Factors Influencing Exercise Participation and Adherence
Personal attributes
Environmental
Physical-activity
Client – Trainer Relationship: 4 stages
Rapport Investigation Planning Action
Understanding your client
Exercise experience, thoughts & feelings exercise Identify personality profile Identify stage of behavior change Communicate to address needs of personality and stage of behavior change
Help clients maintain motivation, prevent relapse to inactivity and build adherence: Goal setting Program design Social support Strategies to avoid high-risks situations Establish self-efficacy
Rapport - Components of communication
Visual – body language Vocal – tone of voice Verbal – actual words used
Establishing Rapport: Environment – be mindful where you have initial client meeting privacy
Effective communication
Visual – professional appearance, environment (location of initial meeting)
o Nonverbal communication Vocal – appropriate voice o Tone/articulation o Volume/speed/pitch Listening o Indifferent Passive
o Selective Active
Active listening Strategies for Success Pete McCall – The American Council on Exercise
Interviewing techniques: Health History Questionnaire – Practical exercise
Use the questions to guide the conversation to develop rapport.
Motivational interviewing - build in to conversation
Identifying motivators: use interviewing/questioning to determine specific motivational drivers Understand current behavioral state
Empathy Relating to the client
Personality Indexing Identify your personality style: Dominance Scale Sociability Scale
General Personality Style Traits – Daves-Holland Model
Personality Style General Traits Working with Personality Trait
Deliberator: Low sociability Low dominance
Director: Low sociability High dominance Strategies for Success Pete McCall – The American Council on Exercise
Collaborator: High sociability Low dominance
Expressor: High sociability High dominance
Stages of Behavior Change
Understand how to help clients progress through the various stages of change. Stage Description Engaging the Client
Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance Strategies for Success Pete McCall – The American Council on Exercise
Processes of Change Cognitive Behavior
Decisional Balance: Benefits of changing behavior MUST outweigh barriers to making the change
Decisional Balance Worksheet
Perceived gains associated with adopting Perceived losses associated with adopting desired behaviors: desired behaviors:
Strategies to maximize potential for achieving Strategies to minimize potential of perceived
gains: losses: Strategies for Success Pete McCall – The American Council on Exercise
Social Cognitive Theory
Behavior is affected by: environment, personal factors and the behavior itself
Self-efficacy – an individual’s belief in the ability to complete a task, influenced by:
Participation Variables
Factors influencing self-efficacy
Overcoming Barriers – IDEA Form
Identify a barrier:
Develop creative solutions:
Evaluate list of solutions; identify solutions to put into action:
Analyze how well plan worked; revise if necessary:
Strategies for Success Pete McCall – The American Council on Exercise Practical exercise
Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. I enjoy it 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I hate it 2. I feel bored 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I feel interested 3. I dislike it 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I like it 4. I find it pleasurable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I find it unpleasurable 5. I am very absorbed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I am not into PA in PA 6. It’s not fun at all 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 It’s a lot of fun 7. I find it energizing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I find it tiring 8. It makes me 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 It makes me happy depressed 9. It’s very pleasant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 It’s very unpleasant 10. I feel good 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I feel bad physically while doing physically while it doing it 11. It’s very invigorating 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 It’s not at all invigorating 12. I’m very frustrated 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I’m not at all frustrated by it by it 13. It’s very gratifying 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 It’s not at all gratifying 14. It’s very exhilarating 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 It’s not at all exhilarating 15. It’s not at all 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 It’s very stimulating stimulating 16. It gives me a strong 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 It does not give me any sense sense of of accomplishment accomplishment 17. It’s very refreshing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 It’s not at all refreshing 18. I feel as though I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 would rather be I feel as though there is nothing doing something else I would rather be doing else Adapted from Motivating People to Be Physically Active by Marcus and Forsyth, 2003.
For items 1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16 and 17 assign point values as follows: If client answered: 1 – give a score of 7 7 – give a score of 1 o Add scores, a higher score reflects more enjoyment from physical activity
Creating healthy habits
Cue Routine Reward
Coaching - Influencing change through interactive dialogue with intelligent questioning
Interactive coaching
Role of a coach Strategies for Success Pete McCall – The American Council on Exercise Asking the right questions: Probing
Closed
Open
Using exercise program design to developing self-efficacy
Applying the ACE IFT Model – progressive model of intensity
References:
Harvard Business Essentials ed.; Coaching and Mentoring. Harvard Business School Press. Boston, MA. 2004.
Brehm, B. Successful Fitness Motivation Strategies. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL. 2004.
Bryant, C. and Green, D. editors. ACE Personal Trainer Manual, 4th ed. American Council on Exercise, San Diego, CA. 2010.
Bryant, C., Green, D. and Merrill, S. ACE Health Coach Manual. American Council on Exercise, San Diego, CA. 2012.
Carnegie, D. How to Win Friends and Influence People, revised ed. Simon & Schuster, NY, NY. 1981.
Duhigg, C. The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business. Random House. NY, NY 2012.
Forsyth, L., and Marcus, B. Motivating People to be Physically Active. Human Kinetics. Champaign, IL. 2003
Stoltzfus, T. Coaching Questions: A Coaches Guide to Powerful Asking Skills. Stoltzfus
