➢ Operating System

Properties

The Properties of the OS are:

• Batch processing
• Multitasking
• Multiprogramming
• Interactivity
• Real-Time System
• Distributed Environment
• Spooling
1. Batch Processing
In Batch processing, the OS first collects the info and programs together
during a batch, then processing starts.
The OS performs various sorts of activities associated with batch
processing:
In this, the OS defines the set of jobs that are re-assigned to a command
sequence, data, and programs within one unit.
The OS keeps the list of jobs within the memory then executes it one by one
consistent with the scheduling algorithm.
In this, the work is processed supported FCFS scheduling means first-come,
first-serve.
The limitation of Batch OSs are as given −
• Absence of communication among the operator and the job.
 • CPU (Central processing Unit) is frequently idle as the tempo of the
routine I/O (Input output) devices is sluggish than the CPU (Central
processing Unit).
• Complicated to offer the preferred precedence.
Benefits of Batch Processing
• The execution is improved because a new job is beginning soon when
the old job gets finished with no manual intervention.

2. Multitasking
Multitasking may be a technique during which the CPU executes variety of
jobs within an equivalent time by switching among the roles. The task of
switching the work is so frequent that the user is going to be ready to
communicate with each program when the program is running.
The OS performs the subsequent activities within the context of
multitasking.
In this, the user directly instructs the OS or the program, then obtain a
quick response.
The OS manages multitasking in such how in order that multiple operations
are often handled at an equivalent time.
It is also referred to as a time-sharing system.
Multitasking operating systems are developed in order that we will use the
pc system interactively at a less price.

3. Multi-programming
Multi-programming is defined as sharing of the processor when two or
more programs exist within the memory at a time. With the assistance of
multi-programming, the CPU utilization efficiency is often increased. In
other words, Multi-programming is defined because of the capability of an
OS to run quite one program on one processor. For instance, A computer
can run excel and firebox browsers simultaneously.
Advantages of Multi-programming
• Efficient CPU utilization.
• The users assume that the CPU is simultaneously performing on
multiple programs.
• Disadvantages of Multi-programming
• It needs CPU scheduling.
• Memory management is required to accommodate different jobs in
memory.
4. Interactivity
Interactivity means the user’s ability to interact with a computing system.
The OS performs various activities associated with interactivity.
Handling input devices so as to require the input from the user. Example: –
keyboard.
It also assists to supervise output devices to display output to the operator.
Example: – Monitor.
It provides an interface to the user in order that the user can interact with
the system.

5. Real-Time System
We can understand the Real-time system because the dedicated embedded
system,
An OS performs various tasks associated with a real-time system.
In a real-time system, the OS reads and reacts with the assistance of sensor
data.
The OS provides the reassurance that the event is completed within a hard
and fast interval of your time to supply accurate performance.

6. Distributed Environment
A Distributed environment defines a group of multiple independent
processors or CPUs during a single computing system.
The OS performs various activities, such as:
• The OS handles the communications between processors, and
communication is completed with the assistance of communication
lines.
• Operating systems share computation logics among different
physical processors.
• The processors won't share the memory; rather, each processor has
its own local memory.

7. Spooling
Spooling stands for Simultaneous peripheral operation online. Spooling
may be a process during which jobs are put into a buffer, disk, or a specific
area within the memory in order that a tool can access these jobs when it's
ready.
Spooling is effective because with the assistance of spooling devices can
access the info at different rates. Buffer offers a waiting station in order
that data can respite at the time when the slower device catches up. the
appliance of spooling is Print Spooling.
The OS performs various tasks associated with spooling:
• It manages the I/O device data spooling when devices have multiple
data access rates.
• Handles parallel computation because the method of spooling is
completed I/O during a parallel way.
• Handles the spooling buffer that gives the waiting station for the info
to require a rest therein time when the slower device catches up.
• Advantages of Spooling
• Spooling can overlap the I/O operation for one process with
processor operations for an additional process.
• It uses disk as an enormous buffer for the spooling operations.
User Management
What Is User Management?
User management is a system to handle activities related to individuals’
access to devices, software, and services. It focuses on managing
permissions for access and actions as well as monitoring usage. Functions
of user management include:
• Providing users with authenticated access
• Supporting set up, reissuing, and decommissioning of users’ access
credentials
• Establishing access privileges based on permissions
User management also can keep track of accounts related to software
licenses throughout their lifecycle. This ensures that all users have licenses
for the software that they are using and that these can be reclaimed and
reissued when they are no longer in use.
User Management Requirements
Many features and functions are available with different user management
systems. The following are a few of the baseline features for user
management:
Cloud application support
Centralized user management in the cloud and for hybrid deployments
Create new users
Control over how users are created and levels of access in applications
Multiple logins
Ability to limit the number of logins with the same credentials
Password reset
System to allow users to change or retrieve passwords without engaging IT
Regulatory compliance support
Integrated compliance reporting tools to validate user authorization,
authentication, and permission levels
Session control
Ability to set session timeout criteria to keep users from staying logged in
indefinitely
User access management
Tools to onboard and decommission users as well as to manage access
User listing
A table that holds all user data and the ability to add, edit, and delete users

User property management

Descriptions of each user in applications and the ability to add additional
properties

➢ Automating User Management

There are three technologies are commonly used when automating user
management, either standalone or in combination:
1. Active Directory
Active Directory, or AD, is Microsoft’s proprietary directory service. It is
run on Microsoft Windows Servers, providing administrators with a tool to
manage permissions and facilitate access to network resources. In Active
Directory, users, groups, applications, and devices are stored as data as
objects, with each categorized based on its name and attributes.
2. Single Sign-On
Single sign-on, or SSO, is an authentication method for managing access. It
enables users to securely authenticate with a single set of credentials. Using
single sign-on, users can quickly access multiple applications and websites.
In addition, users do not have the hassle of managing multiple usernames
and passwords.
3. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, commonly referred to as LDAP,
is a standards-based, vendor-neutral application mechanism that supports
connections to and interactions with distributed directory servers. It is
used to support authentication as well as to store information about users,
groups, and applications.
With each of these tools, user management can be automated, eliminating
the need for cumbersome, error-prone manual systems. Some of the
functionality that automated user management provides is:
• Access control based on role, department, location, title, and other
attributes
 • Access level changes based on minimum requirements to perform job
functions
• Audit trail of account activity for internal governance and compliance
requirements
• Directory synchronization with applications, systems, and devices
• Onboarding and offboarding users and roles

➢ What is network configuration?

Network configuration is the process of assigning network settings,

policies, flows, and controls. In a virtual network, it’s easier to make
network configuration changes because physical network devices
appliances are replaced by software, removing the need for extensive
manual configuration.
Network configuration can also be automated and managed via a
centralized configuration manager network configuration manager, further
reducing manual IT workload and making it easier to:
• Maintain a network
• Make configuration changes
• Relaunch devices
• Track and report data
Some network configuration basics include switch/router configuration,
host configuration, software and firewall configuration, and network
topology which can be controlled through rest APIs.
 ➢ Control Panel in Windows 10

✓ How to Open the Control Panel in Windows 10

You can use Control Panel to change settings for Windows. These
settings control nearly everything about how Windows looks and
works, and you can use them to set up Windows so that it's just right
for you.

In Windows 10, there are a few different ways to find and change your
settings: Settings app, Control Panel, app settings, and search. Most of
the settings that you'll want to change can be found in the Settings app.

The Control Panel allows you to view and change settings (controls) for
Windows via applets.

Settings is a modern touch friendly version of the Control Panel that

will eventually replace the Control Panel in Windows 10.

This tutorial will show you how to open the Control

Panel in Windows 10, and to change it to display with
the Category, Large icons, or Small icons view.

Contents

• Option One: Open Control Panel from Start menu All Apps
• Option Two: Open Control Panel from Full Screen Start menu All
Apps
• Option Three: Open Control Panel from Search
• Option Four: Open Control Panel from Run
• Option Five: Open Control Panel from File Explorer Address Bar
• Option Six: Open Control Panel from File Explorer Navigation
Pane
• Option Seven: Open Control Panel from Command Prompt or
PowerShell
 ✓ Basic Troubleshooting steps

Do you know what to do if your screen goes blank? What if you can't seem
to close an application, or can't hear any sound from your speakers?
Whenever you have a problem with your computer, don't panic! There are
many basic troubleshooting techniques you can use to fix issues like this.
In this lesson, we'll show you some simple things to try when
troubleshooting, as well as how to solve common problems you may
encounter.
General tips to keep in mind
There are many different things that could cause a problem with your
computer. No matter what's causing the issue, troubleshooting will always
be a process of trial and error—in some cases, you may need to use
several different approaches before you can find a solution; other problems
may be easy to fix. We recommend starting by using the following tips.
• Write down your steps: Once you start troubleshooting, you may
want to write down each step you take. This way, you'll be able to
remember exactly what you've done and can avoid repeating the
same mistakes. If you end up asking other people for help, it will be
much easier if they know exactly what you've tried already.
• Take notes about error messages: If your computer gives you
an error message, be sure to write down as much information as
possible. You may be able to use this information later to find out if
other people are having the same error.
• Always check the cables: If you're having trouble with a specific
piece of computer hardware, such as your monitor or keyboard, an
easy first step is to check all related cables to make sure they're
properly connected.
 • Restart the computer: When all else fails, restarting the
computer is a good thing to try. This can solve a lot of basic issues
you may experience with your computer.
Using the process of elimination
If you're having an issue with your computer, you may be able to find out
what's wrong using the process of elimination. This means you'll make a
list of things that could be causing the problem and then test them out one
by one to eliminate them. Once you've identified the source of your
computer issue, it will be easier to find a solution.
Scenario:
Let's say you're trying to print out invitations for a birthday party, but the
printer won't print. You have some ideas about what could be causing this,
so you go through them one by one to see if you can eliminate any possible
causes.
First, you check the printer to see that it's turned on and plugged in to
the surge protector. It is, so that's not the issue. Next, you check to make
sure the printer's ink cartridge still has ink and that there is paper loaded
in the paper tray. Things look good in both cases, so you know the issue
has nothing to do with ink or paper.
Now you want to make sure the printer and computer are communicating
correctly. If you recently downloaded an update to your operating
system, it might interfere with the printer. But you know there haven't
been any recent updates and the printer was working yesterday, so you'll
have to look elsewhere.
You check the printer's USB cord and find that it's not plugged in. You must
have unplugged it accidentally when you plugged something else into the
computer earlier. Once you plug in the USB cord, the printer starts working
again. It looks like this printer issue is solved!
This is just one example of an issue you might encounter while using a
computer. In the rest of this lesson, we'll talk about other common
computer problems and some ways to solve them.
✓ Simple solutions to common problems

Most of the time, problems can be fixed using simple troubleshooting

techniques, like closing and reopening the program. It's important to try
these simple solutions before resorting to more extreme measures. If the
problem still isn't fixed, you can try other troubleshooting techniques.
✓ Problem: Power button will not start computer

• Solution 1: If your computer does not start, begin by checking the

power cord to confirm that it is plugged securely into the back of the
computer case and the power outlet.
• Solution 2: If it is plugged into an outlet, make sure it is a working
outlet. To check your outlet, you can plug in another electrical
device, such as a lamp.
• Solution 3: If the computer is plugged in to a surge protector, verify
that it is turned on. You may have to reset the surge protector by
turning it off and then back on. You can also plug a lamp or other
device into the surge protector to verify that it's working correctly.
 • Solution 4: If you are using a laptop, the battery may not be
charged. Plug the AC adapter into the wall, then try to turn on the
laptop. If it still doesn't start up, you may need to wait a few minutes
and try again.
Problem: An application is running slowly
• Solution 1: Close and reopen the application.
• Solution 2: Update the application. To do this, click the Help menu
and look for an option to check for Updates. If you don't find this
option, another idea is to run an online search for application
updates.
Problem: An application is frozen
Sometimes an application may become stuck, or frozen. When this
happens, you won't be able to close the window or click any buttons within
the application.
• Solution 1: Force quit the application. On a PC, you can press (and
hold) Ctrl+Alt+Delete (the Control, Alt, and Delete keys) on your
keyboard to open the Task Manager. On a Mac, press and
hold Command+Option+Esc. You can then select the unresponsive
application and click End task (or Force Quit on a Mac) to close it.

• Solution 2: Restart the computer. If you are unable to force quit an

application, restarting your computer will close all open apps.
Problem: All programs on the computer run slowly

• Solution 1: Run a virus scanner. You may have malware running in

the background that is slowing things down.
 • Solution 2: Your computer may be running out of hard drive space.
Try deleting any files or programs you don't need.
• Solution 3: If you're using a PC, you can run Disk Defragmenter. To
learn more about Disk Defragmenter, check out our lesson
on Protecting Your Computer.

✓ Problem: The computer is frozen

Sometimes your computer may become completely unresponsive,

or frozen. When this happens, you won't be able to click anywhere on the
screen, open or close applications, or access shut-down options.
• Solution 1 (Windows only): Restart Windows Explorer. To do this,
press and hold Ctrl+Alt+Delete on your keyboard to open the Task
Manager. Next, locate and select Windows Explorer from
the Processes tab and click Restart. You may need to click More
Details at the bottom of the window to see the Processes tab.
• Solution 2 (Mac only): Restart Finder. To do this, press and
hold Command+Option+Esc on your keyboard to open the Force
Quit Applications dialog box. Next, locate and select Finder, then
click Relaunch.
• Solution 3: Press and hold the Power button. The Power button is
usually located on the front or side of the computer, typically
indicated by the power symbol. Press and hold the Power button
for 5 to 10 seconds to force the computer to shut down.
• Solution 4: If the computer still won't shut down, you can unplug
the power cable from the electrical outlet. If you're using a laptop,
you may be able to remove the battery to force the computer to turn
off. Note: This solution should be your last resort after trying the
other suggestions above.
✓ Problem: The mouse or keyboard has stopped working

• Solution 1: If you're using a wired mouse or keyboard, make sure

it's correctly plugged into the computer.
• Solution 2: If you're using a wireless mouse or keyboard, make sure
it's turned on and that its batteries are charged.
✓ Problem: The sound isn't working

• Solution 1: Check the volume level. Click the audio button in the top-
right or bottom-right corner of the screen to make sure the sound is
turned on and that the volume is up.
• Solution 2: Check the audio player controls. Many audio and video
players will have their own separate audio controls. Make sure the
sound is turned on and that the volume is turned up in the player.
• Solution 3: Check the cables. Make sure external speakers are
plugged in, turned on, and connected to the correct audio port or a
USB port. If your computer has color-coded ports, the audio output
port will usually be green.
• Solution 4: Connect headphones to the computer to find out if you
can hear sound through the headphones.
 ✓ Problem: The screen is blank

• Solution 1: The computer may be in Sleep mode. Click the mouse or

press any key on the keyboard to wake it.
• Solution 2: Make sure the monitor is plugged in and turned on.
• Solution 3: Make sure the computer is plugged in and turned on.
• Solution 4: If you're using a desktop, make sure the monitor cable is
properly connected to the computer tower and the monitor.
✓ Solving more difficult problems

If you still haven't found a solution to your problem, you may need to ask
someone else for help. As an easy starting point, we'd
recommend searching the Web. It's possible that other users have had
similar problems, and solutions to these problems are often posted online.
Also, if you have a friend or family member who knows a lot about
computers, they may be able to help you.
Keep in mind that most computer problems have simple solutions,
although it may take some time to find them. For difficult problems, a more
drastic solution may be required, like reformatting your hard drive or
reinstalling your operating system. If you think you might need a solution
like this, we recommend consulting a professional first. If you're not a
computer expert, it's possible that attempting these solutions could make
the situation worse.

➢ What is Remote Management?

Remote management is an innovative solution that empowers IT

professionals to monitor, control, and maintain various systems and
networks from any location. With remote management, geographical
barriers are eliminated, enabling seamless collaboration, instant problem-
solving, and the swift implementation of updates and patches.

✓ Remote Management Benefits to IT Professionals

Remote management technology has revolutionized how IT professionals

work, offering various benefits that enhance efficiency, productivity, and
job satisfaction. This toolset allows IT teams to access, control, and manage
devices and systems remotely, regardless of physical location. Here are
several ways in which remote management benefits IT professionals:

✓ Increased Productivity and Efficiency

Remote management tools allow IT professionals to perform many tasks

from a distance, such as troubleshooting, software installation, updates,
and system configuration. This eliminates the need for physical presence,
which can be particularly beneficial for organizations with multiple
locations or those managing systems across different time zones. By
enabling instant response to issues and routine maintenance tasks, IT
teams can address more problems in less time, significantly boosting
productivity.

✓ Cost Reduction

Travel and downtime are two significant costs associated with traditional
IT management. Remote management cuts these expenses dramatically. IT
staff no longer need to spend time and money traveling to different sites to
resolve issues. Moreover, the ability to proactively manage and monitor
systems can prevent problems before they occur, reducing the costs
associated with downtime and loss of business operations.
 ➢ Enhanced Monitoring and Proactive Maintenance

Remote management tools provide real-time monitoring capabilities,

giving IT professionals a comprehensive view of network health and
performance. This allows for proactive maintenance, as potential issues can
be identified and addressed before they escalate into more severe
problems. With advanced alerting systems, IT staff are notified
immediately if there are anomalies, ensuring they can react swiftly to
maintain system integrity.
Scalability
As businesses grow, their IT infrastructure needs to scale accordingly.
Remote management solutions are designed to be scalable, allowing for the
easy addition of new devices and systems without a corresponding
increase in IT staff. This scalability ensures businesses can expand their
operations while keeping IT management efficient without incurring
significant additional costs.
Improved Work-Life Balance
Remote management capabilities also provide IT professionals with the
flexibility to work from anywhere, which can lead to an improved work-life
balance. This flexibility can lead to higher job satisfaction and lower
burnout rates, as professionals are not tied to a specific location and can
adjust their work schedules to better suit their personal lives.

Security and Compliance

With cyber threats becoming more sophisticated, security is a top concern
for businesses. Remote management tools often include robust security
features that ensure data integrity and compliance with industry
regulations. IT professionals can manage security policies, install updates,
and monitor systems for signs of a breach from a centralized console. This
level of control is vital for maintaining the trust of customers and the
business's reputation.
Disaster Recovery
In a disaster, be it natural or artificial, remote management tools can be
lifesavers. They allow IT professionals to access affected systems quickly to
perform critical recovery operations. This can significantly reduce recovery
time objectives (RTO) and minimize the impact on business continuity.
Customer Satisfaction
Finally, the ability to respond quickly to issues and maintain system
performance leads to higher customer satisfaction. IT professionals can
provide a better service experience by ensuring that systems are reliable
and quickly resolving problems, leading to increased loyalty and a more
substantial customer base.
✓ Key Advantages of Remote Management for IT Efficiency
and Productivity

Remote management technologies are critical in a modern IT

infrastructure, providing several key advantages directly contributing to
increased efficiency and productivity for IT professionals. Here's a closer
look at these benefits:
1. Seamless Access and Control
Remote management enables IT specialists to gain seamless access to
devices and servers across different networks from a central location. This
access allows for controlling and managing IT assets without physical
proximity, ensuring issues can be swiftly addressed. The ability to remotely
access systems ensures that IT professionals can respond to and resolve
problems much faster than if they had to be on-site.
2. Streamlined Processes
With remote management, IT operations can be standardized and
automated. Routine tasks such as software updates, backups, and system
checks can be scheduled and executed remotely without manual
intervention. This automation not only saves time but also ensures
consistency and reduces the likelihood of human error, leading to more
reliable IT operations.
3. Downtime Minimization
The proactive nature of remote management means that IT professionals
can anticipate problems before they occur. Real-time monitoring tools alert
IT staff to irregularities, allowing immediate action to prevent downtime.
This proactive management is critical in minimizing disruptions to
business operations and maintaining high availability of IT services.

4. Resource Optimization
By centralizing the management of IT resources, businesses can optimize
the use of their hardware and software. Remote management tools provide
analytics and reporting functions that help understand resource utilization,
enabling IT departments to make informed decisions about upgrades,
scaling, or optimization.
5. Enhanced Security Posture
Security is a non-negotiable aspect of IT management. Remote
management tools often come with advanced security features that allow
for the centralized deployment of patches and security policies. By keeping
systems up-to-date and compliant with security standards, IT professionals
can mitigate risks and protect against vulnerabilities from a single control
point.
6. Flexibility in Work Arrangements
Remote management solutions offer IT professionals the flexibility to work
from various locations, even from home. This flexibility can lead to a better
balance between professional and personal life, contributing to higher
morale and lower turnover rates among IT staff.
REMOTE MANAGEMENT
7. Improved Response Times
With the ability to manage systems remotely, IT professionals can
significantly improve their response times to issues. Instead of traveling to
a site, they can begin diagnosing and addressing problems immediately.
This rapid response capability is crucial in maintaining system
performance and ensuring user satisfaction.
8. Scalable Management
As organizations grow, their IT infrastructure can become increasingly
complex. Remote management solutions are inherently scalable, allowing
IT teams to efficiently manage an increasing number of devices and
systems without a proportional increase in staff or resources.
9. Cost-Effective Operations
Eliminating the need for travel and enabling off-hours maintenance
without overtime pay, remote management is a cost-effective solution for
IT operations. Reduced overheads and the ability to do more with less
contribute to a leaner and more economical IT department.

Created By: Chetan Solabakkanavar