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GROUPE WORK BASIC OF ELECTRONICS • / 5 marks • Define the term "resistor" in the
context of electronic components. • Define the term "inductor" in the context of electronic
components. • Define the term "semiconductor" in the context of electronic materials. • Define
the term "clipping" as it relates to diode applications. • Define the term "diode" in the context of
semiconductor devices. • Define the term "capacitor" in the context of electronic components. •
Name one characteristic feature of passive components. / 3 marks • What is the unit of
measurement for resistivity? / 3 marks • State the Voltage Divider Rule and its application. / 3
marks • State the method used for measuring capacitance. / 3marks • What device is commonly
used for testing capacitors? /3 marks • List three specifications commonly associated with
inductors. / 3 marks • What is the Mutual Inductance Theorem? / 3 marks • Name one
characteristic property of semiconductor materials. / 3 marks • What role do semiconductor
devices play in electronic circuits? / 3 mark • Identify the process of rectification in the context
of diodes. /3 marks • What role do diodes play in electronic power supplies? • List the two main
types of diodes. • What is the working principle of a diode? • List three specifications commonly
associated with capacitors. • What are the two main types of capacitors? • Explain why passive
components are essential in electronic circuit design. • Discuss the difference between passive
and active components. Section B. Among the five (5) questions, attempt any three (3) 30 Marks
• • Describe a scenario where passive components play a crucial role in circuit functionality. •
Explain Ohm's Law and its significance in resistor behavior. • Discuss the concept of resistivity
and how it varies among different materials. • Describe the purpose of resistors in an electronic
circuit. • • Explain how resistors are connected in series and parallel in a circuit. • Discuss the
Voltage Divider Rule and its importance in circuit analysis. • Describe the process of measuring
resistance using a multimeter. • Explain the significance of capacitance in a capacitor. • • Discuss
the applications of different types of capacitors in electronic circuits. • Describe how a capacitor
stores and releases electrical energy. • Explain how capacitors are connected in series and
parallel in a circuit. • Discuss the process of measuring capacitance and its importance. •
Describe the testing procedures for capacitors using specific devices. • • Explain the significance
of inductance in an inductor. • Discuss the Mutual Inductance Theorem and its implications. •
Describe how an inductor influences the behavior of a circuit. • Explain why semiconductor
materials are preferred in electronic applications. Section C. Among the two (2) questions,
attempt any one (1) 15 Marks You are working on a project to design a microcontroller-based
 system for monitoring and controlling environmental parameters in a smart building. As part of
the project, you need to interface various electronic components. Here are the specific scenarios:
• • You are given a bag of resistors with different color bands. Your task is to determine the
resistance value of a specific resistor. Explain the steps you would take to decode the resistor's
color code and calculate its resistance. • Describe the process you would follow to identify the
resistance value of a resistor using its color code. Include the significance of each color band in
the code. • In your system, you need to connect multiple capacitors in parallel to achieve a
specific total capacitance. Explain why you would choose to connect capacitors in parallel rather
than in series. Provide a practical example of when parallel connection is advantageous in
electronic circuits. • Discuss the advantages of connecting capacitors in parallel in your smart
building project. Provide a real-world scenario where the parallel connection of capacitors is
beneficial and explain the reasoning behind your choice. • • You need to design a circuit that
involves the use of inductors in series. Explain the purpose and advantages of connecting
inductors in series. Provide an example application within the context of your smart building
project. • Justify the use of inductors connected in series in your microcontroller-based system.
Discuss the benefits and potential challenges associated with this configuration, considering the
specific requirements of your project. • Your system requires a power supply with a rectification
stage, and you decide to use diodes for this purpose. Explain the role of diodes in rectifiers and
why they are essential for converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) in power
supplies. • Detail the function of diodes in the rectification stage of your power supply design.
Discuss how diodes ensure the conversion of AC to DC and explain any considerations for
selecting diodes in this application.
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Group Work: Basics of Electronics

1. Definitions:

 Resistor: A resistor is an electronic component designed to introduce resistance into an electrical

circuit. It is typically made of a material with high resistivity and is used to control the flow of
electric current and to reduce voltage levels within a circuit.
 Inductor: An inductor is an electronic component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic
field when current flows through it. It resists changes in the current passing through it and is
characterized by its inductance, measured in henries (H).
 Semiconductor: A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity between that of a
conductor and an insulator. It exhibits properties of both materials and is crucial in the
fabrication of electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits.
 Clipping: Clipping refers to the phenomenon where a portion of a signal is removed or "clipped"
off when it exceeds a certain threshold. In diode applications, clipping often occurs when the
signal voltage exceeds the forward bias voltage of the diode.
 Diode: A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only. It
typically consists of a p-n junction and is used in rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage
regulation.
 Capacitor: A capacitor is an electronic component that stores and releases electrical energy. It
consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulating material (dielectric) and is
characterized by its capacitance, measured in farads (F).

2. Characteristics of Passive Components: Passive components do not require an external

power source for their operation and can only absorb, store, or dissipate energy.

3. Unit of Measurement for Resistivity: The unit of measurement for resistivity is the ohm-
meter (Ω·m).

4. Voltage Divider Rule and Its Application: The Voltage Divider Rule states that in a series
circuit, the voltage across each resistor is proportional to its resistance. It is often used to
calculate the voltage drop across a specific resistor in a voltage divider circuit.

5. Method for Measuring Capacitance: Capacitance is typically measured using a capacitance

meter or multimeter.

6. Device Used for Testing Capacitors: A capacitor tester or capacitance meter is commonly
used to test capacitors.

7. Specifications Associated with Inductors: Three common specifications associated with

inductors include inductance (measured in henries), maximum current rating, and DC resistance.

8. Mutual Inductance Theorem: The Mutual Inductance Theorem states that the voltage
induced in one inductor due to the changing current in another inductor is directly proportional to
the rate of change of current and the mutual inductance between the two inductors.

9. Characteristic Property of Semiconductor Materials: One characteristic property of

semiconductor materials is their ability to change conductivity with the introduction of impurities
or by applying an external voltage.

10. Role of Semiconductor Devices in Electronic Circuits: Semiconductor devices play a

crucial role in electronic circuits by controlling the flow of electrical current, amplifying signals,
and serving as building blocks for various electronic components and systems.

11. Rectification in Diodes: Rectification refers to the process of converting alternating current
(AC) into direct current (DC) using diodes. Diodes allow current to flow in only one direction,
effectively "rectifying" the AC signal.

12. Role of Diodes in Electronic Power Supplies: Diodes are used in electronic power supplies
for rectification, converting AC to DC. They ensure that the current flows in only one direction,
providing a stable DC output.

13. Two Main Types of Diodes: The two main types of diodes are the p-n junction diode and
the Schottky diode.
 14. Working Principle of a Diode: A diode operates on the principle of the p-n junction,
allowing current to flow freely in one direction (forward bias) while blocking it in the opposite
direction (reverse bias).

15. Specifications Associated with Capacitors: Three common specifications associated with
capacitors include capacitance (measured in farads), voltage rating, and tolerance.

16. Two Main Types of Capacitors: The two main types of capacitors are electrolytic
capacitors and ceramic capacitors.

17. Importance of Passive Components in Electronic Circuit Design: Passive components

such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors are essential in electronic circuit design for signal
conditioning, filtering, voltage regulation, and energy storage.

18. Difference Between Passive and Active Components: Passive components do not require
an external power source for their operation and only interact with the signal passing through
them, whereas active components require an external power source and can control the flow of
current. Examples of active components include transistors and integrated circuits.

Section B: Attempt any three

1. Scenario:

 Description: In an audio amplifier circuit, resistors are used to set the gain of the amplifier. By
adjusting the values of these resistors, the amplification factor can be tailored to suit specific
requirements.

2. Scenario:

 Description: In a voltage regulator circuit, resistors are used to set the output voltage level. By
connecting resistors in series and parallel configurations, precise voltage regulation can be
achieved.

3. Scenario:

 Description: In a temperature sensor circuit, resistors are used to create a voltage divider
network. By measuring the voltage across the resistor, the temperature can be accurately
determined using the sensor's characteristic curve.

Section C: Attempt any one

1. Scenario:

 Steps to Decode Resistor Color Code and Calculate Resistance:

1. Identify the colors of the bands on the resistor.
2. Refer to a resistor color code chart to determine the values associated with each color.
3. Determine the resistance value by reading the colors from left to right and multiplying the first
two digits by the multiplier.
4. Calculate the tolerance by referring to the color of the third band.
5. Check for any temperature coefficient indication on the resistor.
6. Verify the calculated resistance value using a multimeter.

2. Scenario:

 Advantages of Connecting Capacitors in Parallel:

o Increased Capacitance: Connecting capacitors in parallel increases the total capacitance,
allowing for higher energy storage capacity.
o Improved Stability: Parallel connection distributes the voltage across multiple capacitors,
reducing the risk of voltage fluctuations.
o Redundancy: If one capacitor fails, the others remain operational, ensuring continuity in the
circuit.
o Flexibility: Parallel connection allows for easy addition or replacement of capacitors without
affecting the overall circuit configuration.
o Example: In a power supply circuit, parallel-connected capacitors can stabilize voltage levels
and filter out noise, improving the performance and reliability of the system.

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