Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management

Singapore, March 7-11, 2021

Design Climatic Treatments and Environmental Needs in

Hot Areas
Salma Dwidar, Amal Abdelsattar, Amani Derbali and Hala Sirror
Architecture Department
Prince Sultan University
Riyadh, KSA
sdwidar@psu.edu.sa, aabdelsattar@psu.edu.sa, aderbali@psu.edu.sa, hsirror@psu.edu.sa

Donia Abdelgawad
Architecture Department, College of Fine Arts
Alexandria University
Egypt
Donia_abdelgawad@Alexu.edu.eg

Abstract
Since the beginning of time, the man had made his effort to build an adequate limited environment to conduct
various activities. The man prepared a space that protects him from the changing climate factors around him. There
are limits to climate comfort in terms of temperature, humidity, and ventilation. Past those thresholds, there is
physical weakness and lack of production.
This study of the existing buildings and their surrounding environment conveys the impact of conventional
architecture on the interior environment. To conclude the roles and standards that may control the thermal and
climatic comfort of the residential areas. To present, a residential compound model design. Clarifying the preferred
applied orientation, architectural treatments, and building mass, and gap proportions around the building in sight of
(selecting materials, construction methods, and the exterior envelope of the building). Use local natural materials to
achieve thermal balance, air movement, and climate comfort inside the buildings and city.

Keywords
Climate comfort, Environmental need, Solar radiation, Architectural treatments, Residential areas.

1. Introduction
The climatic changes on the earth's surface have resulted from the Industrial Revolution. Modern technologies
started by specifying a complete system for building and controlling internal climate for buildings, to make up for
design flaws that conflict with achieving thermal comfort for man. From here events on the earth head confirm the
global warming phenomenon, which is confined between the surface and the upper atmosphere levels through the
action of gases emitted from the earth, which led to an increase in temperature which could reach three times the
current increase within the next 100 years (Energy and Architecture Manual, 1998).
What we need now is a global evaluation of this issue to solve it. Also, we must head towards providing thermal
comfort for citizens. Thermal comfort can be accomplished using environmental solutions and using the open
system rather than the closed system.
Egypt and the Arab world fall between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn; which is called the hot climate
region, where temperature rises more than any other area in the world. This climate affects the nature of life in this
region. Communities can either adapt to it or find a solution. There are several solutions to consider, especially in
the field of architecture and planning.
1.1 Objectives

• Analyzing case studies of existing buildings in hot regions and deriving ideas and guiding principles
accordingly.

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• Measuring the effect of traditional architectural treatments on the buildings case studies' internal climate to
develop a set of urban and architectural foundations and standards. The proposed result is to control thermal and
climatic comfort in buildings and residential areas.
• Developing urban and architectural criteria for monitoring thermal comfort can be utilized to achieve the
proposed model for a residential complex that meets the requirements and achieves thermal comfort for the
individual within his residence and town.

2. Literature Review
In addition to other elements such as social, cultural, and economic aspects, the town's environment and its buildings
shape the building forms most of its shape (Fathy, 1986). McMullan (2002) acknowledges that "the built
environment is created in the natural environment by buildings and structures that humans construct."
While buildings and construction provide multiple benefits to society, they also have significant impacts on the
environment. Enertia Building Systems (EBS) (2006) has highlighted contemporary buildings' influence as the
world's second-largest industry after agriculture. Also, the emissions caused by the heating and cooling of buildings
causes prominent environmental harm. It is now higher than that of vehicles (Al Mansouri, A.2009). The Building
Study and Establishment (BRE) stated that construction's environmental impacts cover a broad range of problems,
including climate change, mineral extraction, ozone depletion, and waste generation, according to Gomes (2003).
For example, several sources have discussed the value of climate design research; Roaf et al. explained that a
transition towards lower energy and/or lower carbon society is a crucial component of sustainable development.
(Roaf S.,2007)
The urban built environment has been the most energy-consuming area of society, contributing between 50% and
70% of CO2 emissions directly to the heating and cooling of buildings and the urban population's mobility needs.
"Our generation is responsible for beginning to adapt our buildings to ensure that climate change can be stabilized"
(Roaf S., Nicol.,2005). Design techniques in warm-humid climates have been studied only rarely by some
Egyptians.
Climate design is essentially meant to take full advantage of nature and the design-built environment climate.
Fathy (Fathy,1977) claimed that "Over many centuries, people in every part of the world have learned how to deal
with their environment through trial and error. Their solutions to the housing issue were created from countless trials
and accidents, from the experience of generations of builders who preserved what worked and rejected what did not.
These solutions have been passed on as tradition."
Arslan and Kumkale (2005) verified the view of Fathy that man observes nature and provides solutions to his life to
live as a result of these observations and by imitating, knowing, and producing the processes in nature,
Cofaigh et al. (1996) suggested that climate architecture is a problem in many architects' minds. When most of them
understand the value of working with and not against climate, the term will shift to architecture.
Hyde (2000) noted that climate-responsive architecture is an integral component of the environmental system built
to reduce impacts on the environment and ensure human well-being.
Cofaigh et al., (1996) clarified that natural ventilation could be accomplished by using the benefits of night-time air
and the evaporation effect of water, such as fountains and ponds is the easiest way to cool the dwelling.
Upendra Rajapaksha (2020) studied the impact of plan depth of multi-level office buildings in tropics in minimizing
indoor air temperature elevation due to heat stress on the façades. Highlighted lessons were on the ways that plan
form can interfere in addressing heat stress from outside.

3. Methods
The research objectives will be achieved by the research methodology, which based on three fundamental
approaches, as follows:
First: The theoretical approach, which deals with identifying the climatic factors affecting the design of buildings,
and the environmental needs to ensure the success of these buildings.
Second: The Analytical study approach towards urban and architectural treatments; to achieve thermal comfort rates
in hot, dry, and humid areas. Criteria and guiding principles have been derived from the theoretical and analytical
backgrounds and their direct impact on buildings and urban areas' design stages to achieve thermal comfort.
Third: The applied approach, which incorporates a design proposal for an urban residential complex and designing a
residential building model that achieves thermal comfort rates and environmental needs in the dry and humid hot
regions.

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From the guiding principles and the drawn criteria from the analytical and theoretical studies, the recommendations
could be applied in the future for designing residential buildings and urban complexes in hot regions.

4. Climatic factors affecting the design

Architectural solutions should secure human comfort to provide suitable architectural solutions. These factors are
Solar radiation – Suitable temperature – Wind – Steam and humidity – Rainfall.
These climatic elements have been tracked in climatic data form and information through weather tracking stations,
spreading throughout cities and regions. The constant measurements every hour throughout the day were converted
into monthly averages in relatively long-term rates.

4.1 Environmental Needs

Human needs must be provided in the design of a building or a complex to guarantee this building or compound's
success. These needs can be summarized in:
• Thermal comfort within the building defines as " the person's ability to maintain its stable temperature
through a chain of thermal exchanges between the human body and the environmental factors". For this
reason, the human body is considered in a state of thermal balance as it generates and loses heat.
• Comfort measurement: This is defined through a measure of the temperature – Comfort graph by Victor
Olgay.

4.2 Urban and Architectural treatments to achieve comfort rates in hot regions

These have been carried out in the past, and consecutive eras have specific procedures and techniques whose success
has been proved despite their simplicity. This is due to the climatic treatment, whether on the small residential unit
level or the level of a civilized residential gathering in the countryside or the city. These traditional sites were
confined as historical sites. The more modern urban patterns are spreading on much larger geographic areas. In
modernized areas, main and local streets may reach 50 meters in width. These areas are characterized by leaving
large spaces between buildings. The urban mass mostly appeared in buildings up to 5 stories high. The building's
designs are like common folk residency models in the Delta cities and the Valley of the Nile. This style spread due
to consulting architectural experts from advanced countries, and the blind copying by the less-developed countries.
Another defect is the modern technological techniques used to create an artificially ventilated interior space; without
considering the climatic factors and the countries' economic state.

4.2.1 Urban Treatments

As shown in Table 1, Five elements of the urban fabric which control the miniature climate have been specified to
be studied and to reach an ideal climatic state for each of these elements, which are: Space ratios – Space entrances
– Building heights, and road proportions – Orientation of the building mass – In-between distances and occupation
ratios, this achieves flexibility for the designer, where he can move within it without affecting the thermal comfort,
which has been achieved in the building.
Experiments have been carried out on different urban residential groupings to find the most suitable urban
settlement, which achieves the lowest heat rate. Experiments were carried out upon different residential groupings
using computers, showing how the wind moves and its speed and the temperature within the urban fabric, to
measure the average temperature for each (Table 2) (Al-Fajal, K., 2002).
1-The linear space (Roads), 2- The yards, 3- Spaces between residential groupings
It is clear from Table 3 that the pedestrian passageways' orientation is towards the southeast and northwest, which is
preferred in urban residential groupings. (Al-Fajal, K., 2002)
It has concluded from Table 4, that small, repeated courtyards are better than their larger counterparts, and putting
roofs on passageways leading to lower the temperature within the courtyards. (Al-Fajal, K., 2002)

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Table1: The factors affecting the urban fabric

Table 2: A comparison of experiments on the space between residential groupings

Table 3: A comparison of the linear space experiments (Roads)

Table 4: A comparison of courtyard space experiments

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4.2.2 Architectural treatments

The relation between buildings and their surrounding environment must be studied to be able to design a building.
That is suitable for the climate and environmental needs and to achieve thermal comfort for the person living within
the building; this requires considering each of the following: Building orientation – Building shape, proportions, and
external dimensions – Construction material and methods – Design of the exterior cover of the building - design of
the building.
A. Building orientation: The building orientation considerations in the hot climate region submit to the wind
considerations more so than the sun, and under any circumstance, the building must be well ventilated. It is also
essential to shade the eastern and western facades of the building.
• Wind movement around the building: The wind moves in front of the building's façade, creating areas of positive
and negative pressure around the building. The air escapes to the sides where the angles of the building's edges
lie. The wind current crashing into the building is separated at the ground creating whirlwinds in the shape of a
horseshoe which flows around the base of the building (Figure 1) (Al-Wakeel, S.,1989)

Figure 1. Air movement around the building

• Building orientation concerning the pressure areas around it: If the building façade is perpendicular to the wind
movement, this increases the building's positive and negative pressure areas. It also increases the internal air
movement through the mass. If the building has been oriented at angles not perpendicular to the wind, the values
of the pressures around the building decreased, and consequently, the wind movement decreased. In general, the
pressures around the building are varied according to the shape of the building.
• In general, the pressure around the building changes depending on the building's shape(Figure2)(Brown, G.2001).

Figure 2. The difference in building shapes, proportions and, direction to wind affects the negative and
positive pressure areas and thus affects the movement of air around the building and its speed

• Building orientation and effect of the sun upon it: The building orientation affects the amount of solar radiation
falling upon it and the areas of pressure around the building and the wind movement. It is known as the southern
façade is exposed to more solar radiation in the winter and less in the summer. In contrast, the western façade is
exposed to a massive amount of solar radiation during the summer. The building orientation's effect appears in the
amount and shape of shadows as portrayed in Figure 3.

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Figure 3. The shape and quantity of shadows vary according to the building orientation and grouping

B. Building shape and proportions:

• Building shape:
In the case of building block shape, which is usually designed to achieve the lowest exposure of the external
surfaces to solar radiation, with the internal space's size. Table 5 is representing a comparison of several blocks;
of uniform size and different shapes. The block with a spherical cap has the least external area exposed to solar
radiation. Therefore, it is preferable to use domes to cover buildings in hot regions (Hamouda.N., 2002).

Table 5: Comparison of three building blocks of uniform size and different shapes
Building Form Cube Building Form Cylinder Building Form Sphere
Total volume 32000 m3 Total volume 32000 m3 Total volume 32000 m3
External Surface External Surface 4435 External Surface 2864
4800m2 m2 m2
1st Floor 1600 m2 1st Floor 1600 m2 1st Floor 1618 m2
G. Floor 1600 m2 G. Floor 1600 m2 G. Floor 1932 m2
Total Internal surface Total Internal surface Total Internal surface
3200m2 3200m2 3550m2

• Building proportions and dimensions: are directly affecting the amount of the received solar radiation. The ideal
ratio for building elongation in hot regions is 1: 1.3 and may increase to 1:1.6, and by the deployment of the
mass and creating an interior yard; the surfaces facing north increase and the shade increases on the facades and
the yard's surface. So, it is preferred to orient the rectangular building towards the east-west, to have the largest
area of façade possible facing north while having a good distribution of the necessary building's spaces which
require suitable thermal and lighting conditions.

C. Methods of construction and building materials.

• Materials of low thermal conductivity are suitable for decreasing the temperature within the building.
• It is preferred to use finishing materials of light colors, reflecting solar rays, leading to a temperature decrease
within the building during the summer.
• It is preferred to utilize a double ceiling, which contains a space between its parts; (Figure 4 this is for a wind
current to pass through it which achieves continuous ventilation around the building. (Wakil, S. 1989)
• It is preferred to use local natural materials like Limestone, sandstone, and mud in a special architectural
fashion, while at the same time making sure that the building complies with hot climate conditions.

Figure 4. The double roof is used to reduce heat Figure 5. Using a double ceiling in a modern
penetration and protect the building from solar radiation way to reduce heat in a house in Malaysia. 5.
and was developed and used in the building's ventilation Using a double ceiling in a modern way to
reduce heat in a house in Malaysia
D. Outer Cover of the Building
• There are many ways to protect the building body (its walls, openings, and surfaces) from solar radiation; by
creating protrusions for the floors as we go upwards to provide suitable sunlight blockers in front of the openings

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by using arcades in the ground level to protect pedestrians.

• Designing double roofs is used in Malaysian houses in a new way, using roofs as gardens (Figure 5) and homes in
India (Figure 6). (Wakil, S.,1989)
• Using curved ceilings to provide wind action which transfers heat away from the interior space.
• Designing shading methods: to control the sunlight penetration into the building during the winter, and prevent it
during the summer, protrusions has been used according to the angles of the sun in winter and summer (Figure 7)
(Hamouda, N., 2002).
• Shape and position of building openings: The areas of positive and negative pressure around the building increase
in the case of closing the openings, and the wind motion within the space begins when suitable openings are
provided, which in turn move from areas of negative pressure behind the building (Figure 8) (Wakil, S.,1989),
• All the living spaces must include at least two external openings, as one of them is for the wind to enter and the
other for the wind to exit. (Figure 8)
• Using large and high openings that extend from the floor to the ceiling in the wind's motion, and due to
summertime being long in these regions, moving upper windows which utilize the ventilation operation is
preferred while taking into consideration to protect them from sunlight.

Figure 7. different shapes of the solar panels according to the

Figure 6. Using a double roof and creating a roof
angles of the sun on the various facades
garden as an architectural solution

Figure 8. shows the effect of the different locations, number, Figure 9. Wind Towers and their impact
and locations of openings on air movement inside and outside To ventilate buildings throughout the day
the building

4.2.2.1 Building Design

When designing buildings in regions of the hot climate, it is essential to utilize some design vocabulary of hot
climate regions, which are:
• Wind towers: As known in most countries of the hot climate in the Islamic world starting from Pakistan, Iran,
Iraq, and the countries of the Arabian Gulf, to Egypt and the North-African countries, even with the difference in
general look and construction details from one country to another the main goal is the same which is to achieve a
current of natural wind for ventilation and cooling within the building. Several types of wind towers are
represented in Figure 9. The examples of application include the usage of wind towers in Qatar university in Al-
Doha (Figure 10), and in an Iraqi home (Figure 11). The application of wind towers is not limited to countries
with a hot climate, but they have been used for ventilation in European countries like England. They were found
suitable for the climatic conditions in the "Queen's building" in Montfort university.(Figure 12)Wind towers have
been developed to be ideal for the age and merging modern technology with traditional elements (Figure 13).

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Figure 10: Using wind towers in the university building in Doha

Figure 11: One of the Iraqi Figure 12: Using wind Figure 13: Introduction of modern
dwellings where the grab was used towers in cold countries as a technology in wind towers to give
in the process of internal thermostat as in England. higher efficiency and keep pace with
ventilation. technological progress

• Inner courtyards: open courtyard or yard is considered the main space for social activity In hot climate areas, and
it is the main space that affects the physiological state where protection from external noise and pollution and
natural lighting is allowed, besides it being a thermal regulator, as it cools the surfaces overlooking it at night
through cool nightly radiation which is stored within it the entire night, and so the air temperature decreases about
2 to 5 degrees Celsius from the external air during the period before and afternoon according to the degree of its
containment and treatment. (Koyan, A.1984) (Figure 14)

ure 14. As a thermostat during the day, the courtyard stores heat energy during the day and transmits it at night
warm the atmosphere. The patio is like a thermostat at night as it stores cold air
surface of the courtyard radiates the amount of energy the courtyard acquired during the day. (Koyan, A.1984)

5. Results and Discussion

5.1 A Proposed Design for an Urban Compound and a Residential Building which achieves comfort
rates and suits environmental needs:
A. Suggestion for a residential Building (Figure 15)
• The model is a vertically ground floor with the potential for vertical extension. It contains an inner patio and a
parking lot. The building's orientation is north-south, and the east and west facades overlook the courtyard, so
the rest of the building block shades it.
• All the living spaces contain two external openings for ease of the ventilation process.
• The inner yard contains a water surface and trees to increase the humidity within the residence.
• Using double walls in the external walls.
• Using a double ceiling to protect the building from solar radiation.
B. Proposed Design for an Urban Compound (Figure 16)
• The residential compound complex is designed so that the pedestrian paths are in easterly, western, and
refracted directions to provide shadows and to better distribute the airspeeds in them.
• A separation between pedestrian and traffic movement was made for ease of climatic handling. In the proposed
design, the ground's occupancy rate was reduced to 85%, to reduce the temperature of the air permeating the

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spaces between them. Courtyards are added to the structural blocks to reduce the occupancy rate. The average
air velocities increase in the areas surrounding the connected building blocks, and thus the air temperature
decreases.
• Buildings are placed in two-story rows to increase the desired airflow.
• Quenching corridors create a sequence of shadows and light, which reduces the temperature by 3.5 degrees
Celsius in open spaces.

Figure 15. Suggestion design for residential Figure 16. A suggestion for an urban compound-
building achieves comfort rates site plan for the compound

5.2 Proposed Improvements Recommendations regarding the urban design

• It is preferred that the pedestrian passageways be in eastern-western directions and discontinuous to provide
shade and better distribution of wind speeds within it.
• Pedestrian movement and mechanism movement must be separated for ease of climatic treatment
• Lowering building heights from four stories to two (A street section from 1: 10 to 1:8) increases the average
wind velocity by 30%, decreasing the wind temperature by 0.7 m.
• By increasing the area of ground occupied to 85%, the temperature of the wind leaking through the spaces
between increases, and by adding open courtyards to building masses, the percentage of occupation decreases
and the average wind speeds increase in the areas surrounding the connected building masses and so the
temperature decreases.
• The previous experiments show the importance of placing buildings in connected rows at the height of two
stories to increase the desired wind's blowing.
• The importance of segmented shading of passageways with roofs, to create a sequence of shade and light. This
contributes to lowering the temperature by 3.5 degrees Celsius in comparison to an unshaded version.
• In the case of multiple passageway openings for space, this helps with the motion of wind trapped between the
building mass and space.
• Non-energy-consuming urban structures are built, and local construction materials are used in their natural
colour and texture while being developed.
• Not exaggerating the width of the external spaces as intense sun rays prevent its utilization in performing
activities.
• Small repeating spaces are better than one large space.
• Heading for an old, connected, horizontal urban style, based on the idea of a courtyard community, and
residences with inner courtyards to regulate the temperature throughout the day.
• The orientation of the urban mass and internal passageways allow shades to be available most of the daytime.
They were also taking into account the sun's vertical and horizontal angles throughout the year.
• Based on the analysis of hot climate, the importance of using trees within the urban fabric with high density is
evident, as well as using limited water surfaces to lower the temperature and raise the air's humidity level to
reach a partial climate suitable for life and work.

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5.3 Proposed Improvements Recommendations regarding the Architecture Buildings

• Directing the building to be perpendicular to the prevailing wind increases wind passing through the building and
decreases the temperature.
• Directing the building to achieve the most significant amount of shade possible.
• Using light-coloured finishing materials to help reflect sunlight, decreasing the temperature within the building.
• Using a double ceiling which leaves a space between its layers.
• Using local building materials and using heat insulting or non-heat-conducting materials.
• Using wind towers and inner courtyards when designing decreases the amount of temperature within the building
in the summer and stores heat in the winter.
• All the living spaces must include at least two external openings, one for the wind to enter and the other for it to
exit.
• Using sunlight shutters according to the angles of the falling sunlight on the different facades to decrease the
thermal radiation within the building
• Decreasing the external cover area percentage reduces thermal gain in the summer and decreases thermal loss in
the winter.

6. Conclusion

• All objectives have been met and emphasized of unique research contribution (10 lines). The climatic factors
affecting the building and the community's design were identified to choose the appropriate solutions. These
factors are harmonious with thermal comfort and provide the proper conditions for the individual inside the
building. Thus, it was ensured that the human needs for adequate thermal comfort were provided inside the
building and the residential complex to ensure the design's success.
• Reaching treatments and urban fabric elements, which are divided into void ratios - void entrances - building
heights and road ratios - building mass orientation - intermediate distances and occupancy rates. The purpose is
to provide flexibility for the designer by choosing the appropriate treatment to achieve thermal comfort within
the building complex.
• Affording architectural treatments that lead to the building's compatibility with the surrounding environment.
Thus, reaching a building design that commensurates with the climate and environmental needs. Also, achieving
thermal comfort for humans inside the building requires considering all of the following: Building orientation-
Building shape, proportion, and external dimensions- Different building materials and construction methods-
Designing the exterior envelope of the building- Building design.
• From the study of the humanitarian needs and the identification of climatic factors in hot regions, the climatic
problems facing cities and buildings in hot areas were addressed. By relying on the urban and architectural
treatments generated by research; it was possible to achieve the requirements of the environmental aspects and
provide thermal comfort inside the proposed residential design project, and within the proposed residential
complex.
• Offering a set of propositions and foundations for structural and urban treatments and proposing them for future
use.

Acknowledgements
The researchers acknowledge the support of Prince Sultan University.

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Biography
Salma Dwidar is an Associate professor in Architectural Engineering, currently works at Architecture Department,
Faculty of Architecture and Design. Prince Sultan University, KSA. Before, she has served as an Assistant Professor
in the Department of Architecture, faculty of fine arts, Alexandria University, Egypt. Her research area is in
Architectural Design and Heritage and History of Architecture; she has published many papers in International
Conferences and revised Architectural Journals. Dr Salma supervised many Architectural Projects in Egypt. Dr
Salma holds a PhD (Philosophy degree in Architectural Engineering) from the Architectural Department, Faculty of
fine arts, Alexandria University, Egypt 2002.

Amal Abdelsattar is currently working as an Assistant Professor at the College of Engineering, Prince Sultan
University, Saudi Arabia. Dr Amal received her PhD in Environmental Engineering from Ain Shams University,
Egypt. She received her master's degree her bachelor's in civil engineering from Cairo University, Egypt. She is a
Fellow of the UK Higher Education Academy. She worked in the field of Geographic Information System and
Remote Sensing applications for 12 years. Dr Amal research interests include environmental engineering and higher
education teaching and learning.

Amani Derbali had a PhD is in Architecture from Kartaj University in Tunisia 2018. She is currently working as
Assistant Professor at Prince Sultan University in KSA since 2015. Previously, she was a practicing architect. Her
research interests are in the field of urban planning.

Hala Sirror is currently working as Assistant Professor at Prince Sultan University in KSA. Since 2015. Dr Hala
had a PhD is in Architecture from 2014, a master's degree in Environmental Studies from 2002, and a bachelor's
degree in Architecture in 1966 from the University of Khartoum. Previously, she was an Assistant Professor at the
University of Science and Technology and during 2014-2015. She worked as a lecturer at Sudan University of
Science and Technology 2002-2014. Her research interests are in the field of construction and sustainability. She is a
senior fellow of Advance HE and is a LEED accredited professional in building design and construction.

Donia Abdelgawad is an Assistant Professor in the Architectural Department-Faculty of Fine arts at Alexandria
University; she graduated in 2001 from Alexandria University, Egypt. She obtained MSc in 2007 and a PhD in 2016
from Alexandria University. Her Former and current research interests have revolved around urban planning and
design upon the environmental change and human behavior.

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