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    lecture 3-1

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    Alhaj Massoud

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    lecture 3-1

    Uploaded by

    Alhaj Massoud
    4 views10 pages

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    4 views10 pages

    lecture 3-1

    Uploaded by

    Alhaj Massoud

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    ELECTRICAL AND

    ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

    Eng. S.A. Mwakapoma


    Fault
    • fault current is any abnormal electric current. For example, a short
    circuit is a fault in which a live wire touches a neutral or ground wire.
    An open-circuit fault occurs if a circuit is interrupted by a failure of a
    current-carrying wire (phase or neutral) or a blown fuse or circuit
    breaker.
    Types of fault
     Asymmetric fault
    • An asymmetric or unbalanced fault does not affect each of the
    phases equally. Common types of asymmetric fault, and their causes:
    • line-to-line fault - a short circuit between lines, caused
    by ionization of air, or when lines come into physical contact, for
    example due to a broken insulator. In transmission line faults, roughly
    5% - 10% are asymmetric line-to-line faults.
    • line-to-ground fault - a short circuit between one line and ground,
    very often caused by physical contact, for example due to lightning or
    other storm damage. In transmission line faults, roughly 65% - 70%
    are asymmetric line-to-ground faults.
    • double line-to-ground fault - two lines come into contact with the
    ground (and each other), also commonly due to storm damage. In
    transmission line faults, roughly 15% - 20% are asymmetric double
    line-to-ground.
    Types of fault
    • Symmetric fault
    • A symmetric or balanced fault affects each of the phases equally. In
    transmission line faults, roughly 5% are symmetric.These faults are
    rare compared to asymmetric faults. Two kinds of symmetric fault are
    line to line to line (L-L-L) and line to line to line to ground (L-L-L-G).
    Symmetric faults account for 2 to 5% of all system faults. However,
    they can cause very severe damage to equipment even though the
    system remains balanced.
    Electrical safety

    • Electrical safety is a system of organizational measures and technical


    means to prevent harmful and dangerous effects on workers
    from electric current, arcing, electromagnetic fields and static
    electricity.
    Electricity PPE Different PPE For Electrical Safety

    • 1. Insulated Gloves
    • 2. Safety Glasses or Goggles
    • 3. Flame-Resistant Clothing
    • 4. Insulated Tools
    • 5. Electrical Safety Shoes
    • 6. Hard Hats/ safety helmets
    • 8. Face Shields
    • 9. Voltage Detector
    • 10. Respirator/Dust Mask
    • 11. Hearing protection
    Common Electrical Fault Detection Methods

    • Circuit Breaker Tripping


    Circuit breakers are designed to trip or shut off the electrical supply
    when an abnormal current flow is detected, thereby preventing potential
    electrical fires. This is a common fault detection method used in many
    homes and businesses.
    • Fuses
    Fuses are another standard protection method. They contain a piece of
    wire that melts and disconnects the circuit when overheated due to
    excessive current. While this necessitates fuse replacement, it provides a
    clear sign of a fault.
    • Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs)
    GFCIs are specially designed to protect against electrical shock by
    detecting ground faults. When a difference in the amount of current
    flowing into a circuit and out of it is identified, the GFCI interrupts
    power, protecting the user.
    • Infrared Thermography
    Infrared thermography uses infrared cameras to detect heat patterns and
    airflow, which can highlight hot spots caused by electrical faults. This
    non-contact method can detect issues in inaccessible areas.
    • Electrical Test Instruments
    Various electrical test instruments such as multimeters, voltage testers,
    and insulation testers are used to diagnose and detect electrical faults.
    These tools measure electrical parameters like voltage, resistance, and
    current, aiding in fault identification.
    Methods to Detect Faults

    • Visual and Auditory Inspection


    Unusual sounds such as humming or buzzing, or visible signs like
    sparking or overheating, can indicate an electrical fault. Regular
    inspection of electrical systems can help identify these signs early.

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