Chapter 2 of Engineering Mechanics focuses on force vectors, defining surface and body forces, and their characteristics such as magnitude and direction. It discusses vector operations, including addition of forces and the use of Cartesian vectors to simplify calculations. The chapter also includes problems for practice on determining resultant forces and resolving forces into components.
Chapter 2 of Engineering Mechanics focuses on force vectors, defining surface and body forces, and their characteristics such as magnitude and direction. It discusses vector operations, including addition of forces and the use of Cartesian vectors to simplify calculations. The chapter also includes problems for practice on determining resultant forces and resolving forces into components.
Chapter 2 of Engineering Mechanics focuses on force vectors, defining surface and body forces, and their characteristics such as magnitude and direction. It discusses vector operations, including addition of forces and the use of Cartesian vectors to simplify calculations. The chapter also includes problems for practice on determining resultant forces and resolving forces into components.
Chapter 2 of Engineering Mechanics focuses on force vectors, defining surface and body forces, and their characteristics such as magnitude and direction. It discusses vector operations, including addition of forces and the use of Cartesian vectors to simplify calculations. The chapter also includes problems for practice on determining resultant forces and resolving forces into components.
Chapter # 2 FORCE VECTORS FORCE Definition Surface force (that acts on a particular point on the surface) (all cohesive forces, normal force, shear force etc) Body force (that acts throughout the body) (gravity, electromagnetic force etc) Effects External effects Internal effects
Characteristics Magnitude Direction Point of application FORCE Scalar Quantity : A scalar is any positive or negative physical quantity that can be completely specified by its magnitude. Vector Quantity: A vector is any physical quantity that requires both a magnitude and a direction for its complete description. Force System : If the forces are treated as a group called force system. Parallel Forces : If the forces are parallel to each other then they will be called as parallel forces. FORCE Concurrent Forces: If the action lines of all the forces intersect at a common point. Coplaner Forces: If the forces are in same plane either XY, XZ,YZ plane. Collinear Forces: If the two forces have the same line of action then they are collinear. Priciple of Transmissibility: The point of application of a force can be moved anywhere along its line of action without changing the external reaction forces on a rigid body. VECTOR OPERATION AND ADDITON OF PLANAR FORCES There are 3 concurrent forces acting on the hook due to the chains We need to decide if the hook will fail (bend or break) To do this we need to know the resultant or total force acting on the hook as a result of the three chains. SCALARS AND VECTORS SCALARS VECTORS Examples: Mass, Volume Force, Velocity Characterstics: It has a magnitude (Positive It has a magnitude as well as or Negative) direction Addition Rule: Simple Arithmetic Parallelogram law Special Notation: None Bold font’ a line, an rrow or a “carrot”
VECTORS OPERATION VECTOR ADDITION RESULTANT FORCE The two component forces F1 and F2 acting on the pin can be added together to form the resultant force FR = F1 + F2, as shown in Fig. From this construction, or using the triangle rule, we can apply the law of cosines or the law of sines to the triangle in order to obtain the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction. FINDING THE COMPONENTS OF A FORCE
ADDITION OF SEVERAL FORCES
If more than two forces are to be added, successive applications of the parallelogram law can be carried out in order to obtain the resultant force. For example, if three forces F1, F2, F3 act at a point O, the resultant of any two of the forces is found, say, F1 + F2—and then this resultant is added to the third force, yielding the resultant of all three forces; i.e., FR = (F1 + F2) + F3 LAW OF SINES AND COSINES PROBLEM # 2-3 Determine the magnitude of the resultant force FR = F1 + F2 and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the positive x axis. PROBLEM # 2-8 Resolve the force F2 into components acting along the u and v axes and determine the magnitudes of the components. PROBLEM # 2-17 Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant FR = F1 + F2 + F3 of the three forces by first finding the resultant F’ = F1 + F2 and then forming FR = F’ + F3. ADDITION OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR FORCES We resolve vectors into components using x and y axis coordinate system Each component of the vector is shown as a magnitude and a direction The direction are based on the x and y axis. We use the “unit vectors” i and j to designate the x and y axis. ADDITION OF SEVERAL VECTORS To do this, each force is first resolved into its x and y components, and then the respective components are added using scalar algebra since they are collinear. The resultant force is then formed by adding the resultant components using the parallelogram law. For example, consider the three concurrent forces in Fig, which have x and y components shown in Fig. Using Cartesian vector notation, each force is first represented as a Cartesian vector, i.e.
The vector resultant is therefore:
ADDITION OF SEVERAL VECTORS Once these components are determined, they may be sketched along the x and y axes with their proper sense of direction, and the resultant force can be determined from vector addition, as shown in Fig. From this sketch, the magnitude of FR is then found from the Pythagoreantheorem; that is,
Also, the angle u, which specifies the direction of the resultant
force, is determined from trigonometry: PROBLEM # F2-7 Resolve each force acting on the post into its x and y components. ATTENTION QUIZ CARTISIAN VECTORS In a 2D/3D plane a cartisain vector helps to simplify the form from in terms of its magnitude and direction. We can identify the direction by the symbols i, j & k for x, y and z axis respectively. For a vector A, with magnitude A, an unit vector can be defined as uA= A/A Characteristics of a unit vector: Its magnitude is 1 It is dimensionless It points in the same direction as the original vector (A) So we can write the equation in cartesian form as
. CARTISIAN VECTORS The magnitude can be calculated by the same parallelogram method and breaking it into its coordinates. Since, A = √A’2 + A2z from blue triangle and, A = √A2x + A2y from Gray Triangle Combining these equations to eliminate A’ yeilds Similarly, α (alpha), β (beta), and g (gamma), measured between the tail of A and the positive x, y, z axes provided they are located at the tail of A. Note that regardless of where A is directed, each of these angles will be between 0° and 180° and are called DIRECTION COSINES CARTISIAN VECTORS These angles are not independent. They must satisfy the following equation. cos2α +cos2β + cos2 = 1 This result can be derived from the definition of a coordinate direction angles and the unit vector. Recall, the formula for finding the unit vector of any position vector: or Here we can see that if only two of the coordinate angles are known, the third angle can be found using the above equation If the magnitude and coordinate direction angles of A are known, then A may be expressed in Cartesian vector form as CARTISIAN VECTORS The addition (or subtraction) of two or more vectors is greatly simplified if the vectors are expressed in terms of their Cartesian components. For example, if A = Ax i + Ay j + Azk and B = Bxi + By j + Bzk, then the resultant vector, R, has components which are the scalar sums of the i, j, k components of A and B, i.e., PROBLEM # F2-18 Determine the resultant force acting on the hook. PROBLEM # 2-80 The bracket is subjected to the two forces shown. Express each force in Cartesian vector form and then determine the resultant force FR. Find the magnitude and coordinate direction angles of the resultant force. PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Hou-Cheng Huang PHD, BSC, MSC, Asif S. Usmani PHD, BE, MS (Auth.) - Finite Element Analysis For Heat Transfer - Theory and Software-Springer-Verlag London (1994) PDF
Hou-Cheng Huang PHD, BSC, MSC, Asif S. Usmani PHD, BE, MS (Auth.) - Finite Element Analysis For Heat Transfer - Theory and Software-Springer-Verlag London (1994) PDF
