The document outlines essential radiographic terminologies and anatomical positioning necessary for accurate diagnosis and imaging. It describes the standard anatomical position, various patient aspects, and the planes of the body used in radiography. Additionally, it details positioning terminology for both general and limb radiography, including projection terminology and beam angulation techniques.
The document outlines essential radiographic terminologies and anatomical positioning necessary for accurate diagnosis and imaging. It describes the standard anatomical position, various patient aspects, and the planes of the body used in radiography. Additionally, it details positioning terminology for both general and limb radiography, including projection terminology and beam angulation techniques.
The document outlines essential radiographic terminologies and anatomical positioning necessary for accurate diagnosis and imaging. It describes the standard anatomical position, various patient aspects, and the planes of the body used in radiography. Additionally, it details positioning terminology for both general and limb radiography, including projection terminology and beam angulation techniques.
The document outlines essential radiographic terminologies and anatomical positioning necessary for accurate diagnosis and imaging. It describes the standard anatomical position, various patient aspects, and the planes of the body used in radiography. Additionally, it details positioning terminology for both general and limb radiography, including projection terminology and beam angulation techniques.
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 36
GENERAL
RADIOGRAPHY TERMINOLOGIES Tamsal Hameed Demonstrator MIT SCP 1 Lecture 3 The human body is a complicated structure, and errors in radiographic positioning or diagnosis can easily occur unless practitioners have a common set of rules that are used to describe the body and its movements. Anatomical terminology
What is anatomical position?
Anatomical position, or standard anatomical position, refers to the specific body orientation used when describing an individual's anatomy. Standard anatomical position of the human body consists of the body standing upright and facing forward with the legs parallel to one another. The upper limbs, or arms, hang at either side and the palms face forward. Patient aspect
Anterior aspect: that seen when viewing the patient from the front. Posterior (dorsal) aspect: that seen when viewing the patient from the back. Lateral aspect: refers to any view of the patient from the side. Medial aspect: refers to the side of a body part closest to the midline, e.g. the inner side of a limb is the medial aspect of that limb. Positioning terminology
Planes of the body
Three planes of the body are used extensively for descriptions of positioning both in plain-film imaging and in cross-sectional imaging techniques. The planes described are mutually at right angles to each other: Median sagittal plane: divides the body into right and left halves. Any plane that is parallel to this but divides the body into unequal right and left portions is known simply as a sagittal plane or parasagittal plane. Coronal plane: divides the body into an anterior part and a posterior part. Transverse or axial plane: divides the body into a superior part and an inferior part. Positioning terminology (contd)
This section describes how the patient is positioned for the various radiographic projections described in this text: Erect: the projection is taken with the patient sitting or standing. In the erect position, the patient may be standing or sitting: • With the posterior aspect against the cassette; or • With the anterior aspect against the cassette; or • With the right or left side against the cassette. Decubitus: the patient is lying down. In the decubitus position, the patient may be lying in any of the following positions: • Supine (dorsal decubitus): lying on the back. • Prone (ventral decubitus): lying face-down. • Lateral decubitus: lying on the side. Right lateral decubitus – lying on the right side. Left lateral decubitus – lying on the left side. • Semirecumbent: reclining, part way between supine and sitting erect, with the posterior aspect of the trunk against the cassette. Dorsal Decubitus Ventral Decubitus Terminology used to describe the limb position Positioning for limb radiography may include: • A description of the aspect of the limb in contact with the cassette; • The direction of rotation of the limb in relation to the anatomical position, e.g. medial (internal) rotation towards the midline, or lateral (external) rotation away from the midline; • The final angle to the cassette of a line joining two imaginary landmarks; • The movements, and degree of movement, of the various joints concerned. • Extension: when the angle of the joint increases. • Flexion: when the angle of the joint decreases. • Abduction: refers to a movement away from the midline. • Adduction: refers to a movement towards the midline. • Rotation: movement of the body part around its own axis, e.g. medial (internal) rotation towards the midline, or lateral (external) rotation away from the midline. • Pronation: movement of the hand and forearm in which the palm is moved from facing anteriorly (as per anatomical position) to posteriorly. Supination is the reverse of this. Other movement terms applied to specific body parts are described in the diagrams. Projection terminology
A projection is described by the direction of the central ray relative to
aspects and planes of the body. Anteroposterior The central ray is incident on the anterior aspect, passes along or parallel to the median sagittal plane, and emerges from the posterior aspect of the body. Posteroanterior
The central ray is incident on the posterior aspect, passes along or
parallel to the median sagittal plane, and emerges from the anterior aspect of the body. Lateral
The central ray passes from one side of the body to the other along a coronal and transverse plane. The projection is called a right lateral if the central ray enters the body on the left side and passes through to the image receptor positioned on the right side. A left lateral is achieved if the central ray enters the body on the right side and passes through to the image receptor, which will be positioned parallel to the median sagittal plane on the left side of the body. In the case of a limb, the central ray either is incident on the lateral aspect and emerges from the medial aspect (lateromedial), or is incident on the medial aspect and emerges from the lateral aspect of the limb (medio-lateral). The terms ‘lateromedial’ and ‘medio-lateral’ are used where necessary to differentiate between the two projections. Beam angulation
Radiographic projections are often modified by directing the central ray
at some angle to a transverse plane, i.e. either caudally (angled towards the feet) or cranially/cephalic angulation (angled towards the head). The projection is then described as, for example, a lateral 20-degree caudad or a lateral 15-degree cephalad. Oblique
The central ray passes through the body along a transverse plane at some angle between the median sagittal and coronal planes. For this projection, the patient is usually positioned with the median sagittal plane at some angle between zero and 90 degrees to the cassette, with the central ray at right-angles to the cassette. If the patient is positioned with the median sagittal plane at right-angles to or parallel to the cassette, then the projection is obtained by directing the central ray at some angle to the median sagittal plane. Anterior oblique
The central ray enters the posterior aspect, passes along a transverse plane at some angle to the median sagittal plane, and emerges from the anterior aspect. The projection is also described by the side of the torso closest to the cassette. In the diagram below, the left side is closest to the cassette, and therefore the projection is a described as a left anterior oblique. Posterior oblique The central ray enters the anterior aspect, passes along a transverse plane at some angle to the median sagittal plane, and emerges from the posterior aspect. Again, the projection is described by the side of the torso closest to the cassette. The diagram below shows a left posterior oblique. Projection terminology (contd)
The section that follow describe radiographic projections by reference to
the following criteria: • The position of the patient relative to the cassette. • The direction and centering of the X-ray beam: this is given by reference to an imaginary central ray of the X-ray beam. • Beam angulation relative to horizontal or vertical. Examples of these are given below:
