UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT

FACULTY OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

A TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK

EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN
AT
TENCHARIS GLOBAL

BY

COLLINS, GODDEY WEDEH

U2020/5545070

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR DEGREE IN PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY.

COURSE CODE: PSB 309.2

COURSE TITLE: STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

(SIWES)

COURSE COORDINATORS: DR. JOSEPHINE AGOGBUA

DR. CHIKA WAHUA
DR. PETER EREMENA
JANUARY, 2024.

i
 DEDICATION

I totally dedicate this Industrial Training report to God Almighty for his mercies which have

enabled me to bring this work to completion.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I extend heartfelt thanks to my esteemed supervisor. The unwavering support, invaluable

guidance, and insightful instructions were pivotal in steering and shaping the completion of

this report.

Furthermore, I am deeply thankful to my beloved parents and cherished siblings for their

unwavering encouragement and steadfast support throughout my Industrial Training period.

I am also indebted to Tencharis Global for granting me the invaluable opportunity to learn and

grow through their platform. Their support and belief in my potential have significantly

contributed to my professional development, offering me a platform to expand my skills and

knowledge.

Additionally, to my dear friends, I extend genuine gratitude for your unwavering support and

camaraderie. Your continuous encouragement has served as a guiding light, fostering positivity

and resilience at every step of this endeavor. Your presence has been invaluable in making this

journey a fulfilling and enriching experience.

iii
 ABSTRACT
SIWES stands for the "Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme." It's a program in some
educational systems, particularly in Nigeria, designed to give students hands-on practical
experience in their field of study by engaging them in a structured work environment related
to their academic discipline. The program aims to bridge the gap between theoretical
knowledge acquired in school and practical application in real-world work settings. Students
typically spend a specified period working in industries relevant to their field to gain practical
skills and knowledge. During my industrial Training at Tencharis Global for my Industrial
Training, I gained diverse experiences—from biogas production to phytochemistry—which
significantly shaped my professional growth. This report details these experiences, offering
recommendations to improve the SIWES program for future participants and program
managers. It includes insights, challenges, and suggestions for enhancing the overall
experience.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Dedication ii

Acknowledgements iii

Abstract iv

Table of Contents v

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Historical Background of SIWES 1

1.2 Objective of SIWES 2

1.3 History of Firm (Tencharis Global) 2

1.4 Vision of Mission Statement of the Firm 3

1.5 Organizational Chart of the Firm (Tencharis Global) 3

1.6 Various Departments in the Firm (Tencharis Global) 4

1.7 Functions of Various Departments in the Firm (Tencharis Global) 4

CHAPTER TWO: ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT

2.1 Orientation 6

2.2 Safety Precautions 6

2.3 Biogas Production Unit 6

2.4 Mushroom Production Unit 11

2.5 Hydroponics Unit 16

2.6 Phytochemistry 20

2.7 Charcoal Briquette 25

CHAPTER THREE: PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE STUDENTS’

INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) PROGRAMME

3.1 Challenges Encountered 29

v
3.2 Relevance of The SIWES Programme 29

CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION AND GENERAL APPRAISAL OF THE PROGRAMME

4.1 Ways of improving the programme 30

4.2 Advice for the future participants 31

4.3 Advice for the SIWES managers 31

4.4 Conclusion 31

REFERENCES

vi
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Historical Background of SIWES

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) originated in Nigeria as a response

to the need for practical experience among students studying various technical and scientific

disciplines. It was established by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in collaboration with

Nigerian universities and other tertiary institutions.

SIWES officially began in 1973 under the Nigerian government’s effort to address the gap

between academic learning and practical industry experience. The program was envisioned to

provide students with opportunities to gain hands-on knowledge and skills in their respective

fields of study, preparing them for the demands of the workforce.

Its primary objectives included exposing students to industrial work processes, familiarizing

them with professional practices, and instilling a practical understanding of their academic

disciplines. Through partnerships with various industries, SIWES facilitated placements for

students in relevant work environments, ensuring they gained practical insights and

experiences beyond classroom learning.

Over the years, SIWES has evolved, incorporating advancements in technology and industry

demands. It has expanded its scope to accommodate a broader range of disciplines, including

engineering, sciences, agriculture, technology, and social sciences. The program’s success has

been evident in the enhanced employability and practical competence of graduates who

participated in SIWES.

Though initially focused on Nigerian institutions, the model and principles of SIWES have

inspired similar programs in other countries, reflecting the global recognition of the importance

of practical exposure in academic learning.

1
SIWES continues to play a pivotal role in shaping the future workforce by providing invaluable

practical experiences to students, ensuring they are better equipped to contribute meaningfully

to their fields upon graduation.

1.2 Objectives of SIWES

Specifically, the objectives of the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) are
to:

1. Provide avenue for Students in Institutions of higher Learning to acquire industrial skills

and experience in their course of study.

2. Prepare Students for the industrial work situation they are to meet after graduation.

3. Expose Students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery

that may not be available in their Institutions.

4. Make the transition from school to the world of work easier, and enhance Students contacts

for later job placement.

5. Provide Students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work situation

thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.

6. Enlist and strengthen Employers involvement in the entire educational process and prepare

Students for employment after graduation.

1.5 History of Firm (Tencharis Global)

Tencharis I.T World operates as a subsidiary owned exclusively by Dr. Stella Nwigbo within

the broader entity of Tencharis Global. The inception of Tencharis Global stemmed from a

visionary mission focused on advancing technological progress and tackling Africa’s pervasive

unemployment problem.

Witnessing the plight of numerous graduates grappling with a scarcity of job opportunities after

leaving educational institutions, the founder recognized the pressing need for proactive

measures. This recognition led to a strategic partnership with NYSC, intending to train corps

2
 members in cutting-edge technologies. The overarching aim was not only poverty alleviation

but also the cultivation of an entrepreneurial spirit among the youth.

Understanding the challenges university students face in securing meaningful industrial

placements—often resulting in aimless pursuits or mismatches in roles—Tencharis I.T World

initiated a crucial endeavor. Its primary focus was to provide a solution by welcoming these

students, equipping them with essential skills and knowledge. The fundamental goal was to

bridge the significant gap between academic learning and practical industry demands. In doing

so, the organization aimed to tackle the prevalent issue of graduates lacking relevant expertise,

thereby contributing to resolving the societal problem of an underprepared workforce.

1.5 Vision of Mission Statement of the Firm

Tencharis I.T world is set out to build human capacity by equipping Africans with requisite

skills to meet up the global standard.

1.5 Organizational Chart of the Firm (Tencharis Global)

DIRECTOR

MANAGER

HEAD OF HEAD OF HEAD OF HEAD OF HEAD OF

ENGINEERING AGRICULTURE BIOTECHNOLOGY DRILLING DEPARTMENT

FINANCE MARKETER

Plate 1: Organizational Chart/Organogram

3
1.6 Various Departments in the Firm (Tencharis Global)

Tencharis global consists of many departments which includes;

▪ Organic Farming

▪ Mushroom Production

▪ Hydroponics

▪ Charcoal Briquette

▪ Bioremediation

▪ Biogas

▪ Bio cosmetology

1.7 Functions of Various Departments in the Firm (Tencharis Global)

1. Bio cosmetology focuses on integrating biological principles and natural elements into

cosmetic formulas and beauty treatments. This practice prioritizes organic or naturally

sourced ingredients in skincare, haircare, and beauty products to enhance both health and

appearance.

2. Biogas, derived from the breakdown of organic matter in an oxygen-deprived environment,

serves as a renewable energy source. Comprised mainly of methane and carbon dioxide, it

offers versatility for heating, electricity generation, cooking, and various applications.

3. Hydroponics is a soil-free plant cultivation method that uses a nutrient-rich water solution

to directly nourish roots. This approach allows for controlled environments and efficient

resource utilization.

4. Organic Farming is an agricultural approach that avoids synthetic chemicals, GMOs, and

artificial fertilizers or pesticides. It emphasizes sustainable practices like crop rotation,

composting, and biological pest control to enhance soil health and biodiversity.

4
5. Charcoal Briquettes are tightly compacted blocks made from charcoal fines or dust mixed

with binding agents. They are an efficient and eco-friendly fuel source widely used for

cooking, grilling, and heating purposes.

6. Mushroom Production involves intentionally cultivating various edible fungi species for

consumption or commercial use. This process entails creating controlled environments to

optimize mushroom growth by regulating substrates, humidity, temperature, and lighting.

7. Bioremediation is an environmental cleanup method utilizing living organisms like

bacteria, fungi, or plants to break down or neutralize pollutants in soil, water, or air. It

effectively addresses environmental contamination caused by organic or inorganic

pollutants by harnessing the natural abilities of living organisms.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT

During my industrial training at Tencharis Global, I engaged in a wide range of activities. The

program began with an orientation session led by our industrial supervisors, focusing on

essential safety protocols, guidelines, and regulations crucial for strict adherence throughout

the training period.

2.1 Orientation

During the orientation phase, the Industrial Supervisor highlighted the SIWES program's

crucial role in shaping the social and skill-based development of participating students.

Emphasis was placed on the importance of punctuality and strict adherence to regulations,

accompanied by a clear directive against any form of tardiness.

2.2 Safety Precautions

1. Wear nose masks in areas with unpleasant odors while working.

2. Wear a laboratory coat to shield clothing and skin from infections or accidental spills.

3. Protect hands during practical tasks by wearing hand gloves; discard if torn or damaged.

4. Properly dispose of any broken glasses or equipment.

5. Prohibit eating or drinking while engaged in any work within the unit.

6. Ensure the feet are safeguarded during work by wearing safety boots.

7. Avoid handling any machinery or equipment without the presence of a supervisor.

2.3 Biogas Production Unit

Biogas is a gaseous renewable energy source produced from raw materials such as agricultural

waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste, wastewater, and food

waste. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic organisms or methanogens

inside an anaerobic digester, biodigester or a bioreactor. The gas composition is primarily

6
methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide

(H2S), moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane and hydrogen can be combusted or oxidized

with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel; it can be used in fuel cells

and for heating purpose, such as in cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the

energy in the gas into electricity and heat.

After removal of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide it can be compressed in the same way

as natural gas and used to power motor vehicles. In the United Kingdom, for example, biogas

is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of vehicle fuel. It qualifies for

renewable energy subsidies in some parts of the world.

Biogas is produced by microorganisms, such as methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria,

performing anaerobic respiration. Biogas can refer to gas produced naturally and industrially.

2.3.1 Factors that affects Biogas Production

Several factors influence biogas production, including:

1. Feedstock Composition: The type and quality of organic materials used as feedstock (such

as agricultural residues, manure, sewage, or food waste) significantly impact biogas

production. The composition and ratio of carbon to nitrogen, moisture content, and organic

matter availability affect gas yield.

2. Temperature: Biogas production is temperature-dependent. Higher temperatures

(typically between 35°C to 40°C for mesophilic digestion or 50°C to 55°C for thermophilic

digestion) optimize microbial activity and increase biogas production rates.

3. pH Level: The pH level of the digester affects microbial activity. An optimal pH range

(typically between 6.5 to 7.5) supports the growth of methanogenic bacteria responsible for

biogas production.

7
4. Retention Time: The duration organic material remains in the digester, known as the

retention time, influences biogas production. Longer retention times can enhance gas yield

but require larger digester capacities.

5. Mixing and Stirring: Adequate mixing and stirring of the digester contents ensure

homogeneous conditions for microbial activity and facilitate efficient breakdown of

organic matter, promoting higher gas production.

6. Nutrient Balance: Balancing nutrients (like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace

elements) in the feedstock supports microbial growth and metabolic processes, affecting

biogas yield.

7. Inhibitors and Toxic Substances: Presence of substances like heavy metals, antibiotics,

or toxins in the feedstock can inhibit microbial activity, reducing biogas production.

2.3.2 Biodigester

A biodigester, also known as an anaerobic digester or biogas digester, is a sealed container or

system designed to break down organic materials through anaerobic digestion. It utilizes

microorganisms in the absence of oxygen to decompose biodegradable materials, such as

agricultural waste, animal manure, food scraps, or sewage, to produce biogas and nutrient-rich

byproducts.

The process involves microbial fermentation of organic matter within the biodigester, leading

to the production of biogas, primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide. This biogas

can be harvested and used as a renewable energy source for heating, electricity generation, or

cooking.

2.3.3 Types of Biodigester

Biodigesters come in various types, each with its design, functionality, and suitability for

different applications. Some common types include:

8
 1. Fixed-dome Biodigesters: These are underground or partially buried digesters with a

dome-shaped gas holder. They are typically made of brick, concrete, or other durable

materials and operate at ambient temperatures.

2. Floating-drum Biodigesters: Consisting of two interconnected chambers—a digester

and a gas holder—the gas holder floats on top of the digester, rising and falling as gas

is produced and consumed. These are adaptable to different temperatures and can

handle variable feedstock compositions.

3. Plug-flow Biodigesters: These digesters allow continuous loading of feedstock at one

end while the material moves through the digester, ensuring a constant flow. They are

suited for large-scale operations and can handle high-solid content feedstock.

4. Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) Biodigesters: These operate by

continuously mixing the contents, maintaining a uniform environment for

microorganisms to break down the feedstock. They are versatile and suitable for various

feedstock compositions.

2.3.4 Materials for Floating Biodigester Construction

1. PVC gum

2. Thread Tape

3. 1-inch valve

4. Saw blade

5. 1 inch elbow

6. 1 inch adapter

7. Wrench

9
2.3.5 Pictorial Summary of Activities in Biogas Production Unit

Plate 2: Biodigester Plate 3: Combustion of Biogas

10
2.4 Mushroom Production Unit

A mushroom is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above

ground, on soil, or on its food source. Toadstool generally denotes one poisonous to humans.

The standard for the name "mushroom" is the cultivated white button mushroom, Agaricus

bisporus; hence the word "mushroom" is most often applied to those fungi (Basidiomycota,

Agaricomycetes) that have a stem (stipe), a cap (pileus), and gills (lamellae, sing. lamella) on

the underside of the cap. "Mushroom" also describes a variety of other gilled fungi, with or

without stems, therefore the term is used to describe the fleshy fruiting bodies of some

Ascomycota. The gills produce microscopic spores which help the fungus spread across the

ground or its occupant surface.

Kingdom - fungi

Division - Basidiomycota

Class - Agarimycotes

Order - Agaricales

Family - Pleurotaceae

Genus- Pleurotus

Species - ostreatus

Edible mushroom- Pleurotus spp, Bisporus spp, Agaricus spp

Medicinal mushroom- Gandoderum spp, Lucidium spp, letriulaedodes spp

Poisonous mushroom – Amarita museria, Amarita phalloides

11
2.4.1 Processes in Mushroom Cultivation

1. Substrate Preparation: The first step is preparing the substrate, which serves as the

growth medium for mushrooms. Common substrates include composted materials like

agricultural waste, straw, sawdust, or other organic matter. The substrate is sterilized or

pasteurized to eliminate contaminants and create a favorable environment for

mushroom growth.

2. Inoculation/Spawning: Once the substrate is prepared, it's inoculated with mushroom

spawn. Spawn contains mycelium, the vegetative part of the fungus. This mycelium

spreads and colonizes the substrate, facilitating mushroom growth. The spawn can be

mixed thoroughly into the substrate or applied in layers, depending on the cultivation

method.

3. Incubation: After inoculation, the substrate with the spawn is placed in a controlled

environment with specific temperature and humidity conditions. This stage allows the

mycelium to grow and spread throughout the substrate. It's crucial to maintain optimal

conditions to support healthy mycelial growth.

4. Casing: In some mushroom cultivation methods, a layer of casing material (like peat

moss or a mixture of soil and other components) is applied over the colonized substrate.

Casing helps regulate moisture and provides a surface for mushroom pins (primordia)

to form.

5. Pin Formation and Fruiting: Under proper environmental conditions (including

temperature, humidity, and fresh air exchange), mushroom pins begin to form. These

small, protruding structures eventually develop into mature mushrooms. Proper

ventilation and humidity control are critical during this stage to support healthy fruiting.

6. Harvesting: Once the mushrooms reach maturity, they are ready for harvest.

Harvesting is typically done by gently twisting or cutting the mushrooms at the base to

12
 avoid damaging the mycelium and substrate. It's essential to harvest at the right stage

to ensure optimal quality and yield.

7. Post-Harvest Handling: After harvesting, the mushrooms are sorted, cleaned, and

packed for distribution or sale. Proper handling and storage are crucial to maintain

freshness and extend shelf life.

Throughout these processes, maintaining sterile conditions, controlling environmental factors

like temperature and humidity, and ensuring proper sanitation are essential for successful

mushroom cultivation.

2.4.2 Contamination

Contamination is one of the most serious factors that must be avoided during mushroom
production.

• Excessive Contamination from Discussion: Excessive talking or discussion around

the area where mushroom substrate preparation or inoculation occurs can introduce

microbes from saliva or breath into the medium. This contamination can interfere with

the growth of desired mushroom mycelium or promote the growth of unwanted

contaminants, leading to compromised yields or quality.

• Improper Sterilization: Inadequate sterilization of the substrate or equipment used in

the cultivation process can result in the survival of unwanted microorganisms. If the

substrate isn’t properly sterilized or pasteurized, it may contain competing fungi,

bacteria, or molds that can inhibit the growth of mushroom mycelium or lead to

contamination.

• Contaminated Spawn or Seed: Using spawn or seed that's contaminated with

unwanted microbes or fungal spores can introduce pathogens or competitors into the

cultivation process. Contaminated spawn can compromise the growth of healthy

13
 mycelium, impacting mushroom yield, quality, or even causing the growth of

undesirable species instead.

2.4.3 Preservation Mechanism

1. Drying using solar dryer (Dried mushroom can stay for 6 months – 1 year)
2. Refrigeration (3 – 4 days).

2.4.4 Daily Routine Management Practices

1. Collect mature mushrooms daily as their high-water content, ranging from 70% to

80%, makes them highly perishable.

2. Discard the used substrate to prevent attracting maggots to the fresh ones.

3. After harvesting, moisten the substrate surface promptly since it tends to become

very dry.

2.4.5 Equipment/Materials Needed to Set-Up Mushroom Farm

1. Three rooms are needed in setting up mushroom farming are:
a. Laboratory: This is where tissue culture processes is carried out and
other biological stuffs.
b. Inoculation Room: This is where colonization takes place.
c. Fruiting/Harvesting Room/Cropping Room: This is where the fruiting
and harvesting takes place.
2. Pressure Pot
3. Constant Water Supply
4. Metallic Drum
5. Shovel, Gas, Cotton wool and Thermometer.

14
 2.4.6 Pictorial Summary of Activities in Mushroom Unit

Plate 4: Grain Sterilization Plate 5: Fruiting of Mushroom

15
2.5 Hydroponics Unit

Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil, where the roots receive nutrients

directly from a nutrient-rich water solution. This soilless cultivation technique utilizes various

mediums like perlite, vermiculite, coconut coir, or even just water to support the plants' root

systems.

In hydroponic systems, the nutrient solution is carefully balanced to provide the essential

nutrients required for plant growth. These systems can range from simple setups like the

nutrient film technique (NFT), where a thin film of nutrient-rich water flows along a channel,

to more complex setups like deep water culture (DWC), where the plant roots are submerged

in the nutrient solution.

2.5.1 Types of Hydroponics System of Farming

3 Deep Water Culture (DWC): In DWC systems, plants are suspended above a reservoir

filled with aerated nutrient solution. The roots are submerged in the solution, receiving

oxygen and nutrients directly. This method requires an air pump to oxygenate the water

and support root growth.

4 Nutrient Film Technique (NFT): NFT systems use a shallow, sloped channel where a

thin film of nutrient solution continuously flows over the plant roots. The roots are

exposed to the solution while still having access to oxygen from the air. Excess solution

is collected and recycled, ensuring efficient nutrient delivery.

5 Ebb and Flow (Flood and Drain): This system involves periodically flooding the plant

roots with the nutrient solution and then draining it back into a reservoir. The flooding

occurs at intervals, ensuring that the roots receive both nutrients and oxygen during the

draining phase.

16
6 Aeroponics: Aeroponic systems suspend the plant roots in the air or in a misting

chamber. Nutrient-rich water is sprayed or misted directly onto the roots, allowing for

high oxygen exposure. This method promotes rapid growth and efficient nutrient uptake.

7 Wick System: Among the simplest hydroponic setups, the wick system uses a wick (like

cotton or felt) to passively transport the nutrient solution from a reservoir to the plant

roots. This method doesn't require pumps or moving parts but may have limitations in

delivering nutrients to larger plants.

8 Drip System: In drip systems, a pump delivers a controlled amount of nutrient solution

to each plant through a network of tubes and emitters. This method allows for precise

control over nutrient delivery and can be automated.

2.5.2 How to set up a Hydroponic system for growing Onions

1. Selecting the Hydroponic System: Choose a hydroponic system suitable for growing

onions. Drip systems or ebb and flow systems work well. Ensure the system allows for

good drainage and aeration.

2. Choosing the Growing Medium: Onions can be grown in various hydroponic

mediums. Perlite, vermiculite, coconut coir, or a mix of these can provide suitable

support for onion roots while allowing proper aeration and nutrient absorption.

3. Preparing the Nutrient Solution: Onions require a balanced nutrient solution.

Prepare a solution that includes essential macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus,

potassium) and micronutrients (calcium, magnesium, iron, etc.) suitable for their

growth stage.

4. Planting Onions: Plant onion sets (bulbs or seeds) in the chosen hydroponic medium.

Space them adequately to allow for bulb expansion. Ensure the roots are in contact

with the nutrient solution and that the bulbs are above the solution level.

17
 5. Maintaining the Environment: Provide the right environmental conditions. Onions

prefer temperatures between 55°F to 75°F (13°C to 24°C) and require adequate light.

Maintain proper humidity levels and air circulation.

6. Nutrient and pH Monitoring: Regularly monitor the nutrient solution's pH and

concentration to ensure it meets the onions' needs. Adjust as necessary to maintain

optimal growing conditions.

7. Watering and Feeding Schedule: Depending on the chosen hydroponic system,

establish a watering and feeding schedule suitable for onions. Drip systems may

require regular intervals for watering, while others might have continuous flow.

8. Supporting Growth: As the onions grow, support their foliage if needed to prevent

bending or falling over. Consider using trellises or supports to keep them upright.

9. Harvesting: Harvest onions when they reach maturity. This can vary based on the

onion variety. Lift the bulbs gently and allow them to dry before storage.

2.5.3 Advantages of Hydroponics System of Farming

1. Water Efficiency: Hydroponic systems use significantly less water than traditional

farming methods. They recirculate nutrient solutions, reducing water wastage and

allowing for precise control over water usage.

2. Space Utilization: Hydroponic systems can be set up vertically or in compact

configurations, maximizing space utilization. This makes them suitable for urban

environments or areas with limited land availability.

3. Higher Yields and Faster Growth: Plants in hydroponic systems often grow faster

than those in soil. The controlled environment, optimal nutrient delivery, and

consistent conditions contribute to higher yields and quicker crop cycles.

18
 4. Nutrient Control: Hydroponic systems allow precise control over nutrient levels, pH,

and nutrient delivery to plants. This results in better plant health and growth,

minimizing nutrient deficiencies or excesses.

5. Year-Round Cultivation: Hydroponic setups, particularly in controlled environments

like greenhouses, enable year-round cultivation regardless of external weather

conditions. This ensures a consistent supply of fresh produce.

2.5.4 Disadvantages of Hydroponics System of Farming

1. High Initial Costs: Setting up a hydroponic system can involve significant initial

investment costs. Expenses include equipment (pumps, lighting, containers),

infrastructure (greenhouses, grow lights), and ongoing operational costs (nutrient

solutions, electricity).

2. Technical Expertise: Successful hydroponic farming requires knowledge of the

system, plant biology, and nutrient management. Without adequate expertise, there's a

risk of nutrient imbalances, pH fluctuations, or other issues affecting plant growth.

3. System Complexity: Some hydroponic systems can be complex to set up and manage.

Maintenance tasks, such as monitoring nutrient levels, pH, and ensuring proper

aeration, can be more intricate compared to traditional farming.

4. Risk of System Failures: Technical failures, such as pump malfunctions or power

outages, can have immediate consequences on plant health. A disruption in nutrient

delivery or environmental control could harm crops rapidly.

5. Disease Spread: While hydroponic systems reduce some disease risks, if a disease or

contamination occurs, it can spread quickly through the closed system, affecting

multiple plants or the entire crop.

19
 2.5.5 Pictorial Summary of all activities in Hydroponics System

Plate 6: Net cups Plate 7: Coco coir

Plate 8: Hydroponics System

20
2.6 Phytochemistry

Phytochemistry is the branch of chemistry focused on the study of plant-derived chemicals,

known as phytochemicals. These are compounds produced by plants that contribute to their

growth, development, and defense mechanisms.

This field examines the identification, isolation, characterization, and analysis of

phytochemicals present in various parts of plants, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and

fruits. Phytochemistry delves into understanding the chemical structures, properties, and

potential biological activities of these compounds.

2.6.1 Potential Phytochemicals extracted from plants

Plants contain a wide array of phytochemicals, some of which have demonstrated various

potential health benefits. Here are several classes of phytochemicals and examples of their

potential effects:

Polyphenols: These compounds have antioxidant properties and can be found in fruits,

vegetables, tea, and red wine. Examples include flavonoids (quercetin in onions, catechins in

green tea) and phenolic acids (found in berries, coffee).

Alkaloids: These nitrogen-containing compounds often have physiological effects. Examples

include caffeine in coffee, nicotine in tobacco, and morphine in opium poppy.

Terpenoids: This diverse group includes compounds like carotenoids (beta-carotene in

carrots), which can be converted to vitamin A in the body, and essential oils (menthol in mint,

limonene in citrus fruits).

Sulfides and Organosulfur Compounds: Found in garlic, onions, and cruciferous vegetables

like broccoli, these compounds are associated with potential anticancer and antioxidant

properties.

21
Glucosinolates: Present in cruciferous vegetables, glucosinolates can break down into

biologically active compounds, such as sulforaphane, which has shown potential cancer-

fighting properties.

Phytosterols: These plant-based compounds, found in nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils, are

structurally similar to cholesterol and have been associated with lowering LDL cholesterol

levels.

Tannins: Found in tea, wine, and certain fruits like grapes, tannins have antioxidant properties

and may contribute to cardiovascular health.

2.6.2 Method of Extraction

• Solvent Extraction: This method involves using solvents like ethanol, methanol, or

water to dissolve and extract phytochemicals from plant material. The solvent is mixed

with the plant material, allowing the compounds to dissolve. Subsequently, the solvent

is evaporated to obtain the extract.

• Steam Distillation: Primarily used for extracting essential oils and volatile compounds,

steam distillation involves passing steam through the plant material. The steam carries

the volatile compounds, which are then condensed and collected.

• Soxhlet Extraction: This method is useful for extracting compounds that are not easily

soluble in a single solvent. It involves continuous extraction by cycling a solvent

between a siphon flask and a condenser. This process allows for prolonged contact

between the solvent and the plant material, aiding in extraction.

• Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE): SFE utilizes a supercritical fluid, often carbon

dioxide, which acts as a solvent under specific temperature and pressure conditions.

This method is selective, efficient, and avoids the use of potentially harmful solvents,

producing high-quality extracts.

22
 • Maceration: Involves soaking the plant material in a solvent to extract phytochemicals

at ambient temperatures over a period of time. The mixture is periodically agitated to

facilitate extraction.

2.6.3 Extraction of oil from Jatropha curcas using Soxhlet extraction

To extract oil from Jatropha curcas seeds using the Soxhlet extraction method, follow these

steps:

Materials Needed

• Jatropha curcas seeds

• Petroleum ether or hexane (solvent)

• Soxhlet extractor

• Extraction thimble

• Round-bottom flask

• Condenser

• Heating source (hot plate or mantle)

Procedure

• Preparation of Seeds: Clean and dry the Jatropha curcas seeds to remove any dirt or

impurities. Crush or grind the seeds into a fine powder using a grinder or mortar and

pestle.

• Packing the Soxhlet Extractor: Fill the extraction thimble with the powdered Jatropha

seeds. Place the thimble in the Soxhlet extractor.

• Setup: Set up the Soxhlet apparatus. Attach the Soxhlet extractor to a round-bottom

flask. Connect the condenser to the flask.

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• Adding Solvent: Pour petroleum ether or hexane into the round-bottom flask, ensuring

it covers the material in the thimble but doesn't overflow.

• Heating: Apply heat to the round-bottom flask. The solvent will vaporize and rise

through the thimble, extracting oil from the Jatropha seeds. The oil-rich solvent drips

back into the flask.

• Cycle: The Soxhlet apparatus operates in cycles. As the solvent level in the flask rises,

it reaches the siphon tube, causing the solvent and extracted oil to overflow back into

the round-bottom flask. This cycle continues, allowing continuous extraction.

• Extraction Duration: The extraction process may take several hours to complete. The

time depends on factors like the quantity and nature of the seeds and the desired oil

yield.

• Collection: Once the extraction process is complete, remove the round-bottom flask.

Evaporate the solvent using a rotary evaporator or by gentle heating to obtain the crude

Jatropha oil.

• Purification: To obtain refined oil, further purification methods like filtration or

purification through other techniques may be necessary.

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 2.7 Charcoal Briquette

Charcoal briquettes are compressed blocks or logs made from charcoal dust, sawdust, wood

chips, or other combustible biomass materials. They are commonly used as a fuel source for

cooking, grilling, and heating purposes.

2.7.1 Composition Materials

Briquettes are made of combustible material obtained from agricultural, forest waste or coal

dust. Briquettes are produced by the densification of these raw materials.

Table 2.2: Material Composition of Charcoal Briquette

S/N ORIGIN RAW MATERIALS THAT CAN BE USED

1 Agricultural waste Cassava stalk, wheat straw, cotton stalks, coconut frond,
coconut stalk, straw, millet, frond palm oil, sugar reed leaves
2 Industrial processing residue Cocoa beans, coconut shell, coffee husk, coconut seed hulls,
from agriculture peanut shells, cobs and wraps corns, oil palm stalk, rice ball,
sugar cane bagasse.
3 Bio energy crop Acacia spp, Cunninghamia lanceolate, Eucalyptus spp, Pinus
spp, Populus spp, Platanus spp, Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix
spp
4 Wood industry waste Saw dust
5 Forest development Leaves, branches, and twisted trunks
6 Plantation and forest residues Leaves, branches, stumps, roots, etc

2.7.2 Processes involved in Charcoal Briquette Production

1. Raw Material Preparation: Biomass materials such as charcoal fines, sawdust,

agricultural residues, or other carbonized materials are collected and dried to reduce

moisture content.

2. Mixing: The dried raw materials are mixed with a binding agent. Common binders

include starch, molasses, or other natural adhesives that help hold the briquettes

together.

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 3. Compression: The mixture is then compacted under high pressure using a briquetting

machine or press. This process shapes the mixture into uniform briquettes of the desired

size and shape.

4. Drying: The formed briquettes are dried to reduce moisture content, making them

easier to handle and improving their combustion properties.

5. Carbonization: Some manufacturers subject the dried briquettes to a carbonization

process in a kiln or furnace, which further increases their heating value by removing

volatile compounds and increasing carbon content.

6. Packaging: Once the briquettes are completely dried and carbonized (if required), they

are ready for packaging and distribution.

Charcoal briquettes are popular due to their consistent shape, long burning time, and high heat

output. They are known for providing a more stable and controlled heat source compared to

traditional lump charcoal. Moreover, they are often considered environmentally friendly as

they make use of waste biomass materials, reducing the need for deforestation for charcoal

production.

2.7.3 Advantages of Charcoal Briquettes

1. Consistent Heat: They provide a consistent and steady heat output, making them

reliable for cooking, grilling, or heating purposes.

2. Longer Burning Time: Charcoal briquettes generally burn longer compared to

traditional wood charcoal, extending the cooking or grilling duration.

3. Stable Temperature: They offer better temperature control, allowing for more precise

cooking, especially in grilling where maintaining specific temperatures is crucial.

4. Low Smoke Emission: Charcoal briquettes typically produce less smoke compared to

raw wood, creating a cleaner and more pleasant cooking or grilling environment.

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 5. Convenience: They are easily transportable and have a consistent shape, making them

convenient to store, handle, and use.

6. Environmental Benefits: Briquettes are often made from recycled or renewable

biomass materials, reducing the need for cutting down trees for traditional charcoal

production.

7. Economical: Charcoal briquettes are often cost-effective due to their longer burning

time and efficiency, providing value for their price.

8. Versatility: They can be used for various applications, including cooking, grilling,

heating, and even as a source of fuel for some industrial processes.

2.7.4 Disadvantages of Charcoal Briquettes

1. Potentially higher prices conditioned by manufacturing process.

2. It is tedious (time consuming).

3. Ash Production: Briquettes can produce more ash compared to natural wood charcoal,

which might require more frequent cleaning or maintenance of grills or cooking

surfaces.

4. Lower Heat Output: In certain cases, charcoal briquettes may generate slightly less

heat than traditional lump charcoal, affecting cooking times or the intensity of heat

required for certain dishes.

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2.7.5 Pictorial Summary of activities in Charcoal Briquette Unit

Plate 9: Briquetting Process

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 CHAPTER THREE
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK
EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) PROGRAMME
3.1 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED
During my industrial attachment, I encountered several hurdles that significantly influenced

my experience:

• Distance Commute: The substantial gap between my home and the training site

posed a major challenge, leading to high transportation costs and financial strain.

• Financial Support: The absence of any stipend or compensation during the entire

internship presented challenges in meeting personal expenses throughout the

attachment.

• Demanding Tasks: Some responsibilities demanded significant physical and mental

effort due to their complexity and labor-intensive nature, adding to the overall

challenge of the experience.

3.2 RELEVANCE OF THE SIWES PROGRAMME

The relevance of the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) lies in its ability

to bridge the gap between theoretical learning and practical application in various industries. It

serves as a crucial platform for students to gain hands-on experience, develop essential skills,

and understand the complexities of the professional world. SIWES is relevant because it equips

students with practical knowledge, enhances employability, fosters skill development, and

prepares them to seamlessly transition from academic settings to the workplace. Additionally,

it allows students to explore career paths, understand industry dynamics, and adapt to the

demands of their chosen fields, ultimately contributing to their holistic development and

readiness for the workforce.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION AND GENERAL APPRAISAL OF THE SIWES PROGRAMME

4.1 WAYS OF IMPROVING THE SIWES PROGRAMME

The SIWES program stands as a life-altering initiative, profoundly impacting students' skills,

mental faculties, social engagement, financial capabilities, and more. In light of this, I propose

the following recommendations:

1. Enhanced Industry Collaboration: Strengthen partnerships between educational institutions

and industries to ensure alignment between academic curriculum and industry needs.

Encourage industries to offer diverse and relevant training experiences to students.

2. Modernizing Curriculum: Update and align the SIWES curriculum with current industry

trends and technological advancements to equip students with practical skills relevant to the

evolving job market.

3. Expanding Industry Coverage: Broaden the scope of industries participating in SIWES to

encompass a wider range of sectors, providing students with exposure to various fields beyond

traditional sectors.

4. Mentorship and Guidance: Implement mentorship programs where experienced professionals

guide and support students during their industrial training, fostering skill development and

career guidance.

5. Technology Integration: Incorporate emerging technologies into the SIWES curriculum to

familiarize students with modern tools and practices used in industries, enhancing their

competitiveness in the job market.

6. Soft Skills Development: Focus not only on technical skills but also on developing soft skills

like communication, teamwork, problem-solving, and adaptability, crucial for professional

success.

7. Government Support and Policies: Ensure adequate government support, funding, and policy

frameworks to sustain and improve the SIWES program, fostering its growth and effectiveness.

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4.2 ADVICE TO FUTURE PARTICIPANTS

1. Timely enrollment in the SIWES program is essential to secure the industrial training

letter from the SIWES unit, which acts as the initial step for applying to your preferred

training placement.

2. Attend your institution's SIWES orientation program before commencing your

attachment.

3. Maintain a detailed logbook outlining all training activities and tasks, and complete

necessary forms to ensure thorough assessment.

4. Acknowledge the significance of the SIWES program, which can potentially lead to job

prospects directly or indirectly post-graduation, either at the attachment site or

elsewhere.

5. Upholding integrity, diligence, and conscientiousness is paramount. Take pride in

safeguarding the employer's assets throughout the attachment period.

4.3 ADVICE TO SIWES MANAGERS

• I advice that SIWES managers should incorporate competitive programmes amongst

Industrial Trainees.

4.4 CONCLUSION

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) stands as a pivotal bridge between
academic learning and real-world application. Through practical exposure in various industries,
it equips students with invaluable skills, preparing them for the demands of the professional
world. SIWES not only enhances technical competencies but also fosters personal and
professional growth, instilling discipline, adaptability, and effective communication. My time
at Tencharis Global exposed me to Biogas Production, Mushroom Cultivation, Herbicide
application, and more, enhancing not just technical skills but also fostering discipline and
improved communication. SIWES stands as a crucial pillar in every student's academic
journey.

31
 REFERENCES

"Definition of TOADSTOOL". Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June

2022.

Harding, Patrick (2008). Mushroom Miscellany. HarperCollins. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-00-

728464-1.

Ramsbottom J. (1954). Mushrooms & Toadstools: a study of the activities of fungi. London:

Collins.

Hay, William Deslisle (1887). An Elementary Text-Book of British Fungi. London, S.

Sonnenschein, Lowrey. pp. 6–7.

Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms Demystified, A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi.

Ten Speed Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.

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