The document outlines anatomical and positioning terminology used in radiology, including patient aspects (anterior, posterior, lateral, medial) and body planes (median sagittal, coronal, transverse). It describes various patient positions for imaging, such as erect, decubitus, and semi-recumbent, along with limb positioning and movements (extension, flexion, abduction, adduction, rotation). Additionally, it explains how projections are defined by the direction of the central ray and includes details on beam angulation and oblique projections.
The document outlines anatomical and positioning terminology used in radiology, including patient aspects (anterior, posterior, lateral, medial) and body planes (median sagittal, coronal, transverse). It describes various patient positions for imaging, such as erect, decubitus, and semi-recumbent, along with limb positioning and movements (extension, flexion, abduction, adduction, rotation). Additionally, it explains how projections are defined by the direction of the central ray and includes details on beam angulation and oblique projections.
The document outlines anatomical and positioning terminology used in radiology, including patient aspects (anterior, posterior, lateral, medial) and body planes (median sagittal, coronal, transverse). It describes various patient positions for imaging, such as erect, decubitus, and semi-recumbent, along with limb positioning and movements (extension, flexion, abduction, adduction, rotation). Additionally, it explains how projections are defined by the direction of the central ray and includes details on beam angulation and oblique projections.
The document outlines anatomical and positioning terminology used in radiology, including patient aspects (anterior, posterior, lateral, medial) and body planes (median sagittal, coronal, transverse). It describes various patient positions for imaging, such as erect, decubitus, and semi-recumbent, along with limb positioning and movements (extension, flexion, abduction, adduction, rotation). Additionally, it explains how projections are defined by the direction of the central ray and includes details on beam angulation and oblique projections.
Anatomical terminology Patient aspect • Anterior aspect: that seen when viewing the patient from the front. • Posterior (dorsal) aspect: that seen when viewing the patient from the back. • Lateral aspect: refers to any view of the patient from the side. The side of the head would therefore be the lateral aspect of the cranium. • Medial aspect: refers to the side of a body part closest to the midline, e.g. the inner side of a limb is the medial aspect of that limb.
Radiology of Iraq Positioning terminology Planes of the body ⚫ Three planes of the body are used for descriptions of positioning both in plain-film imaging and in cross-sectional imaging techniques: • Median sagittal plane: divides the body into right and left halves. Any plane that is parallel to this but divides the body into unequal right and left portions is known simply as a sagittal plane or parasagittal plane. • Coronal plane: divides the body into an anterior part and a posterior part. • Transverse or axial plane: divides the body into a superior part and an inferior part.
Radiology of Iraq Radiology of Iraq ⚫ Positioning terminology ⚫ Erect: the projection is taken with the patient sitting or standing. In the erect position, the patient may be standing or sitting: 1. with the posterior aspect against the cassette; or 2. with the anterior aspect against the cassette; or 3. with the right or left side against the cassette.
Radiology of Iraq ⚫ Decubitus: the patient is lying down. In the decubitus position, the patient may be lying in any of the following positions: ⚫ Supine (dorsal decubitus): lying on the back.
⚫ Prone (ventral decubitus): lying face-down.
⚫ Lateral decubitus: lying on the side. Right lateral
decubitus – lying on the right side. Left lateral decubitus –
lying on the left side. ⚫ Semi-recumbent: reclining, part way between supine
and sitting erect, with the posterior aspect of the trunk
against the cassette.
Radiology of Iraq Terminology used to describe the limb position Positioning for limb radiography may include: • a description of the aspect of the limb in contact with the cassette; • the direction of rotation of the limb in relation to the anatomical position, e.g. medial (internal) rotation towards the midline, or lateral (external) rotation away from the midline; • the final angle to the cassette of a line joining two imaginary landmarks; • the movements, and degree of movement, of the various joints concerned. Extension: when the angle of the joint increases. • Flexion: when the angle of the joint decreases. • Abduction: refers to a movement away from the midline. • Adduction: refers to a movement towards the midline. • Rotation: movement of the body part around its own axis, e.g. medial (internal) rotation towards the midline, or lateral (external) rotation away from the midline. • Pronation: movement of the hand and forearm in which the palm is moved from facing anteriorly (as per anatomical position) to posteriorly. Supination is the reverse of this.
Radiology of Iraq Radiology of Iraq A projection is described by the direction of the central ray relative to aspects and planes of the body. Antero-posterior The central ray is incident on the anterior aspect, passes along or parallel to the median sagittal plane, and emerges from the posterior aspect of the body. Postero-anterior The central ray is incident on the posterior aspect, passes along or parallel to the median sagittal plane, and emerges from the anterior aspect of the body.
Radiology of Iraq Lateral The central ray passes from one side of the body to the other along a coronal and transverse plane. The projection is called a right lateral if the central ray enters the body on the left side and passes through to the image receptor positioned on the right side. A left lateral is achieved if the central ray enters the body on the right side and passes through to the image receptor, which will be positioned parallel to the median sagittal plane on the left side of the body.
Radiology of Iraq Beam angulation Radiographic projections are often modified by directing the central ray at some angle to a transverse plane, i.e. either caudally (angled towards the feet) or cranially/cephalic angulation (angled towards the head). for example, a lateral 20-degree caudad or a lateral 15-degree cephalad. Oblique The central ray passes through the body along a transverse plane at some angle between the median sagittal and coronal planes Anterior oblique The central ray enters the posterior aspect, passes along a transverse plane at some angle to the median sagittal plane, and emerges from the anterior aspect Posterior oblique The central ray enters the anterior aspect, passes along a transverse plane at some angle to the median sagittal plane, and emerges from the posterior aspect.
Radiology of Iraq Oblique using beam angulation
Radiology of Iraq Radiology of Iraq Radiology of Iraq
