pH Sensor kit Using Arduino UNO 2024-25

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introducing the pH

The term pH was first introduced by Soren Peter (Biochemist), in 1909. To determine the
strength of acids and hases, we use a universal indicator that shows different colors at
different concentrations of hydrogen ions in a solution. The value of pH is generally used
to quantitatively determine the strength of acid and base.

The equation used for calculating the pH:

pH--log [H+]
The pH scale is logarithmic, indicating the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution in
inverse order. Because the pli formula approximates the molar concentration of hydrogen
ions in a solution to the negative of the base 10 logarithms, this is the case pH is defined as
the negative of the Hion's activity expressed in base 10 logarithms. The pH scale can be
traced back to a set of standard solutions whose pH has been agreed upon internationally.
Primary pH standard values are derived using a concentration cell with transference by
calculating the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode
such as the silver chloride electrode. The pH of aqueous solutions can be measured with a
glass electrode and a při metre, or a colour-changing indicator.

pH stands for Power of Hydrogen and is defined as the logarithm of H ion concentration.
The pH value of any substance or solution indicates whether it is acidic, neutral, or
alkaline. Basically pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a liquid is with the range from 0
to 14. The measurement of less than 7 indicates that the liquid is acidic. 7 being neutral
while a measurement greater than 7 indicates that the liquid is a base.

pH measurements are done by measuring the relative amount of free hydrogen and
hydroxyl ions in the liquid.

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1.2 Literature Survey

Papers
Sl Outcome
no.

1 K. Devi Priya, Sanga Monish Sai, Venu Gopal Production of wastage

plastics, heavy metals,
Reddy Pagadala, Dasari Praveen Kumar,
pesticides from the variety
"Evaluation of Machine Learning Algorithms on of the domestic and
Finding Drinking Water Quality Based on nondomestic organizations
like industries, offices,
Feature Selection Methodologies", 2023 9th people, hospitals, agriculture
International Conference on Advanced etc.

Computing and Communication Systems

(ICACCS), vol.1, pp.1883-1888, 2023.

2. Avishek Das Gupta, Md. Mynul Islam, Md. The monitoring device can
Rafiqul Islam, Zafar Sadek, Tarik Reza Toha, detect several important
Anupom Mondol, Shaikh Md. Mominul Alam, water quality parameters
"Devising an IoT-Based Water Quality like DO, ORP, TDS,
Monitoring and pH Controlling System for Temperature, EC, and pH.
Textile ETP", 2023 International Conference on Our device can detect the
Electrical, Computer and Communication abnormal value of the water
Engineering (ECCE), pp.1-6, 2023. and alarm the users through
SMS and Email.

3. K. Devi Priya, Sanga Monish Sai, Venu Polluted water leads to

the ill health to the people
Gopal Reddy Pagadala, Dasari Praveen and effected with several
Kumar, "Evaluation of Machine Learning diseases. Timely
monitoring of quality of
Algorithms on Finding Drinking Water the water is required for
the public health. Quality
Quality Based on Feature Selection of the drinking water is
Methodologies", 2023, vol.1, pp.18831888, based on several factors
like pH value, hardness,
2023.. solids, chloramines.

Table no. 2.1 Literature survey

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1.3 Existing System

Some of the commonly used methods for measuring the pH are

Optical pH measurement: These methods use pli-dependant color changes of specific

organic pigments, so called color indicators. The pH value is estimated by the means of a
visual comparison of the color against a color scale. However this precision is only sufficient
to provide a rough estimate. And if the solution is cloudy or has an inherent color. the
measurements will be unreliable. Some measure solutions can also contain chemical bonds
which destroy the color indicators through oxidation or reduction.

Photometric pH measurement: The color change of the indicator pigments can also be
photometrical determined by shining a light and measuring the absorbance. These methods
are referred as either colorimetric or spectrometric, depending on the equipment and light
source used. However this method very prone to interference and the equipment needed is
large.

The very common and easily used pH measurement technique is pH Strips. However they
have less potential to be accurate and if exposed to sunlight, moisture, high or low
temperature will tend to degrade the reagents in the strips affecting their performance. The
possibility of solution contamination is high because pH paper is in contact with air and is
non washable. The pH paper or strips are not designed for extreme pH values whether it be
high or low pH.

The hydrogen-electrode method is a standard among the various methods for measuring pH.
It is immersed in the test solution and an electric charge is applied to the solution and the
solution is saturated with hydrogen gas. The electrode potential is measured between
platinum black electrode and silver chloride electrode.

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1.4 Problem Statement

Design and implement a pH sensor kit interface using an Arduino UNO microcontroller
board. The objective is to accurately measure the pH level of a liquid sample and display the
pH value on an LCD screen connected to the Arduino. The system should be able to provide
real-time pH measurements and allow for calibration to ensure accuracy.
Requirements:
• pH Sensor: Utilize a suitable pH sensor capable of measuring the pH level of aqueous
solutions accurately.
• Arduino UNO: Interface the pH sensor with an Arduino UNO microcontroller board.
• LCD Display: Connect a compatible LCD display to the Arduino UNO for real-time pH
value visualization.
• Calibration: Implement a calibration procedure to ensure accurate pH measurements.
This may involve using pH calibration solutions of known pH values.
• User Interface: Develop a user-friendly interface to display the pH value on the LCD
screen and provide options for calibration.
• Documentation: Provide comprehensive documentation including circuit diagrams, code
explanations, and calibration procedures.

Deliverables:
• Arduino Sketch: Submit the Arduino sketch code responsible for interfacing with the
pH sensor, reading pH values, and displaying them on the LCD screen.
• Circuit Diagram: Present a clear circuit diagram illustrating the connections between
the Arduino UNO, pH sensor, and LCD display.
• Calibration Procedure: Document the step-by-step procedure for calibrating the pH
sensor to ensure accurate readings.
• User Manual: Prepare a user manual detailing how to operate the pH sensor kit, interpret
pH readings, and perform calibration when necessary.

1.5 Proposed System

This pH sensor measures the hydrogen ion activity in the water of any liquid solutions Le it tells
whether the substance is acidic, basic or neutral in nature. By knowing the pl. we can munter the

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water quality. The drive board in this kit support both 3.3V and SV system. And with the
standard BNC probe and a grove connector. It is very convenient to work with Arduino Grove
makes it easier to connect experiment and simplify the prototyping process.

It's the simple and fastest process of measuring the pH. It is highly accurate It is portable and can
be easily be used in any field.

With the pH sensor, there are many uses and projects you can do with it from:
• Water quality monitoring (For your fish tank or Swimming Pool)
• Water and Wastewater treatment gadget
• Agricultural and Aquaculture processes

Benefits of pH sensor kit:

• It helps to determine the amount of primary and acidic any solution contains.
• pl1 meters provide precise pH values since the pH meters are highly accurate with the
help of Ph sensors.
• It offer numerical pH values directly.
• Used in a wide variety of applications, including stain removal, pool maintenance, and
cheese making.
• it's the simple and fastest process of measuring pH.
• You can calibrate it using the standard buffer solution.
• Easy to clean.
• Required less space to install.
• Pocket size pH meter is highly reliable and low cost.

Chapter 2

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REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

2.1 Hardware Requirements:

1) Arduino UNO Board

2) pH sensor Kit

3) Connecting Wire

2.2 Tools and Technologies Used

Arduino UNO

Arduino UNO was created in the year 2005 by two Italian engineers. The Arduino UNO is
an open source microcontroller board based on the microchip ATmega328P microcontroller
and developed by Arduino.cc. It is a low-cost, flexible, and easy to use programmable board
that can be integrated into a variety of electronic projects.

The word "UNO" means "one" in italian and chosen to mark the initial release of Arduino
software. The UNO board is the first in a series of USB based Arduino board.

pH is an important quantity that reflects the chemical conditions of a solution. The pH can
control the availability of nutrients, biological functions, microbial activity, and the
behavior of chemicals. Because of this, monitoring or controlling the pH of soil, water.

Things to Remember:

• pH or 'power of hydrogen' is the log of the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

• A neutral solution has a pH of 7.

• A pH of 1 to 7 indicates an acidic solution.

• A pH of 7 to 14 indicates a basic solution.

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• pH is important to know health of soil, pH values of waterbodies, rain and aquatic

life health. Plants depend on soil pH for nutrients.

• Aquatic life survival depends on the correct pH of oceans.

• Our teeth also decay beyond a certain pH (i.e. more acidic teeth tend to decay)

Jumper Wires
Jumper wires are electrical wires used to create connections between various
components on a breadboard or a circuit board during prototyping or testing of
electronic circuits. They are typically flexible, insulated wires with connectors at each
end, allowing for easy insertion into breadboard sockets or connection points on
electronic components. Jumper wires come in various lengths, colors, and connector
types to suit different applications and preferences. They are commonly used in
hobbyist electronics projects, educational settings, and professional prototyping
environments to quickly establish temporary electrical connections without the need
for soldering.

Chapter 3

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

3.1 Software Requirements Specification

Software Requirement Specification is a definite depiction of a software framework to

be created with its functional and non-functional requirements. It incorporates all the
vital requirements that are required for project development. It is characterized after
business requirements specification additionally called stakeholder requirements
specification.

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3.2 Software Requirements

Operating System: Windows 7, 10, mac

IDE: Arduino IDE
Web Browser: Embedded c Language.

Arduino IDE
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a versatile software
application designed specifically for programming Arduino microcontroller boards. It
offers a user-friendly interface that simplifies the process of writing, compiling, and
uploading code to Arduino-compatible hardware. Available for Windows, macOS, and
Linux operating systems, the Arduino IDE caters to a wide range of users, from
beginners to experienced developers. At the core of the Arduino IDE is its code editor,
equipped with features like syntax highlighting, auto-indentation, and code
completion, which aid in writing Arduino sketches, the term used for Arduino
programs. Users can easily manage multiple sketches within the IDE, creating,
opening, and saving them as needed.

C programming
C programming is a foundational language in the realm of computer programming, renowned
for its simplicity, efficiency, and versatility. Developed in the early 1970s, C has since become
one of the most widely used and influential programming languages, serving as the basis for
numerous other languages and systems. Its syntax is designed to be concise yet expressive,
allowing developers to write powerful and efficient code for a wide range of applications, from
system software and operating systems to embedded systems and high-performance
applications. With its extensive standard library and support for low-level memory
manipulation, C provides unparalleled control over hardware resources, making it an
indispensable tool for programmers seeking performance and portability. Whether you're a
seasoned developer or just beginning your journey into the world of programming, mastering
C opens up a world of possibilities and lays a solid foundation for understanding computer
science.

Embedded C Programming

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Embedded C programming is a specialized domain of C programming tailored for developing

software for embedded systems, which are computer systems designed to perform specific
functions within larger devices or systems. These systems often have constraints such as limited
memory, processing power, and sometimes real-time requirements. Embedded C programming
focuses on writing efficient, reliable, and often low-level code that interacts directly with
hardware components like microcontrollers and peripherals. It involves tasks such as
configuring hardware registers, managing interrupts, and implementing device drivers to control
various functionalities. Embedded C programmers must have a deep understanding of both C
programming concepts and the hardware they are working with to develop robust and optimized
firmware for embedded systems. In this field, attention to detail, meticulous debugging skills,
and the ability to work closely with hardware engineers are essential for success.

Chapter 4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

4.1 Circuit Diagram

A circuit diagram is a visual representation of an electronic circuit, showing how

components are interconnected and how electricity flows within the circuit. It uses
symbols to represent components like resistors, capacitors, and integrated circuits,
along with lines to indicate connections and wires.

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Fig no. 4.1 Circuit Diagram

4.2 Flow Chart

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Fig 4.2 : Flowchart of pH sensor kit Using Arduino uno

4.3 Advantages

Cost-effectiveness: pH sensor kits are generally affordable, making them accessible for
hobbyists, students, and professionals alike.

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Versatility: Arduino Uno is a widely-used microcontroller platform with extensive

community support and a vast array of compatible sensors and modules, allowing you to
easily integrate the pH sensor into various projects.

Ease of use: Arduino Uno's user-friendly development environment and well-documented

libraries simplify the process of reading data from the pH sensor and implementing control
logic.

Customization: With Arduino Uno, you have the flexibility to customize your pH
measurement system according to your specific requirements. You can adjust calibration
settings, logging intervals, and data processing algorithms to suit your application.

Integration with other sensors: Arduino Uno's modular design allows you to combine the
pH sensor with other sensors (e.g., temperature, humidity) to create more complex
monitoring systems or control mechanisms.

Education and learning: Using Arduino Uno alongside a pH sensor kit provides an
excellent platform for learning about electronics, programming, and sensor technologies.
It's a practical way to understand concepts related to pH measurement, signal processing.

Easy: The main reason for choosing the C language is code portability; C language
is highly portable as you can write code in one system and use the code in another
system. the code compilation is faster and more efficient

Libraries for More Practical Programming: For more Practical Programming, C

provides access to more and more libraries for better problem-solving abilities. C Language
gives lots of built-in functions consisting of system-provided and user-defined functions.

Easy Debug: Debugging in the c language is easy and practical as the language does not require
any complex statements in the execution, and the speed of compilations and execution is a bit
faster than in any language

Open Source: The language C is a free and open-source programming language that is publicly
accessible and available in all coding and programming platforms. The code of the c language is

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also publicly available. One can easily download the compiler of the language and can start
working.

Inexpensive Hardware
Arduino boards are available at low cost. To start building our first program we just
need an Arduino board as its development tool IDE is freely available. There is no
need for any external hardware, multiple projects can be made using single Arduino
boards which cut overall project cost by a great margin.

Cross Platform Support

Arduino is not only limited to Windows it is also available across multiple platforms like Linux
and macOS. Most of the microcontrollers can only be programmed using Windows but not in
case with Arduino.

Tons of Libraries
Many Arduino libraries are available to control external sensors, modules, and motors.
Functionality of Arduino boards can be extended using these libraries. Libraries provide the user
free hand to play with hardware and manipulate data easily.

4.4 Disadvantages
Limited processing power: Arduino Uno has limited processing power and memory
compared to more advanced microcontrollers or single-board computers. This limitation
may constrain the complexity of algorithms or data processing you can implement,
especially in applications requiring real-time analysis or extensive computations.

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Limited connectivity: Arduino Uno has limited connectivity options compared to more
advanced microcontroller platforms. While it can interface with various sensors and
modules, its connectivity options for internet connectivity (e.g., Wi-Fi or Ethernet) are more
limited, which may restrict remote monitoring and control capabilities without additional
hardware.

Limited analog input channels: Arduino Uno has a limited number of analog input
channels (6 channels), which may be insufficient for applications requiring multiple analog
sensors to be connected simultaneously. This limitation may necessitate external
multiplexing circuitry or a different microcontroller platform with more analog inputs.

Power consumption: While Arduino Uno is relatively efficient in terms of power

consumption, it may not be the most energy-efficient option for battery-powered
applications, especially if the project requires continuous monitoring over extended periods.

Missing Namespaces: For the declaration of the variable to use on any other line of code,
the concept of a namespace is missing, as we can't declare the same name to another variable
in the C language. The c language is considered the old-school programming language for
this major problem.

Poor Memory Management: The C language is very smart in that it automatically allocates
the memory for the Developer's program when it's needed for the execution of the program.
The problem arises when the programmer wants to allocate the memory dynamically; the
programmer should keep in mind the memory management techniques to get allocate the
memory using the malloc function.
No Garbage Collection: Garbage collection is a feature that automatically reclaims memory
from objects no longer needed by an application or library.

Lack of Multitasking : Arduino boards are limited to run only a single program at a time.
Other competitor boards like Raspberry Pi offers multitasking functionality. Like multicore
CPUs that can run multiple programs without slowing the speed of the overall system,
Arduino lacks this ability and we must close one sketch to execute the other one.

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Not Optimized for Performance : Microcontrollers used in most Arduino boards are not
ready to give their full performance. The Arduino development environment is optimized for
beginners so they can easily create sketches. All this optimization comes at the cost of
reducing the microcontroller’s overall power ability. If the same microcontroller is used with
AVR development the performance will be increased by manifolds.

Lack of Communications : Arduino boards are limited in terms of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi
support. Popular Arduino boards like UNO don’t have in-built communications support; we
must interface external hardware modules to enable these functions. Arduino ships few
boards with these technologies, but overall cost increased compared to other boards available
in the market.

Chapter 5

IMPLEMENTATION

The final output of a smart door lock system using IoT (Internet of Things) technology
is a secure and convenient solution for controlling access to a physical space remotely.
This system typically incorporates various components such as electronic locks,
sensors, microcontrollers, and network connectivity devices to enable remote
monitoring and control of the door lock.

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5.1 Sensing pH of water

Fig no. 5.1 – screenshot of sensing pH of water

Chapter 6

TESTING
6.1Fuctional Test Cases:

SL no. TC_ID Description Remarks

1. FT_001 Verify that the Pass
Arduino Uno
initializes correctly
and establishes
communication with
the pH sensor.
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2. FT_002 Test the ability of the Pass
system to read pH
values from the
sensor.
3. FT_003 Ensure that the Pass
response time meets
the specified
requirements.
4. FT_004 Verify that the system Pass
detects and handles
errors gracefully,
providing appropriate
feedback or error
messages.
5. FT_005 Verify that the Pass
integrated system
functions correctly
and provides the
desired functionality
as a whole.

Table 6.1 : Table of functional test cases

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, using a pH sensor kit with an Arduino Uno can be a practical and effective
solution for a wide range of pH measurement and control applications, particularly in hobbyist,
educational, and prototyping contexts. The combination offers several advantages, including
affordability, versatility, ease of use, customization options, and educational value.

However, there are also some potential disadvantages to consider, such as limited processing
power, connectivity options, analog input channels, size constraints, and suitability for
highprecision tasks. Despite these drawbacks, Arduino Uno remains a popular choice due to its
accessibility, extensive community support, and compatibility with a wide range of sensors and
modules.

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When considering a pH sensor kit with Arduino Uno, it's essential to carefully evaluate your
specific project requirements, including precision, connectivity, power consumption, and
environmental factors. Depending on your needs, you may need to explore alternative
microcontroller platforms or additional hardware components to address any limitations.
Overall, Arduino Uno provides a solid foundation for pH sensing projects and serves as an
excellent platform for learning, experimentation, and prototyping in the field of electronics and
sensor technology.

REFERENCES

[1] https://how2electronics.com/ph-meter-using-ph-sensor-arduino-oled/

[2] https://www.electroniclinic.com/ph-meter-arduino-ph-meter-calibration-divmore-phsensor-
arduino-code/

[3] https://www.circuitschools.com/diy-ph-meter-using-arduino-and-ph-sensor-andcalibrating-
it- for-accuracy/

[4] Arduino IDE from - https://www.arduino.cc/en/software

[5] https://www.tutorialspoint.com/arduino/arduino board description.htm

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[6] https://docs.arduino.cc/learn/starting-guide/whats-arduino.

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