COR2201

Technology & World Change

Course Introduction Facilitator: NEO KoK Beng
neokb@smu.edu.sg

G3: Wed, 8.15am TA: Ng Ling Ling

lingling.ng.2019@economics.smu.edu.sg

G4: Wed, 12pm TA: Wong Tze Yuan

tywong.2019@accountancy.smu.edu.sg

G7: Thu, 8.15am TA: New Gin Lee

ginlee.new.2019@business.smu.edu.sg

Copyrights © 2020 Neo Kok Beng

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 Professional, Innovative & Entrepreneurial

InnovationEducation
InnovationVentures

InnovationAdvisory
Module Overview

q Course Administration
~ Objectives
~ Course structure
~ Grades, Projects & Exam

q Sustainable Development Goals

~ Technology & Disruptive Impact

q Technological Revolutions & Economics

~ Definition of Technology
~ Creative Destruction & New Growth Theory
~ Science & Technology: The Scientific Approach

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Course Objectives
Technology & World Change aims to equip the students with strong
conceptual foundation for understanding the dynamics process of
technological innovations and its socio-economic impact.

Students will acquire the fundamental concepts, methodologies and tool-

kits for them to critically frame issues, analyze information and strategize
for innovations.

Technology Industry Policy

Entrepreneurs Strategist Analyst

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Reference Book (Optional)

Strategic Management of Technological Innovations

5th Edition
Melissa A. Schilling
McGraw-Hill

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Web Sites(Optional)
MIT Technology Review
http://www.technologyreview.com/

Techcrunch
http://techcrunch.com/

Wired Magazine
http://www.wired.com/magazine/

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Teaching Mode

This module is delivered fully online this semester due to Covid-19.

Thus, there will be no industry visits.

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 Syllabus

INTRODUCTION
Definitions of Technology
Technology & Economic Growth
Scientific Approach

PART 1: TECHNOLOGY & PART 2: TECHNOLOGY & PART 3: TECHNOLOGY &

ENTREPRENEURSHIP INDUSTRY SOCIETY

TE1 Technology Opportunities TI2 Technology Development TS1 Systems of Innovation

TE2 Minimal Viable Product TI2 Technology Strategy TS2 Intellectual Properties

TE3 Business Model Innovation TI3 Technology Marketing TS3 Incubators & Accelerators
Idea Pitching / Fact Sheet Group Project / Presentations Policy Analysis Class Test

EXAMINATION
2 hr, 2 Essay Questions OR MCQs+1 Essay Question
Case-based. Open Book. Online
 Concepts, Theories
& Methodologies
INTRODUCTION
Definitions of Technology
Technology & Economic Growth
Scientific Approach

PART 1: TECHNOLOGY & PART 2: TECHNOLOGY & PART 3: TECHNOLOGY &

ENTREPRENEURSHIP INDUSTRY SOCIETY

Opportunity Evaluation S-Curve System of Innovation

TE1 TI2 TS1
Design Thinking Network Effect Science & Technology Plans

Disruptive Innovation Trademarks & Copyrights

Persona & Customer Profile TS2
TE2 TI2 Innovation Strategies Patents and Strategies
Value Proposition Design

Business Model Design Market Positioning Incubators & Accelerators

TE3 TI3 TS3
Business Model Validation Crossing Chasm Venture Capitals
Week Date (Tue) Description

1 Aug 19 Introduction
2 Aug 26 Technology & Entrepreneurship 1
3 Sep 2 Technology & Entrepreneurship 2
4 Sep 9 Technology & Entrepreneurship 3
5 Sep 16 Video Idea Pitching & Business Validation
6 Sep 23 Technology & Industry 1
7 Sep 30 Technology & Industry 2
8 Oct 7 Term Break
9 Oct 14 Technology & Industry 3
10 Oct 21 Group Project Report & Presentations
11 Oct 28 Technology & Society 1
12 Nov 4 Technology & Society 2
13 Nov 11 Technology & Society 3 & Class Test
14 Nov 26, 1pm – 3pm Exam

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 Readings (Compulsory)
Lecture Topic 1 Topic 2

Introduction No reading Post Scarcity Prophet

https://reason.com/2001/12/01/post-scarcity-prophet-2/

TE 1 Opportunity Recognition Design Thinking, Tim Brown, HBR Jun 2008

https://openpress.usask.ca/entrepreneurshipandinnovati
ontoolkit/chapter/chapter-2-opportunity-recognition-and-
design-thinking/

TE 2 Know Your Customers “Jobs to be Done” Value Proposition Design

Clayton Christensen, HBR Sep 2016 https://www.strategyzer.com/books/value-
proposition-design

TE 3 A better way to think about your business Why the Lean Startup Changes Everything
model, Alex Osterwalder, HBR May 2013 Steve Blank, HBR May 2013

TI 1 Rigth Tech, Wrong Time Pipelines, Platform & the New Rules of
Rone Adner, HBR Mar 2010 Strategy, Marsahll Alystyne, HBR Apr 2016

TI 2 What is Disruptive Innovation. Clayton You Need an Innovation Strategy, Gary

Christensen, HBR Dec 2015 Pisano, HBR June 2015

TI 3 Blue Ocean Strategy: From Theory To Practice Crossing the Chasm

Chan Kim, California Management Review, Vol https://medium.com/west-
47, No 3 stringfellow/crossing-the-chasm-summary-
and-review-9cfafdac9180
 Readings (Compulsory)
Lecture Topic 1 Topic 2

TS 1 Bringing the Silicon Valley Inside Research, Innovation & Enterprise Plan 2020
https://hbr.org/1999/09/bringing-silicon-valley- https://www.nrf.gov.sg/rie2020
inside
TS2 Understanding Innovation & IP: Patent, Strategic Management of Intellectual
Trademark, Copyrights, Design Property", MIT Sloan Management
https://www.ipos.gov.sg/understanding- Review; Spring2004, Vol. 45 Issue 3, p35-
innovation-ip 41

TS3 No reading (Class Test) How Venture Capital Works

https://hbr.org/1998/11/how-venture-capital-
works
FORMAT OF WEEKLY LECTURE

90 mins: Topic 1
40 mins Lecture
20 mins Group work / Exercise
20 mins Class Discussion
10 mins MCQs

15 mins: Break

90 mins: Topic 2
40 mins Lecture
20 mins Group work / Exercise
20 mins Class Discussion
10 mins MCQs

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PREPARATION (Before Class)

Please note that classes are seminars based

Although it is online, we will make it very interactive.

You are supposed to done all the readings before attending class.
You may be asked to describe concepts and how they are applied.
There will be MCQs for every lectures.

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 Assignments
Pathway & Class Participations +
Assessment MCQs
(10%+10%)

Technology & Entrepreneurship

Technology & Industry Technology & Society
Individual Business
Group Presentation/Report Class Test
Pitching/Fieldwork
(10%+ 10%) (10%)
(10% + 10%)

Examination
(30%)

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Green Class
All document submissions via eLearn must be in PDF only.
(no ZIP, Docx or other file formats).

Exam and Test will be fully online.

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Class Participations (20%)

Class Attendance / Participations: In Class (10%)

MCQs (10%)

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Individual Pitch (10%)
Field Validation (10%)
Pitch:
Each student is to give a pitch of their business idea based on a 2
minutes video.

Validation:
Conduct an experiment on validation of a hypothesis in the
Value Proposition Canvas or Business Model Canvas.

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Group Project (20%)
Maximum 5 project groups per segment.

Criteria for group formation:

-5 students per group
-max 2 student from same School (subject to class compositions)

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Group Project: Technology & Industry

• ALL REPORT MUST BE IN PDF FORMAT (and no ZIP or other file formats).
• Select 1 industry for analysis.
• Please register topic with TA by week 4.
• Please upload report to eLearn 1 week after class presentation.
• Report should be 20 ~ 30 pages, excluding appendices.
• Format:
1) Introduction
2) Technological Evolutions (S-curve, Dominant Design, Network Effects)
3) Major Industry Players (Technology Strategy)
4) Future Development & Opportunities (Innovation Strategy)
5) Conclusions

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Class Test (10%)

• 1 hour, open book

• 1 question
• Case-based, Online.

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Examination (30%)

• 2 hours, open book

• 2 Essays OR (1 Essay + MCQs)
• Case-based, Online.
• Review in Week 13

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 COR2201
Technology & World Change

Lecture 1

Technology Revolution & Societal Impact

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 Science studies what is,
technology creates what never was.

Theodor Von Karman 1881~ 1963

Copyrights © 2018 Neo Kok Beng

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Readings
COMPULSORY
Reason Magazine, PostScarcity Prophet, Paul Romer on growth,
technological change and unlimited human growth
http://reason.com/archives/2001/12/01/post-scarcity-prophet/print

http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~promer/IncreasingReturns.pdf (optional)
http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~promer/Endogenous.pdf (optional)

[SKIM] United Nation: Sustainable Development Goals

https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E

[SKIM] Complexity, Innovation, and Development: Schumpeter Revisited (Calestous Juma)

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4134/43f44d4f962cccf89153d2545dc4298de1fe.pdf

[SKIM] RIP – Basic & Applied Research

http://issues.org/29-2/venkatesh/

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 Why study TWC?
(social sciences, economics, accountancy, business, law, information…..)

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 Disruptive technologies:
Advances that will transform life, business,
and the global economy
McKinsy Global Institute

http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/business_technology/disruptive_technologies

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 Why Study TWC?

Technological innovation was the heart of the industrial

revolution and the key enabling technology was the invention
and improvement of the steam engine 30
 Why Study TWC?
Innovation by Industry:
The Importance of Strategy

• Successful innovation requires carefully crafted

strategies and implementation processes.
• Innovation funnel
– Most innovative ideas do not become successful new products.

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 Why Study TWC?
• Technological innovation now the single most
important driver of competitive success in
many industries
– Many firms earn over one-third of sales on products developed
within last five years
– Product innovations help firms protect margins by offering new,
differentiated features.
– Process innovations help make manufacturing more efficient.

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 Why Study TWC?
Innovation in Research:
The Importance of National Science & Technology policy

• The majority of R&D funds spent in OECD countries come from

industry, and percentage has been increasing.

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What is Technology?
(art, science, engineering, economics, invention, innovation …..)

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Technology v. Science

“Science is that form of human activity which is devoted to the

production of theory-related knowledge of material
phenomena whose root function is to attain an enhanced
understanding of nature.”

“Technology is the human activity which is devoted to the

production of technics [material products of human making or
fabrication] – or technic-related intellectual products - whose
root function is to expand the realm of practical human
possibility.”

Copyrights © 2018 Neo Kok Beng

McGinn (1999)
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Technological Change

“Constant revolutionising of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all

social conditions, everlasting uncertainty…all established national
industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They
are dislodged by new industries…whose products are consumed not
only at home , but in every corner of the globe. In place of old wants
satisfied by the production of the country, we find new wants…the
intellectual creativity of nations become common property.”
Marx and Engels (1848)

Copyrights © 2018 Neo Kok Beng

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Technology

• Is embedded in artefacts
• Is embedded in people and organisations
• Contains a large element of tacit knowledge
• Developments in technology give rise to
technological change

Copyrights © 2018 Neo Kok Beng

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 Technology Creation-Application
Creation Application

PRODUCT PROCESS MARKET

Product Quality Service

Basic Development Engineering Control Distribution
Research
Applied Manufacturing Application
Design
Research Engineering Engineering
Engineering

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Definition of Technology
A process which,
through an explicit or implicit phase of research and development,
(the application of scientific knowledge),
allows for commercial production of goods or services

Scientific Knowledge

Existing Techniques R&D Problems to be solved

TECHNOLOGY

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Technology: Embodiment

q Hardware (equipment, components, materials)

q Software (program, database, standards, specifications)

q Humanware (codified or uncodified skills, experience, knowhow)

q Organisationware (systems, process and procedures)

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Technology: Applications Hierarchy
q Environmental Technology
Ø Waste Treatment Technology
ØIncinerator Technology

q Storage Technology
Ø Non-volatile storage
Ø Flash-memory Technology/ HDD Technology

q Display Technology
Ø Flat Panel Technology
Ø LCD Technology

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Technology: Knowledge Hierarchy
q Electronics Material Technology
Ø Semiconductor Technology
ØCMOS Technology

q Biotechnology
Ø Genetic Engineering
Ø DNA Techniques

q Signal Processing
Ø Modulation Technique
Ø PCM Technique

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GOVERNMENT

Science & Technology

(S&T)

INDUSTRY vs

Management of Technology
(MOT)

ENTERPRISE

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Management of Technology

Management of Technology (MOT)

links engineering, science and management disciplines
to address the issues involved in planning, development and implementation
of technological capabilities
to shape and accomplish the strategic and operational objectives of an organization

US National Research Council

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Management of Technology
Technology management is not research and development
(R&D) management.

R&D management refers to the process by which a company

runs its research laboratories and other operations for the
creation of new technologies.

Technology management focuses on the intersection of

technology and business, encompassing not only technology
creation but also its application, dissemination, and impact.

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MOT: 8 Challenges
Ø How to integrate technology into the overall strategic objectives of the firm
Ø Ho to get into and out of technologies faster and more efficiently
Ø How to assess/evaluate technology more effectively
Ø How best to accomplish technology transfer
Ø How to reduce product development time
Ø How to manage large, complex and interdisciplinary or interoganizational projects
Ø How to manage the organization’s internal use of technology
Ø How to leverage the effectiveness of technical professionals

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Discussions:

Ø Creative Destructions

Ø New Growth Theory

Ø Scientific Approach

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Discussion: Creative Destruction
~ Schumpeter ~
Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy,
Second Edition, George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., London (GB), pp. 61-62, 81-86

The Fundamental Impulse that sets and keeps Capitalist Engine in motion:
new consumers, goods, new methods of production or transportation,
new markets, new form of industrial organization
that capitalist enterprise creates.

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Discussions – Growth Theory

Solow’s Surprise:
Investment is Not the Key to Growth
Chapter 3:
The Elusive Quest for Growth
Economists’ Adventure & Misadventures in the Tropics
By William Easterly

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Discussions – New Growth Theory

New Growth Theory

~ Paul Romer ~
Reason Magazine,
PostScarcity Prophet, Paul Romer on growth, technological change and unlimited human growth

http://reason.com/archives/2001/12/01/post-scarcity-prophet

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New Growth Theory
Economist Paul Romer is the lead developer of New Growth Theory.
This body of work, which grew out of his 1983 PhD thesis,
provides a foundation for business and government thinking
about the dynamics of wealth creation.

It addresses one of the oldest questions in economics:

What sustains economic growth in a physical world characterized by
diminishing returns and scarcity?
It also sheds new light on current economic issues. Among these, Romer is currently studying
how government policy affects innovation and how faster technological change might influence asset prices.

Unlike material goods, Romer posits,

new ideas that create new technologies can lead to unlimited economic growth.

His theory suggests that for a developing country, the most important government policies
may be those that determine the rate of technology transfer from the rest of the world.

For an advanced economy, the most important policies may be the ones
that influence the rate of technological innovation in the private sector.

His work has had a profound influence on the study of macroeconomics and macroeconomic policy
in the last decade.
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Discussions
q Technology divide does not have to follow the
income divide. Throughout history, technology
has been a powerful tool for human development
& poverty reduction

q The market is a powerful engine of technological progress

but is not powerful enough to create and diffuse the
technologies needed to eradicate poverty.

q Developing countries may gain especially from high

rewards from new technologies, but they also face
especially severe challenges in managing the risks.

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Discussions
q The technology revolution and globalization are creating
a network age – and that is changing how technology
is created and diffused.

q Even in the network age, domestic policy still matters.

All countries, even the poorest, need to implement
policies that encourage innovation, access and
development of advanced skills

q National policies will not be sufficient to compensate

for global market failures. New international initiatives
and the fair use of global rules are needed to channel new
technologies towards the most urgent needs of the poors.

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Discussions
q Policy – not charity – to build technological capacity
in developing countries

Technological Transfer – Problems????

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 Issues for Homo sapiens

Technology Drives Society?

Society Drives Technology?

Technology & Society Drive Each Other?

Is Technology Neutral?

homo sapiens : (Latin) wise man, knowing man

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 Technology Determinism
Most interpretations of technological determinism share two general
ideas:

1) that the development of technology itself follows a predictable,

traceable path largely beyond cultural or political influence, and

2) that technology in turn has "effects" on societies that are inherent,

rather than socially conditioned or produced because that society
organizes itself to support and further develop a technology once it has
been introduced.

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 Technology Determinism
Hard determinists would view technology as developing independent from social
concerns. They would say that technology creates a set of powerful forces acting to
regulate our social activity and its meaning. According to this view of determinism
we organize ourselves to meet the needs of technology and the outcome of this
organization is beyond our control or we do not have the freedom to make a choice
regarding the outcome.

Soft Determinism is a more passive view of the way technology interacts with
socio-political situations. Soft determinists still subscribe to the fact that technology
is the guiding force in our evolution, but would maintain that we have a chance to
make decisions regarding the outcomes of a situation. This is not to say that free
will exists but it is the possibility for us to roll the dice and see what the outcome is..

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 Technology Determinism

•Technological Paradigm

•Path Dependency

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Technological Paradigms & Trajectories

Technological paradigm
• Sets the rules of the game for innovation
• Defines the field of enquiry
• Forms the technological domain within which
technologies evolve

Technological trajectory
• Development path traced by new technology
• Cumulative, with each step building on previous
ones
• A series of incremental innovations
Copyrights © 2018 Neo Kok Beng
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