APH

ANSWER FOR SECTION A

1. a. Pneumatics is that branch of technology, which deals with the study and application of use
pressurized gas to affect mechanical motion./3marks
b. Is an Air under pressure/2marks
2. a. Advantages/4marks
- Unlimited supply
- Storage
- Easly Transportable
- Clean
- Explosion power
- Controllable (Speed, Force
- Overload safe
- Speed of working elements

b. Disadvantages/2marks

- Cost (Running)

- Preparation

- Noise, pollution

- Limited range of force (Only economical up to 25 Kg)

3. Properties of air/2marks
- Colorless
- Compressibility

4. /4marks
- Drilling
- Turning
- Milling
- Sawing
- Finishing
- Forming
- Quality Control
- Clamping
5. a. Absolute Pressure
= 6Kg/Cm2 + 1 Kg/Cm2
 = 7Kg/Cm2 (a) = 7 bar (a)/ 2marks
b. Gauge Pressure
= 5 bar(a) – 1 Kg/Cm2
=4 Kg/Cm2 or 4 Pa/2marks

c. Absolute Pressure
= 12 bar(g) + 1 Kg/Cm2
= 13 Kg/Cm2(a) /2marks
6. It’s states that it temperature remains constant the pressure of a confined mass of gas will
vary inversely with its volume. Hence of P.S of the absolute pressure of a gas and volume is its
volume. Then as per boyles’s law
P1 Initial Pressure P2 Final Pressure
V1 Initial Volume V2 Final Volume
PV = Constant
P1V2 = P2V2 = P3V3= ………… …. = PnVn
/5marks
7. Data given
F
m = 0.05Kg F = m.g
P=
A = 0.0002 m 2 A

g = 9.81 kgm2 F
F = 0.05 * 9.81 = 0.4905 N P= = (0.05 * 9.81)/ 0.0002 = 2452.5 N/m2
A
/5marks

8. p2v2=p1v1 p2= P1v1 = (6+1)x 0.5 = 3.5kg/cm2 / 3marks

v1 1

9.
- Air Compressor
- Air Receiver/ Reservoirs
- Air cooler
- Air dryer
- Service unit – Filter, Regulator & Lubrication (FRL Unit)/ 2.5marks
10. It states that the pressure act in any direction has constant value. (State Law)
- Where a container is turned as shown in the diagram. It is possible to transmit Forces. The
Fluid pressure can be described by means of the following equations:

F1 F2
P1 = and P2 =
A1 A2
The following equation applies when the system is in equilibrium
P1 = P2
When the two equation are balanced, the following formula is produced:/5marks
 F1 F2
=
A1 A2
11.

.a)Dew – Point: Identifies the temperature at which the relative humidity has reached 100%. If the
To is lowered further, the water vapor contained in it begins to condense./2marks

b)Pressure dew-point: The To at which air under pressure has a relative humidity of 100%. With
refrigeration drying a pressure dew point between +2 0C and 5 0C in reached./2marks

12) - pressure of compressed air in the line

- total flow rate per unit time through the line
- permissible pressure drop in the line
- type of tube material and type of line fittings
- Length and diameter of tube or other pipelines
- working environments,…………………../5.5marks

SECTION B

11. 1.
a. Compressor
b. Reservoir
c. Reservoir with the pneumatic System
d. Service Unit
e. Drain Cock

2. Name is Compressed air distribution System

3. The role is to treat the Air

12. –compressor plant

- Pipelines: Compressed air is dropen from the Compressor plant to the consumption point of
pneumatic-energy by a pipeline.

- Control values: Are used to regulate control and monitor the air energy for control of
direction, pressure, flow …..

- Air actwator: Are cylinder or air motors are used to perform the useful work for which the
pneumatic system its designed like using cylinders for linear movement of jigis
 - Auxiliary Applicance many have to be used in pneumatics – System for effecting better
performance easy controllability and higher reliability
13. a) f1= 20N

A1=2cm2= 2x10-4m2
pressure transmitted, P1=F1/A1=20N/2x10-4=1000000Nm-2

b) p2=p1=1000000Nm-2
A1 = 50cm2= 5x10-3m2
=P2A2
force on the large piston , f2 (because P2=P1)
= 1000000Nm-2x5x10-3m2
=500 N

c) magnification of force
= f2/f1= (500N/20N)=25 times

4) the function and problems of compressed air lubrication

 SECTION C

1) a) isobar= constant pressure

V2 T2
= = (273+Q2)/(273+Q1)
V1 T1
2 W12 1

W12=Pi(VF-VI)=P DV

W12=work between the state 1 and state 2

V
V2 V1
Pi: initial pressure
vi: initial volume
vf= final volume
heat Q= DV + w(joule)
w = work done by the system
du=n cUdt
R= n cudt + nRdt= n dt(cu+R)=n dt cp
cp= cu+R
cp: specific heat at constant pressure
cv: specific heat at constant volume

b) isochors : constant volume

P
pf=(tf/ti)= (273+Qf)/(273+Qi)

w12=0

P2 2 u= mocv(tf-ti)

W12

P1 1
V
V2 = V1
 mo= quantity of the gas (mass in kg) at atm, pressure and 00c at stp : standard temperature
and pressure
mo= v0 x M air at 00c
M : density of air = 1.293kg/m3 at 00c

c) Isothermal: constant temperature

P
p1v1=p2v2=constant

w12=2.3 p1v1log (v1/v2)is the work done to

2 compress the gas = 2.3 p1v1log( p1/p2)
P2

w12= 2.3 p1v1 log( v1/v2)is the work deliver the gas

P1 1
V

1 V1
Q= 2.3 P1V2 log
4180 V2

is the Quantity of the heat delivered of the gas

Q in kcal, P in N/m2 , V in m3
When P is in kgf/m2 and v in m3 we change 1/4180 in 1/427

d) Isotropic (Adiabatic): No heat is extracted in this case

P DQ = PVα = Constant
CP
Adiabatic α=
CV
P2 2 α-1
T2 V2
=
T1 V1
Isothermal

α = 1.4
P1 1
V
V1 V2
 1
W= ( P2V2 – P1V1) Work done to compress the gas
α-1

1
W= ( P1V1 – P2V2) Work done to deliver the gas
α-1

e) Polytrophic compression

In this type of compression α is replaced by η

P1V1η – P2V2η 1 < η < 1.4

Polytrophic
P2 2
Adiabatic

Isothermal

P1 1
V
V1 V2
n-1 n-1
T1 P1 n V1
= =
T1 P1 V1

1
W= ( P1V1 – P2V2)
η-1

2) a) ROLES OF THE AIR RECEIVER

- to store compressed air
- to stabilize compressed air
- to reduce fluctuation from the load and compressor suitching
- to dissipate the heat of compressed air
- to condense moisture left in the air
 - to work as a filter

b) THE RECEIVER SIZE DEPENDS ON:

- deliver volume compressor Q(NM3/ min)

- air consumption

- pipe line network

- type and nuture of ON-OFF regulator

- permissible pressure difference in pipelines

V receiver=( 15x p)/ (dp x N ) (m3)

p: initial pressure (bar)

dp: pressure difference in( bar)

switching cycle/hour of compressor running