The document is a Grade 9 History Study Guide covering significant historical topics including the Treaty of Versailles, the Weimar Republic, Nazi foreign policy, and apartheid in South Africa. It details the harsh penalties imposed on Germany post-World War I, the establishment of the Weimar Republic, and the introduction of apartheid laws in 1948 aimed at racial segregation. Additionally, it discusses the formation of resistance movements like the ANC and PAC against apartheid and the impact of events such as the Sharpeville massacre.
The document is a Grade 9 History Study Guide covering significant historical topics including the Treaty of Versailles, the Weimar Republic, Nazi foreign policy, and apartheid in South Africa. It details the harsh penalties imposed on Germany post-World War I, the establishment of the Weimar Republic, and the introduction of apartheid laws in 1948 aimed at racial segregation. Additionally, it discusses the formation of resistance movements like the ANC and PAC against apartheid and the impact of events such as the Sharpeville massacre.
Original Description:
An aid learners can use to prepare for their final History examination.
The document is a Grade 9 History Study Guide covering significant historical topics including the Treaty of Versailles, the Weimar Republic, Nazi foreign policy, and apartheid in South Africa. It details the harsh penalties imposed on Germany post-World War I, the establishment of the Weimar Republic, and the introduction of apartheid laws in 1948 aimed at racial segregation. Additionally, it discusses the formation of resistance movements like the ANC and PAC against apartheid and the impact of events such as the Sharpeville massacre.
The document is a Grade 9 History Study Guide covering significant historical topics including the Treaty of Versailles, the Weimar Republic, Nazi foreign policy, and apartheid in South Africa. It details the harsh penalties imposed on Germany post-World War I, the establishment of the Weimar Republic, and the introduction of apartheid laws in 1948 aimed at racial segregation. Additionally, it discusses the formation of resistance movements like the ANC and PAC against apartheid and the impact of events such as the Sharpeville massacre.
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ISBN: 978-0-000000-0 (Paperback)
ISBN: 978-0-000000-0 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Control Number: 00000000000
Any references to historical events, real people, or real places are used fictitiously. Names, characters, and places are products of the author’s imagination.
Front cover image by Artist.
Book design by Designer. Printed by Prestige Print., in the Republic of South Africa.
First printing edition 2022.
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Treaty of Versailles 1919 and brief summary of German punishment
January 1919, representatives of 32 countries met at Palace of Versailles in Paris, to draw up peace settlement. Germany not invited. Europeans, especially France, were bitter and angry, they blamed Germany for the war and thought they should be punished. Negotiations went on for six months “Big Three” taking charge: Lloyd George – Britain, Clemenceau – France, Woodrow Wilson – America Most countries did not want to be harsh on Germany, Clemenceau had his way. He said Germany should be brought to their knees, so that they can never start a war again. Carrying out of this statement lead to World War II 20 years later, 1939. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919, exact day Archduke Ferdinand had been assassinated 5 years earlier. Germany was treated harshly. The German people felt bitter about the peace treaty. Their bitterness grew stronger and eventually helped Adolf Hitler to come into power in 1933. He promised to ‘break the shackles of Versailles’. The Treaty of Versailles is seen as one of the major factors that led to the outbreak of World War II. Summary of Germany’s punishments Germany was forced to sign a ‘war guilt’ clause which meant that it had to accept responsibility for causing World War I. Germany had to pay reparations of £6.6 million to the Allied powers Military restrictions were placed on Germany. These included: –The German army was limited to 100 000 men. –Germany was not allowed to have an air force. –The German navy was limited to six battleships and no submarines. Germany lost 13% of its land, which meant the loss of nearly six million people. Germany lost all its colonies. The Weimar Republic During the war, Germany also faced other serious problems. There were severe labour and food shortages and the German people were facing starvation. There were uprisings and the Social Democrats were worried that there would be a revolution. In December 1918, elections were held for a National Assembly tasked with creating a new parliamentary constitution. On February 6, 1919, the National Assembly met in the town of Weimar and formed the Weimar Coalition. They also elected SDP leader Friedrich Ebert as President of the Weimar Republic. It was named this way because the leaders met in the city of Weimar to draw up a new constitution. Germany then became a democracy with the most liberal constitution in Europe.
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Nazi's foreign policy & its aims
Nazi’s aggressive, expansionist foreign policy for Lebensraum Once Hitler was in power (leader of Germany), he started an aggressive expansionist foreign policy. This was because he wanted to expand the borders of Germany to create a large, united Germany. He was even prepared to use force to take over the land belonging to other countries. He was prepared to go to war to achieve his aims. Three main aims of Hitler’s foreign policy 1. Undo the terms of the Treaty of Versailles by re-arming Germany, getting back the land that Germany had been forced to give up and German’s pride. 2. Uniting all Germans living outside Germany (in Europe), by taking over the areas they lived (Czechoslovakia and Poland) and uniting with Austria into one united “Greater Germany”. 3. To gain lebensraum (living space) so that he could build a large German empire by taking over Europe. Nazi’s found Slavs who lived in Eastern Europe inferior and felt that they should make a room for German expansion Capitalism vs Communism Capitalism Communism
System of government is democratic System of government is dictatorship
Property is privately owned Property is owned by the state
Driven by free enterprise No free enterprise is allowed
Education and health care provided Education and health care provided by private entities by the state
Freedom of the press Class Classless society: all members of
distinctions: upper class, middle class society are considered to be equal and working class
Focus is on the individual and his/her Focus is on the progress of the
own progress in life community as a whole
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Apartheid & its laws
Apartheid and the myth of ‘race’ The policy of apartheid was introduced in 1948 by the National Party. Apartheid is the Afrikaans word for “apartness”. This policy was designed to keep white South Africans separate from black South Africans and to discriminate against black South Africans.
Racism was the foundation of the apartheid system
Racism is the false idea that certain groups of people are better than or superior to others Racists divide the human race into different ‘race groups’ and believe that it is acceptable to exclude or dominate certain certain groups on the grounds of their race. The whites-only government rules SA and held all the positions of power. All the laws benefited white people. All South Africans were divided into categories called “Bantus/Natives/Coloured/Indian”.
Some of the Apartheid laws
Beaches,parks, toilets and nearly all
public amenties were segregated. Separate Amenities Act White people were allowed to use the best amenities.
Black children received an inferior
Bantu Education Act education in different schools to those of white people.
All African men had to carry a
'reference' books or 'pass' books. Passes were used to control the "Passes" Act movement of African male workers. If a man was found without his pass, he was arrested. Passes for women were introduced later.
Special areas were set aside as
residential and business areas for different 'race' groups. Many people were forced to move under this act. Group Areas Act Police were sent to move people who resisted. Bulldozers were often used to flatten the houses where black people had lived.
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Any person or organisation that the
National Party (NP) did not like, was Suppression of Communism Act and called a 'communist' or 'terrorist' and the Terrorism Act banned. People were arrested, detained and located without trial under these acts.
This law classified all South Africans
Population Registration Act into Europeans (whites), coloureds, Indians and Africans.
This system of 'homelands' or
Bantu Self Government Act 'bantustans' for African people - one for each 'ethinc' group.
These laws forbade marriages
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act between black and white people and and the Immorality Act made it illegal for black and white to have sexual relations with each other
Job colour bar
During the 1920’s many white people were very poor. In the 1920’s Prime Minister Hertzog introduced the ‘civilised labour’ policy which was a policy also known as the job colour bar and was a policy of affirmative action for white people. White people were given jobs rather than black people, and a white person was paid more for doing the same job as a black person.
Racial segregation in South Africa began during colonial times, when powerful nations like Britain took control of South Africa and tried to impose British culture and language. After the British defeated the Boers in the South African War (1899–1902), negotiations led to the Union of South Africa and the South Africa Act (1910), which gave white people complete political control over all other race groups and excluded black South Africans politically from South Africa. There were other laws as well, such as the Natives’ Land Act (1913) that allocated about 87% of the land to white people, the Urban Areas Act (1923) that introduced residential segregation and provided cheap black labour for industries owned by white people, and the Colour Bar Act (1926) that reserved skilled jobs for white people. Most racial segregation and many laws were designed to protect white people economically, and segregation was not structural, the way apartheid would be, because it did not legally force the different ‘races’ in South Africa to be completely separate.
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Sophiatown The Group Areas Act was created to divide 'racial groups' up into different residential areas of towns and cities. People were moved to special residential areas reserved for their 'population group' only. White people got the most attractive and most valuable areas and the areas nearer to the business areas of the cities. The Group Areas Act also stated that 'non-whites' were not allowed to own or run businesses in the white areas. When the areas were defined, anyone living in the 'wrong' area had to move, or else was moved by force. Very few white people had to move and they were usually moved to better areas than where they had been living. Sophiatown was near the centre of Johannesburg and had a really mixed population. It was situated near white working-class suburbs. When the National Party implemented the Group Areas Act, they thought that Sophiatown was too dose to where white people were living, Sophiatown was classified as a white group area. Sophiatown was destroyed under apartheid. The forced removal from Sophiatown was part of the government's apartheid plan to turn the residential and business areas of cities and towns white. They did this by forcibly removing black South Africans to 'locations' or 'townships', away from the white areas. Residents of Sophiatown held regular meetings to try to co-ordinate resistance to the forced removals. But, on 9 February 1955, 2000 heavily armed police- men arrived in Sophiatown. They forcefully moved: *the black families to Meadowlands, Soweto *the 'coloured' people to Eldorado Park, in the south of Johannesburg *the Indian community to Lenasia *the Chinese people to central Johannesburg. Before long the place was a wasteland of rubble. A white suburb was developed on the site. The govemment called it Triomf (Triumph) and white working class people moved into the newly built suburb. PAC formation The ANC was formed in 1912. By the 1950s, it had many members, but they did not always agree on all issues. Some of them thought that the ANC's form of peaceful protest was not effective and they wanted to protest in more effective ways. Some thought that the ANC should not allow white people to become members, because they thought that black people should control the resistance to apartheid. In 1959, this group broke away from the ANC and formed the Pan African Congress (PAC). The PAC's leaders were Robert Sobukwe and Potlako Leballo.
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After the PAC was formed, it decided to hold an anti-pass protest on 21 March 1960. The ANC also planned one, for later that same month. It was planned to be a peaceful protest, where black people would refuse to carry passes. They would go to the local police stations and offer to be arrested for not carrying a pass. They would be arrested and taken to jail. This would flood the jails and leave no-one doing any work, so the country would suffer. They believed that the government would be forced to get rid of the passes. Marches and protests were planned for many parts of the country. The PAC handed out pamphlets telling people about the protest and gathered a lot of support. In Sharpeville, people were also upset at increases in the rent they had to pay, so many were strongly supportive of the PAC in its actions. The PAC was banned On 8 April 1960, the government banned the PAC. Banning meant that the organisations were not allowed to exist in South Africa. People were not allowed to become members or to hold meetings. People could be arrested and jailed for being members. Some of their leaders and members went to live in exile in other countries. Effects on PAC The PAC was banned soon after the massacre. They went underground and carried on working against apartheid in secret. People could be arrested for being members of these organisations so it was dangerous to be known to be an PAC member. Some leaders were arrested. For example, Robert Sobukwe was arrested and then released and arrested again. Some PAC leaders and members went into exile. They went to live in countries that supported the PAC, and worked from there to end apartheid. The PAC realised that trying to change apartheid through peaceful methods was not going to work. They both formed armed wings - parts of the organisations that could use violence to try to change apartheid. The ANC formed Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), which means the 'Spear of the Nation'. The PAC formed Poqo, which means 'Standing Alone'. MK used sabotage to try to make the government change its policies. The ANC did not plan to kill people with its acts of sabotage. It wanted to hurt the economy of South Africa by damaging government buildings and facilities. The Sharpeville massacre is seen as a turning point in South African history because the resistance to apartheid changed afterwards. People realised that the government was not going to change unless they became more violent.
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