of capacitor voltage
vC (0+ ) = 6V
K1 + K 2 = vC (0+)
K1 = 6 K 2 = 0
t
−
vC = K1 + K 2e 0.3
vC
vC (t ) = 6V ; t 0 iO (t ) = = 1mA; t 0
6k
Ideal pulse waveform
NONZERO INITIAL TIME AND REPEATED SWITCHING
dx
+ x = fTH ; x (t0 +) = x0
dt
t −t0 t−x
−
1t −
x (t ) = e x (t0 ) + e fTH ( x )dx
t 0
t −t 0
−
x(t ) = K1 + K 2e
; t t0
RESPONSE FOR CONSTANT SOURCES
This expression will hold on ANY interval where the sources are
constant. The values of the constants may be different and must be
evaluated for each interval.
The values at the end of one interval will serve as initial
conditions for the next interval.
LEARNING EXAMPLE FIND THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE vO (t ); t 0
t 0.3 v (t ) = 0 to = 0.3 −
0.3
vo (0.3+) = 4(1 − e 0.4 )
( t −0.3)
− ' = 0.4
vO (t ) = K1" + K 2" e '
t −0.3
−
vo (t ) = 2.11e 0.4 ; t 0.3
t 0 v (t ) = 0 vO (t ) = 0 vO (0+) = 0
t 0 v (t ) = 9V −
t
' '
vo (t ) = K1 + K 2e
= RTH C = (6k || 12k ) 100 F = 0.4s
8 ' v (0+ ) = K ` + K ' = 0
v o ( ) = (9) = K1 o 1 2
10 + 8
−
t
vo ( t ) = 4 1 − e 0. 4
EXAMPLE THE SWITCH IS INITIALLY FOR 0 t 0.5 (switch at b) to = 0
AT a. AT TIME t=0 IT MOVES TO b t
−
AND AT t=0.5 IT MOVES BACK TO a. vO (t ) = K1' + K 2' e v (0+) = 12[V ] = K1' + K 2'
FIND vO (t ) , t 0
vO () = 0 = K1' = (10k)(20 F ) = 0.2 s
a 10k −
t