tissue-notes

Class 9 Science - Chapter 6: Tissues (Notes)
What is a Tissue?
- A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a specific function.
- In multicellular organisms, different tissues perform different roles.
- Example: Xylem transports water in plants, and muscle tissue helps in movement in animals.
Plant Tissues
- Plant tissues are divided into two types:
- 1. Meristematic Tissue - Helps in growth.
- 2. Permanent Tissue - Performs different functions like support, transport, and storage.
Meristematic Tissue (Growth Tissue)

- Found in growing parts of plants like root and shoot tips.
- Cells divide continuously to increase plant height and thickness.
- Three types:
- - Apical Meristem - Increases height, found at tips of roots and shoots.
- - Lateral Meristem - Increases thickness, found on sides of stems and roots.
- - Intercalary Meristem - Helps in regrowth, found at the base of leaves.
Permanent Tissue (Mature Tissue)

- Made of cells that have stopped dividing.
- Two types: Simple Tissues and Complex Tissues.
Simple Permanent Tissues

- 1. Parenchyma - Stores food and water, helps in photosynthesis.
- 2. Collenchyma - Provides flexibility and support, found in leaf stalks.
- 3. Sclerenchyma - Provides strength, found in hard plant parts like coconut shells.
Complex Permanent Tissues

- 1. Xylem - Transports water from roots to the rest of the plant.
- 2. Phloem - Transports food made in leaves to all parts of the plant.
Animal Tissues
- Animal tissues are divided into four types:
- 1. Epithelial Tissue - Covers body surfaces.
- 2. Connective Tissue - Joins different parts of the body.
- 3. Muscular Tissue - Helps in movement.
- 4. Nervous Tissue - Carries messages in the body.
Epithelial Tissue (Covering Tissue)

- Covers and protects the body and internal organs.
- Found in skin, inner lining of the stomach, and blood vessels.
- Types:
- - Squamous Epithelium - Thin, flat cells (e.g., lining of lungs).
- - Cuboidal Epithelium - Cube-shaped cells (e.g., kidney tubules).
- - Columnar Epithelium - Tall, pillar-like cells (e.g., intestine lining).
Connective Tissue (Joining Tissue)

- Connects different parts of the body and provides support.
- Types:
- - Bone - Hard and strong, supports the body.
- - Cartilage - Flexible, found in ear and nose.
- - Tendons - Connect muscles to bones.
- - Ligaments - Connect bones to bones.
- - Blood - A fluid connective tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste.
Muscular Tissue (Movement Tissue)

- Helps in movement by contracting and relaxing.
- Types:
- - Striated Muscles (Voluntary Muscles) - Found in arms and legs, we control them.
- - Smooth Muscles (Involuntary Muscles) - Found in stomach and intestines, we do not control them.
- - Cardiac Muscles (Heart Muscles) - Found in the heart, never get tired.
Nervous Tissue (Control Tissue)

- Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- Carries messages between the brain and the body.
- Made of neurons (nerve cells) that transmit electrical signals.
Key Takeaways
- Plants have two main types of tissues - Meristematic (growing) and Permanent (mature).
- Animals have four main types of tissues - Epithelial (covering), Connective (joining), Muscular (moveme
- Tissues make complex life possible by dividing work among different groups of cells.
Class 9 Science - Chapter 6: Tissues
Apical vs Lateral vs Intercalary Meristem
Feature Apical Meristem Lateral Meristem Intercalary Meristem

Location Tips of roots and shoots Sides of stems and roots Base of leaves or internodes
Function Increases height Increases thickness Regrows lost parts
Growth Type Primary growth Secondary growth Regenerative growth
Cell Division Active cell division Slow cell division Moderate cell division
Example Root and shoot tips Cambium in trees Grass, bamboo, sugarcane
Presence Present in all plants More in woody plants Mostly in monocots
Parenchyma vs Collenchyma vs Sclerenchyma
Feature Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Cell Wall Thin and soft Thick at corners Very thick and hard
Function Stores food & water Provides flexibility Provides strength
Cell Type Living cells Living cells Dead cells
Intercellular Space Large Less None
Example Pith of stems, roots Leaf stalks, young stems Coconut husk, seeds
Flexibility Soft & flexible Moderately flexible Rigid & hard
Xylem vs Phloem
Feature Xylem Phloem

Function Transports water Transports food
Direction Upward Both directions
Cell Type Mostly dead cells Mostly living cells
Main Components Tracheids, vessels Sieve tubes, companion cells
Presence Throughout the plant Throughout the plant
Example Wood in trees Inner bark of trees

Class 9 Science - Chapter 6: Tissues
Plant Tissue vs Animal Tissue
Feature Plant Tissue Animal Tissue

Growth Throughout life Stops after maturity
Cell Type Rigid cell walls Flexible cell membranes
Function Support & transport Movement & coordination
Types Meristematic & permanent Epithelial, muscle, etc.
Repair Slow Fast
Energy Use Low High
Tendon vs Ligament
Feature Tendon Ligament

Function Connects muscle to bone Connects bone to bone
Flexibility Less flexible More flexible
Strength Very strong Elastic & strong
Composition Fibrous tissue Fibrous & elastic tissue
Example Achilles tendon Knee ligament
Injury Type Strains Sprains
Permanent vs Meristematic Tissue
Feature Permanent Tissue Meristematic Tissue

Growth Does not divide Continuously divides
Function Support & storage Growth & repair
Location Throughout the plant Only in growing regions
Cell Type Mature cells Young, dividing cells
Example Xylem, phloem Apical, lateral meristem
Activity Inactive in division Active in division

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Class 9 Science - Chapter 6: Tissues (Notes)

Meristematic Tissue (Growth Tissue)

Permanent Tissue (Mature Tissue)

Simple Permanent Tissues

Complex Permanent Tissues

Epithelial Tissue (Covering Tissue)

Connective Tissue (Joining Tissue)

Muscular Tissue (Movement Tissue)

Nervous Tissue (Control Tissue)

Apical vs Lateral vs Intercalary Meristem

Feature Apical Meristem Lateral Meristem Intercalary Meristem

Function Increases height Increases thickness Regrows lost parts

Growth Type Primary growth Secondary growth Regenerative growth

Presence Present in all plants More in woody plants Mostly in monocots

Parenchyma vs Collenchyma vs Sclerenchyma

Feature Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Function Stores food & water Provides flexibility Provides strength

Cell Type Living cells Living cells Dead cells

Intercellular Space Large Less None

Flexibility Soft & flexible Moderately flexible Rigid & hard

Feature Xylem Phloem

Direction Upward Both directions

Cell Type Mostly dead cells Mostly living cells

Main Components Tracheids, vessels Sieve tubes, companion cells

Presence Throughout the plant Throughout the plant

Example Wood in trees Inner bark of trees

Plant Tissue vs Animal Tissue

Feature Plant Tissue Animal Tissue

Cell Type Rigid cell walls Flexible cell membranes

Function Support & transport Movement & coordination

Types Meristematic & permanent Epithelial, muscle, etc.

Repair Slow Fast

Energy Use Low High

Feature Tendon Ligament

Flexibility Less flexible More flexible

Strength Very strong Elastic & strong

Composition Fibrous tissue Fibrous & elastic tissue

Example Achilles tendon Knee ligament

Injury Type Strains Sprains

Permanent vs Meristematic Tissue

Feature Permanent Tissue Meristematic Tissue

Function Support & storage Growth & repair

Location Throughout the plant Only in growing regions

Cell Type Mature cells Young, dividing cells

Example Xylem, phloem Apical, lateral meristem

Activity Inactive in division Active in division

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