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Attributes & Methods

Shopping Cart

Users can add different items to their shopping cart and checkout.

The total value of the cart should be more than a minimum amount (Rs.
100/-) for the checkout.

During Offer Sales, all users get a flat discount on their cart and the
minimum cart value will be Rs. 200/-.

Attributes

Broadly, attributes can be categorized as

Instance Attributes

Class Attributes

Instance Attributes

Attributes whose value can differ for each instance of class are modeled as
instance attributes.

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Ex: Items in Cart

Class Attributes

Attributes whose values stay common for all the objects are modelled as
Class Attributes.

Ex: Minimum Cart Bill,

Accessing Instance Attributes

PYTHON
1 class Cart:
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2 flat_discount = 0
3 min_bill = 100
4 def __init__(self):
5 self.items = {}
6 def add_item(self,..):
7 self.items[item_name] = quantity
8 def display_items(self):
9 print(items)
10 a = Cart()

Expand

Output

NameError: name 'items' is not defined

Instance attributes can only be accessed using instance of class.

Self
self passed to method contains the object, which is an instance of class.

Code
PYTHON

1 class Cart:
2 flat_discount = 0
3 min_bill = 100
4 def __init__(self):
5 self.items = {}
6 def add_item(self,item_name, quantity):
7 self.items[item_name] = quantity
8 def display_items(self):
9 print(self)
10

Expand

Output

<__main__.Cart object at 0x7f6f83c9dfd0> <__main__.Cart object at

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Accessing Using Self

Code
PYTHON

1 class Cart:
2 flat_discount = 0
3 min_bill = 100
4 def __init__(self):
5 self.items = {}
6 def add_item(self, item_name,quantity):
7 self.items[item_name] = quantity
8 def display_items(self):
9 print(self.items)
10 a = Cart()

Expand

Output

{"book": 3}

Accessing Using Object

Code
PYTHON

1 class Cart:
2 flat_discount = 0
3 min_bill = 100
4 def __init__(self):
5 self.items = {}
6 def add_item(self, item_name,quantity):
7 self.items[item_name] = quantity
8 def display_items(self):
9 print(self.items)
10 a = Cart()

Expand

Output

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{'book': 3}

Accessing Using Class

Code
PYTHON

1 class Cart:
2 flat_discount = 0
3 min_bill = 100
4 def __init__(self):
5 self.items = {}
6 def add_item(self, item_name,quantity):
7 self.items[item_name] = quantity
8 def display_items(self):
9 print(self.items)
10 print(Cart.items)

Output

AttributeError: type object 'Cart' has no attribute

Accessing Class Attributes

Example 1

Code
PYTHON

1 class Cart:
2 flat_discount = 0
3 min_bill = 100
4 def __init__(self):
5 self.items = {}
6
7 print(Cart.min_bill)

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Output

100

Example 2

Code
PYTHON

1 class Cart:
2 flat_discount = 0
3 min_bill = 100
4 def __init__(self):
5 self.items = {}
6 def print_min_bill(self):
7 print(Cart.min_bill)
8
9 a = Cart()
10 a.print_min_bill()

Output

100

Updating Class Attribute

Code

PYTHON
1 class Cart:
2 flat_discount = 0
3 min_bill = 100
4 def print_min_bill(self):
5 print(Cart.min_bill)
6 a = Cart()
7 b = Cart()
8 Cart min bill = 200
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8 Cart.min_bill = 200
9 print(a.print_min_bill())
10 print(b.print_min_bill())

Output

200
200

Method

Broadly, methods can be categorized as

Instance Methods

Class Methods

Static Methods

Instance Methods

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Instance methods can access all attributes of the instance and have self as a
parameter.

Example 1

Code
PYTHON

1 class Cart:
2 def __init__(self):
3 self.items = {}
4 def add_item(self, item_name,quantity):
5 self.items[item_name] = quantity
6 def display_items(self):
7 print(self.items)
8
9 a = Cart()
10 a.add_item("book", 3)

Expand

Output

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{'book': 3}

Example 2

Code
PYTHON

1 class Cart:
2 def __init__(self):
3 self.items = {}
4 def add_item(self, item_name,quantity):
5 self.items[item_name] = quantity
6 self.display_items()
7 def display_items(self):
8 print(self.items)
9
10 a = Cart()

Expand

Output

{'book': 3}

Class Methods

Methods which need access to class attributes but not instance attributes
are marked as Class Methods.
For class methods, we send

cls as a parameter indicating we are passing the class.

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Code
PYTHON

1 class Cart:
2 flat_discount = 0
3 min_bill = 100
4 @classmethod
5 def update_flat_discount(cls,
6 new_flat_discount):
7 cls.flat_discount = new_flat_discount
8
9 Cart.update_flat_discount(25)
10 print(Cart.flat_discount)

Output

25

@classmethod decorator marks the method below it as a class method.

We will learn more about decorators in upcoming sessions.

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Accessing Class Method

Code
PYTHON

1 class Cart:
2 flat_discount = 0
3 min_bill = 100
4 @classmethod
5 def update_flat_discount(cls, new_flat_discount):
6 cls.flat_discount = new_flat_discount
7
8 @classmethod
9 def increase_flat_discount(cls, amount):
10 new_flat_discount = cls.flat_discount + amoun
11 cls.update flat discount(new flat discount)
Expand

Output

50

Static Method

We might need some generic methods that don’t need access to either
instance or class attributes. These type of methods are called Static
Methods.

Usually, static methods are used to create utility functions which make more
sense to be part of the class.

@staticmethod decorator marks the method below it as a static method.

We will learn more about decorators in upcoming sessions.

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Code
PYTHON

1 class Cart:
2
3 @staticmethod
4 def greet():
5 print("Have a Great Shopping")
6
7 Cart.greet()

Output

Have a Great Shopping

Overview of Instance, Class & Static Methods

Instance Methods Class Methods Static Methods

No cls or self as
self as parameter cls as parameter
parameters

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Instance Methods Class Methods Static Methods

Need decorator Need decorator

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