Chapter 1

Q1. Calculate the charge represented by 4,600 electrons

Charge on one Electron is 1.602  1019
Charge represented by 4600 electrons
1.602  1019 C  4600  ?
Q2. Calculate the amount of charge represented by 2 million
Electrons
19 13
1.602 10 C  (2 10 )  3.204 10
6
C
Q. 3 If Charge is (10  10e2t )mC Find i at t=0.5s
dQ d 2 t 2t d
i  (10  10e )mA  (0  10e  (2t )mA
dt dt dt
2 t 2(0.5) 1 20 20
 20e  20e  20e    7.4mA
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed.
Floyd
e 2.7
© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved
Q4. The total charge entering in to a point is
given by Q= 5t.Sin4πt mC. Calculate current
at t=0.5sec
Answer Q  5t.sin 4 t mC
dQ d
i  (5t sin 4 t )mA
dt dt
 5sin 4 t  20 t cos 4 t
When t  0.5 then
 5sin 4 (0.5)  20  3.142  0.5  cos 4 (0.5)  5sin 2  10 cos 2
5  (0)  10 (1)mA  (0  10 )mA  (10  3.142)mA  31.142mA
Q 5. Find the total charge entering in to a
terminal between t=1sec and t=2sec, if the
current passing through the terminal is
Solution: We Know

i  (3t  t ) A
2

2 2 2 1 11 2 22
3t t t
Q   idt   (3t  t )dt 
2
 t 
3

t 1 t 1
2  1 1  11 21
2 2
3 1 2
2 
3
1  2   8  2  1  0.5  5.5C
2  
 Q 6 Find the power delivered to the element at
t=3ms if the current entering in to positive
terminal is i  5 cos 60 t A and

Solution:
Voltage is a ) V  3i
V  3i  3  5 cos 60 t  15 cos 60 t
P  Vi  15 cos 60 t  5 cos 60 t
 75 cos 60 t
2
at t  3m sec
P  75 cos (60  3  10 )
2 3

 75 cos 180  10   75 cos 0.18

2 3 2

 53.44 w
The Half cycle Average of a sine wave
T /2 T /2
1 1
X avg ( hc ) 
T / 2 0 v (t ) dt I avg ( hc )  i(t )dt 
T /2
Power and Average power of a Pulse 0
Power: Rate of energy flow in every pulse. Pavg= Rate of energy flow Averaged over one per
t2 t2
1 1
p 
t2  t1 t1
p(t )dt pavg   p(t )dt
T t1
Vrms and Irms of a pulse
t t
1 2 2 1 2 2
Vrms  
T t1
v (t )dt , I rms  
T t1
i (t )dt

Example:Derive Irms in terms of Im

t TH
1 2 2 1 1 2 TH
T t1 
I rms  i (t ) dt  ( I m ) 2
dt  I m t0
T 0
T

1 2 1 T
 I m TH  0  I m TH  I m d as H  Duty cycle
T T T
AC Signals: Most common example of an AC signal is an
Household voltage. i.e 220Vrms with 50 Hz. Means that
the peak value is v p  vm  220  2  311 V
So the utility alternates between 311V and it does so 50
times in a second indicating that the duration of each
cycle is T  1/ f  1/ 50  20ms
The value of Instantaneous signal is represented as
2 t
x (t )  X m sin 2 ft  X m sin
T
Means that the argument of the sin function must be 2t/T
as t spans a complete period T the argument must span 2 rad
Since the sin function alternates between ±1, we must multiply it
by Xm to alternate b/t ± Xm
The household voltage can be expressed as x(t )  311sin 2 50t
Function Generator have a option to add a DC component Vx or off-
set voltage to an AC signal. Thus the output with a DC level can be
written as vS  VS  Vm sin 2 ft
and the signal oscillate between the extremes (VS  VM ), (VS  VM )
Setting Vs=0 will give pure AC and setting f=0 will give pure DC
Example 1.4 Write Mathematical expression for
1KHz voltage signal that alternates sinusoidally
between
a) -10V and +10V b) -1V and +5V
c)-2V and -1V
Solution:
a) VS  (10  10) / 2  0 and Vm  10  0  10V
The Signal is thus vS  10 sin 2 10 t V 3

b)
VS  (1  5) / 2  2V and Vm  5  2  3V
The signal is thus vS  2  3sin 2 103 t V
c) VS  (2  1) / 2  1.5V and Vm  1  (1.5)  0.5V
The signal is thus
vS  1.5  0.5sin 2 10 t V 3
Example 1.7: Circuit of Figure a Shows the branch
voltages with their polarities. Find the node voltages if
the Datum node is a) node D b) nodeA C - X2 + B + X4
4V 3V _

a) 1)With D as the datum node we + +

have VD=0V, by definition 1V X1

5V
X3
C

2)we observe VA, VB, VC coincide - -

2V
with the branch voltages X1, X2 D
-
X5
+

and X3. Hence VA=1V, VB=5V A -

4V
X2
+ B 5V +
3V
X4
-
1V
and VC=2V as shown in 2nd fig.
b) When the datum node is C. This +
+
C
will decrease all node voltage by -X1 X3
-
2V

2V. Hence VA=-1, VB=3V, -

X5
+

VC=0V and VD=-2. As shown D

in the figure.
B 3V + -
A X2 X4
-1V

Note: Potential at node C is still +

+ 0V

Higher than the Datum node X1 X3

C

C, however the potentials at - -

+
nodes D & A are lower than C. -2V
D
-
X5 1V
Example 1.8: Consider the figure below
a) If at a certain instant I2=5A and I3=2A What is I4?
b) If at a latter instant I2-6A and I3=7A What is I4?
i2 i4
A
Solution: a) Apply KCL at X2
B
X4
C

Node A.
i3
I2=I3+I4 i5 i6

I4=I2-I3=5-2=3A i1
X1
X3 X5 X6

Since the current is

positive so the current
really flowing from left D

To right. So the current flowing through the element X4

can be represented as I X 4  3 A()
b) Now Apply KCL at node B node again
I4=I2-I3=6-7=-1A
Since the result is negative so now the current is
flowing from right to left direction and can be shown as
I X4  1A()
Example 1.10: Consider the fig. below
a) If at a certain instant V1=7V and V3=9V What is V2?
b) If at latter instant V1=8V and V3=5V What is V2?
- v2 + + v4 -
Solution: A
X2
B
X4
C
a) Apply KVL at loop
X1,X2 and X3 Yields +
+ + +
V3=V1+V2 v1
X1 v3
X3 v5 X5
v6
X6
V2=V3-V1=9-7=2V - - - -

Since the result is +ive

So the polarity of V2 is D
same as shown in rhe figure.
Indicating that VB is 2V higher than VA.
b) Now Apply KVL again and it yields
V2=V3-V1=5-8=-3V
The negative polarity shows that the polarity shown is
not correct because VB is now 3V LOWER than VA. If we
place +ive sign at node A and –ive Sign at node B then
V2=3V
C)Power Conservation: At any instant the
sum of all absorbed powers equals the
sum of all released powers
Example 1.11
pn
absorbed   preleased
n
- X2 release power PX2=20w
- X3 absorb power Px3=18w
a) Calculate all branch voltages and currents
b) Use Power check to verify the Calculations
+ 6V -
X3

18 w
1A

X1 X2 20 w X4

Fig. a
Solution:A) Since X3 absorb power its current flow from
left to right p  viX 3  iX 3  p / v  18 / 6  3 A

Apply KCL at Node A iX 2  iX 1  iX 3  1A  3 A  4 A

Now vX 2  p / iX 2  20 / 4  5V vX 2  vX 1 ( Both parallel )
iX 3  iX 4  3 A( Both series)
As we move around loop X1,X3 & X4 we met with a
voltage risen 5V, A voltage drop 6V and must a voltage rise of 1V at
VX4 Positioned downward to satisfy KVL. So v X 4  1V
B) In X1 current is entering in to positive terminal so power is
absorbed PX 1  vX 1iX 1  5 1  5w A
+ 6V -

In X4 Current is entering X3
iX3
in to negative terminal 1A + +
18 w
-
So power is released X1 X2 20 w X4
So. PX 4  vX 4iX 4  3 1  3w iX2
+
- -
Fig. b
Power Released= Power absorbed
PX 2  PX 4  PX 1  PX 3  20w  3w  18w  5w  23w  23w
Example: 1.5 Derive an expression for full cycle average
in terms of duty cycle and Xm of the following square
waveform.
Solution: The area scanned by Xs During one cycle is
Xs
Area  TH  X m  TL ( X m )  (TH  TL ) X m Xm
TH
Area (TH  TL )
X av   Xm 0
(TH  TL )
T t
T TL
Add and subtract TH in upper term -Xm

(TH  TH  TH  TL ) (2TH  (TH  TL ))

X av  Xm  Xm
(TH  TL ) (TH  TL )
 2TH (TH  TL ) 
X av     Xm
 (TH  TL ) (TH  TL ) 
X av  (2d  1) X m
Indicating that duty cycle d is varying from 0% through
50% to 100%, Xav varying from –Xm through 0 to +Xm
Do Exaple 1.6
Q: The output of a Sinusoidal function generator is
observed to have a peak-to-peak amplitude of 10V, with
lower extreme being -2V when seen on the Oscilloscope.
This output repeats itself after every 100µs.
a) Write the mathematical expression for the output.
b) Find average, rms values of the output.
c) Draw the output waveform of the output.
Solution: v p  p  10V
The signal is alernating
b/w 8 and -2 v p  5V
vS  v p  2  3
T  100 s  f  1/ T  1/100  104 Hz
a) v(t )  3  5sin 2 104 t
b) vavg  VP  0.637  5  0.637  3.18V
vrms  Vp  0.707  5  0.707  3.58V
Physically we can say that if our signal is an AC voltage of of peak
amplitude Vp, the amount of then the amount of potential during
positive half cycle is the same as the amount of potential of a DC
potential VpX0.637 OR Vp X 0.707
Q :Prove the power conservation Law for
the circuit given
Ix=? - +

Solution:Shown in Fig. 2 1A 6V
1A 9A
B
12V
+ - - + 9A
A X1
X2
C
Element Power Power
Release Absorbed +
8Ix
+
(watt) (watt) X3 10V Vx 4V
+

X1 6 -
- -

3A 11A
X2 108

Ix=2A
X3 30 - +

2A
2A
6V
6V 12V
6V(Current 12 1A + - 1A B 9A - + 9A
A X1 C
source) X2

Vx 32 +
+ 8Ix
+
X3 10V Vx 4V 16V
8Ix 176 - -
-

8A
3A 11A
 182 182