Introduction to

Machine Learning

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What is Machine Learning?

Commonly used where historical data predicts likely future events

Using algorithms that iteratively learn from data, machine learning

allows computers to find hidden insights without being explicitly
programmed where to look.

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What is it used for?

• Prediction of equipment failures. • Recommendation Engines

• Fraud detection. • Customer Segmentation
• Weather Prediction • Text Sentiment Analysis
• Spam Detection. • Predicting Customer Churn
• Real-time ads on web pages • Pattern and image recognition.
• Image Recognition • Email spam filtering.
• New pricing models. • Financial Modeling
• Stock Market Prediction • Video Surveillance

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High level process of Machine Learning

Test
Data

Model
Data Data Model Model
Training &
collection Cleaning Testing Deployment
Building

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Types of Machine Learning

• Supervised Learning :

• Unsupervised Learning

• Reinforcement Learning

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Supervised Learning

• Supervised Learning :
Supervised learning algorithms are trained using labeled examples, such as an
input where the desired output is known.

Common tasks in supervised learning include classification and regression.

Classification: The goal is to predict the category or class of a new observation

based on past observations with known categories. For example, classifying
emails as spam or non-spam.

Regression: The goal is to predict a continuous numerical value based on input

features. For example, predicting house prices based on features like size,
location, and number of bedrooms.

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Unsupervised Learning

• In unsupervised learning, the algorithm learns from unlabeled data, meaning there
are no predefined labels for the input data.
• The goal is to explore the data and find some structure within the dataset

Popular techniques include self-organizing maps, nearest-neighbor mapping, k-means

clustering and singular value decomposition
• These algorithms are also used to segment text topics, recommend items and
identify data outliers.

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Reinforcement Learning

• Reinforcement learning is often used for robotics, gaming and navigation.

• With reinforcement learning, the algorithm discovers through trial and error which
actions yield the greatest rewards
• This type of learning has three primary components: the agent (the learner or
decision maker), the environment (everything the agent interacts with) and actions
(what the agent can do).
• The objective is for the agent to choose actions that maximize the expected
reward over a given amount of time.
• The agent will reach the goal much faster by following a good policy

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 Regression

Simple Linear Regression Multiple Linear Regression

Simple Linear regression : is a type of supervised learning Multiple Linear regression : is a type of supervised
algorithm used for modeling the relationship between a learning algorithm used for modeling the relationship
dependent variable and independent variable. between a dependent variable and one or more
independent variable.

Here's a example of simple linear regression with independent variable:

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Simple Liner Regression

Let's say we have a dataset that represents the relationship between the number of hours students spend studying
(independent variable) and their exam scores (dependent variable). We want to build a linear regression model to
predict exam scores based on the number of hours studied.

To perform linear regression, we'll use the equation of a straight line:

Y=mx+b

Y is the dependent variable (exam score)

X is the independent variable (hours studied)

m is the slope of the line (the coefficient of the independent variable)

b is the y-intercept (the point where the line crosses the y-axis)

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Simple Liner Regression

Our goal is to find the values of m and b that best fit the data

Once we have these values, we can use the equation to predict exam scores for new values of X.

In this case, we can use a library like scikit-learn in Python to perform linear regression. Here's a simple Python code
snippet to do this:

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session

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