The document covers the formation of the Earth and the solar system, detailing the Nebular Hypothesis and the processes involved in the birth of planets and stars. It explains the roles of gravity, accretion, and nuclear fusion in the development of celestial bodies, including the Earth and its moon. Additionally, it discusses asteroids, meteors, and comets, highlighting their characteristics and differences.
The document covers the formation of the Earth and the solar system, detailing the Nebular Hypothesis and the processes involved in the birth of planets and stars. It explains the roles of gravity, accretion, and nuclear fusion in the development of celestial bodies, including the Earth and its moon. Additionally, it discusses asteroids, meteors, and comets, highlighting their characteristics and differences.
The document covers the formation of the Earth and the solar system, detailing the Nebular Hypothesis and the processes involved in the birth of planets and stars. It explains the roles of gravity, accretion, and nuclear fusion in the development of celestial bodies, including the Earth and its moon. Additionally, it discusses asteroids, meteors, and comets, highlighting their characteristics and differences.
The document covers the formation of the Earth and the solar system, detailing the Nebular Hypothesis and the processes involved in the birth of planets and stars. It explains the roles of gravity, accretion, and nuclear fusion in the development of celestial bodies, including the Earth and its moon. Additionally, it discusses asteroids, meteors, and comets, highlighting their characteristics and differences.
1. the Big Bang 大霹靂；大爆炸 2. nebula (plural: nebulae) 星雲 3. interstellar dust 星際塵埃 4. objects with mass 有質量的物體 5. the accumulation of particles 粒子的積累 6. gravity pulled dust together 重力將灰塵拉到一起 7. clumps of matter 物質塊 8. became a flattened, spinning disk 成為一個扁平的旋轉盤 9. accretion disk 吸積盤 10. formation of the proto-star 形成原恆星 11. goes through nuclear fusion 經歷核融合 12. birth of the sun 太陽的誕生 13. released radioactive energy 釋放放射性能量 14. solar wind 太陽風
Formation of Planets 行星的形成
1. gravitational attraction 萬有引力 2. molten metal 熔化的金屬 3. gaseous matter 氣態物質 4. celestial objects 天體 5. astronomical objects 天文物體 6. galaxies, stars, and planets 星系，恆星和行星 7. terrestrial planets 類地行星 8. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars 水星，金星，地球和火星 9. smaller size and mass 更小的尺寸和質量 10. higher density (rocks and metal) 密度更高（岩石和金屬） 11. a solid surface 一個固體的表面 12. have few moons and rings 擁有較少衛星和星環 13. giant planets/giants, Jovian planets 巨行星/巨星，類木行星 14. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune 木星，土星，天王星和海王星 15. larger mass 更大的質量 16. lower density elements (hydrogen, helium) 密度較低的元素（氫，氦） 17. the condensation of ice and gases 冰和氣體的凝結 18. no solid surface 沒有固體的表面
1 Formation of the Earth 地球的形成 1. 4.5 billion years ago 45 億年前 2. planets began as dust grains 行星始於塵埃顆粒 3. orbited (v) the central proto-star 圍繞中央原恆星的軌道運行 4. formed into clumps up to 200 meters in diameter 形成直徑達 200 米的團塊 5. collided to form larger bodies 碰撞形成更大的物體/天體 6. volcanic outgassing 火山釋氣 7. the primordial atmosphere and ocean 原始的大氣和海洋 8. molten rocks 熔化的岩石 9. impact collision led to the formation of the moon 碰撞導致了月球的形成 10. a solid crust formed as the Earth cooled 當地球冷卻時形成堅固的外殼
2 Lesson 2 Asteroids, Meteors, and Comets 小行星•流星•彗星
Asteroid 小行星 1. planetoids 小行星/微型行星 2. asteroid belt 小行星帶 3. have a fairly stable orbit 有一個相當穩定的軌道 4. gravitational perturbations 重力攝動 5. loss mass 損失質量 6. be composed of 由...組成的 7. mostly rocks and metals 大多由岩石和金屬構成 8. in orbit (n.) around the sun 圍繞太陽的軌道
Meteors 流星 meteoroid 流星體 bolide 火流星 meteorite 隕石 impact crater 撞擊坑 depression in the ground 地面凹洞 shocked quartz 撞擊石英 tektite 玻隕石； 似曜石 lift dust into the air 揚起灰塵進入大氣 cause an ecologic catastrophe / disaster 造成生態災難 species become extinct 物種滅絕 large-scale extinction 大規模滅絕
Comet 彗星 1. comet nucleus 彗核 2. an amalgamation of… …的混合物 3. frozen carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia 冷凍的二氧化碳，一氧化碳， 甲烷和氨 4. coma 彗髮 5. visible tail 可見的彗尾 6. the dust reflects sunlight 灰塵反射陽光 7. glow from ionisation 電離發光 8. an eccentric orbit 不正圓/異乎尋常的的軌道
3 Lesson 3 Planets and Moons 行星和衛星
Planets 行星 1. orbit (n./v.) 軌道 2. rotation 自轉 3. habitability 可居住性 4. habitable or uninhabitable 適合或不適合居住的 inhabitable: http://bit.ly/2J43YVI 5. magnetic field 磁場 6. against radiation 抗輻射 7. radioactive 放射性的 8. a thin atmosphere 稀薄大氣層 9. unable to screen out ultraviolet radiation 無法過濾紫外線 10. ozone layer 臭氧層 11. signs of water erosion 水蝕跡象 12. water was once vented from volcanoes 水曾從火山噴出 13. traces of riverbeds 河床的痕跡 14. distance from the sun 與太陽的距離 15. variation in temperatures 溫度變化 16. receive less solar energy 接收較少太陽能 17. gravity 重力，引力，地心引力 18. gravitational pull 萬有引力的拉力 19. mass 質量 20. moon 月球，衛星 21. tides 潮汐
Rings and Moons 星環和衛星
1. rings of Saturn 土星環 2. axial tilt 軸向傾斜 3. debris from a moon 來自衛星的殘骸 4. moons of Jupiter 木星的衛星 5. Galilean moons 伽利略衛星 (木星的四個大型衛星) 6. Have a radius larger than any of the dwarf planets 擁有半徑大於任何矮行星 7. in an orbital resonance 在軌道共振中 8. geologically active 地質活躍 9. magnetosphere 磁層 10. grooves and ridges 凹槽和脊
4 Unit 11 Vocabulary Practice (單字聽說讀寫練習)
Speaking challenge (口說挑戰)
小行星、彗星和流星，都是星但到底差在哪？ (Asteroids, Comets & Meteors: What's the Difference?) https://tw.voicetube.com/everyday/20190522 Listen to the recording and complete the speaking challenge. Here is the transcript for your reference: http://bit.ly/2FT35hj
Listening Challenge (聽力挑戰)
小行星、彗星和流星，都是星但到底差在哪？ (Asteroids, Comets & Meteors: What's the Difference?) https://tw.voicetube.com/videos/74885
Listen to the video and take down notes of all the main points and supporting details.
There is no “correct” answer for the notes you take. When listening to each video, try to write down notes for three main ideas, supporting points, and examples or details. My notes are provided as a sample in the answer key. Last, when you take notes, please do abbreviate: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYNZlJimc60
5 Reading Practice (閱讀練習) 1. Watch this unit’s Did You Know video. 2. Read and answer the following questions. Remember to circle and look up any words you do not know. I recommend the dictionaries in this link: http://bit.ly/2WcDZTH
Stardust, the Stuff of Life and Everything Else
According to a new theory, nearly all the elements in the human body were once made in a star. In fact, everything on Earth and the universe originated from stardust, and even today, elements that came from stardust continuously flow through everyone and connect humankind to the entire universe. After the Big Bang, tiny particles bound together in a phenomenon known as accretion, which can be defined as the accumulation of particles into a massive cloud of gas under the effect of gravity. Over millions of years, proto-stellar nebulae formed when these giant clouds of gas and dust collapsed and fragmented. The cores of these nebulae collapsed further and became the "seeds" of what would become proto-stars--very young stars. Gradually, a process known as nucleosynthesis took place inside these proto-stars. In the cores of the stars, temperatures reached over 10 million degrees Celsius, and light elements such as hydrogen and then helium fused to form heavier elements. The first stars burned up quickly because of nucleosynthesis, and only a few elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were made. At the end of their lives, some of the stars exploded and the elements they had produced were shot out. This phenomenon, known as a supernova, provided the raw materials needed for newer stars to form heavy elements such as iron and nickel. Moreover, supernovae sent stardust across the universe, dispersing the elements that now make up the Earth and the bodies of every living thing.
1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about stardust is true EXCEPT? a. All elements on Earth came from stardust. b. Some of the elements in the human body are not from stars. c. Elements from stardust move through the human body even today. d. People once thought that things on Earth did not come from stardust.
2. Why does the author provide the information that “the cores of these nebulae collapsed further” a. To explain how nebulae became proto-stars. b. To suggest that cores of nebulae formed through accretion. c. To support the claim that nebulae were influenced by gravity. d. To refute the claim that nebulae formation gradually led to nucleosynthesis.
3. The word “raw” in the passage is closest in meaning to
a. new b. light c. basic d. refined
6 4. According to paragraph 4, what was directly responsible for dispersing stardust throughout the universe? a. The explosion of stars. b. The creation of new stars. c. The fusion of light elements. d. The formation of heavy elements.
7 Writing Practice (寫作練習)
Do one or both of the following exercises.
Part 1. The following passage is a summary of the article in the reading section. Fill in the blanks using the words below. Remember to circle and look up any words you do not know. I recommend the dictionaries in this link: http://bit.ly/2WcDZTH
disperse explosion collapse
element accretion material gravity core undergo nebula
Nearly everything on Earth and the universe originated from stardust. It provided the raw __________ needed for planets to form and has continuously flowed through every living being on Earth. After the Big Bang, the effect of __________ caused particles to accumulate into a massive gas cloud through a phenomenon known as __________. When these gas clouds __________ and fragmented after millions of years, proto-stellar __________ were formed. In turn, they also collapsed and became “seeds” of proto-stars, which __________ nucleosynthesis. During this process, temperatures could reach up to 10 million degrees Celsius in the __________ of proto-stars and light elements, namely hydrogen and helium, fused to form heavier __________. At the end of their lifespans, some proto-stars went through an __________ known as a supernova. The supernovae that occurred provided the basic elements needed to form heavy elements such as iron and nickel. The explosions also __________ stardust throughout the universe, which contained the elements present in every planet and living being.
Part 2. Paraphrase or rewrite the paragraph above. Refer to the links below for notes on how to quote, paraphrase, and summarize: https://writingcenter.ashford.edu/quoting-paraphrasing-summarizing https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/how-to-paraphrase/
The article states that…
8 Answer Key
Speaking Challenge (口說挑戰)
Listen to the recording and record your response on VoiceTube’s website: https://tw.voicetube.com/everyday/20190522
Here’s the transcript for your reference:
http://bit.ly/2FT35hj
Listening Challenge (聽力挑戰)
If you have difficulty understanding any of the words in the listening or my abbreviations, use the transcript function: https://tw.voicetube.com/videos/74885
Your notes do not need to look like mine. This following is only an example:
Rocks in space?
astrd, comts, metr?
which hit? comts pass, X make surf ice, rck, mtal, 2 close to sun, ince->gas-> tail no ice? asteroid, big n sml rcks brek off->metr light->sht star lands-?metoid
2= too, X = no, don’t, can’t
9 Reading Practice (閱讀練習) Answers: 1. d, 2. a, 3. c, 4. a
Writing Practice (寫作練習)
Part 1. Nearly everything on Earth and the universe originated from stardust. It provided the raw materials needed for planets to form and has continuously flowed through every living being on Earth. After the Big Bang, the effect of gravity caused particles to accumulate into a massive gas cloud through a phenomenon known as accretion. When these gas clouds collapsed and fragmented after millions of years, proto-stellar nebulae* were formed. In turn, they also collapsed and became “seeds” of proto-stars, which underwent nucleosynthesis. During this process, temperatures could reach up to 10 million degrees Celsius in the cores of proto-stars and light elements, namely hydrogen and helium, fused to form heavier elements. At the end of their lifespans, some proto-stars went through an explosion known as a supernova. The supernovae that occurred provided the basic elements needed to form heavy elements such as iron and nickel. The explosions also dispersed stardust throughout the universe, which contained the elements present in every planet and living being. *nebula (plural nebulae /-liː/)
Part 2. The article states that everything originated from stardust since it provided the elements needed for planet formation. After the Big Bang, a phenomenon known as accretion occurred and particles accumulated into a massive gas cloud under the effect of gravity. These gas clouds eventually collapsed and fragmented after millions of years, leading to the formation of proto-stellar nebulae. Once again, gravity also caused the nebulae to collapse, and the process caused proto-stars to form. Only light elements existed at this time, but through nucleosynthesis, proto-stars were able to form heavier elements through the fusion of hydrogen and helium in extreme temperatures. Once the proto-stars exhaust their supply of fuel and burn up, some explode and become supernovae. This explosion disperses the basic elements needed to form heavier elements and sends stardust all over the universe.
