CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The Struggle of the American women of having their rights for the freedom of political participation in such country has been realized. Since the countrys political condition is in a rapid growth, American women have found their consciousness dealing with the struggle of the women emancipation that is not simply bonded in the matters of the citizen law but, furthermore, of the struggle for the true women emancipation such as, the mens subordination treatment of women in a family, the struggle against the unfairness to the womens rights and obligation in a family and against the discriminative treatment in the work environments. That is the perspective of what the American fight for in 1900s when the wave of industrialization was getting higher and finally involving the women for joining in the industrialization era. In the other side, the women participation in such industrialization had been systematically and structurally manipulated by the society, or we may say the men. The injustice experienced by, especially, the American women in the early American industrialization up to the beginning of the World War II was caused by the misperception and the point of view of the citizens toward the existence of sex and genre concepts. Concerning to this case, Fakih gives an

understanding about woman focusing on sex and genre distinction (1996: 3). Conceptionally, genre is an interchangeable characteristic among men and women and tends to be more cultural. However, the sex concept is simply a matter of physical distinction of men and women. As one of literary works, a novel has a particular attractiveness to observe and Danielle Steeles Wings is the chosen one for it has a hidden interesting strength that steals the writers deep concern to have it observed to be a thesis. The novel is, of course, interesting to comprehend and examine for it contains of morality messages for people which says that woman have an equal potential strength and will as the men do. According to the aforementioned details, it is clearly stated that the writer is interested in analyzing the novel in a thesis entitled, The Main Characters Rebellious Attitude Against American Women Discrimination and

Exploitation in Danielle Steels Novel WINGS

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Prof. Drs. M. Atar Semi stated that identifying and stating the problems are the very first steps should be done in the final projects. Thus, the problems have to be defined thoroughly in order to make the focus or the space of the problems can be much more noticeably (1993: 11). In this final project, the focus on the study is as follows: (1) How does the main character, Cassie, deal with the woman discrimination and exploitation?

(2) What messages does the writer figure it out to the readers? (3) What does the writer psychologically experience in concerning the story? (4) What do the readers psychologically experience in reading and examining the story?

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Since examining the main characters personality traits and understanding the meaning of woman discrimination and exploitation are interesting; the writer will purpose the research to the needs of the analysis of American discrimination and exploitation. Besides, the writer will also discuss how the American women are discriminated and exploited by using psychological and sociological approach. The objectives can be stated as follows: 1. To give more understanding and reference to people who love Danielle Steels novel, Wings, about its power of the story that

could hypnotized the readers for not stopping reading the novel until the final chapter. 2. To give more knowledge and information to people about the women discrimination and exploitation represented by the main character of the novel, Cassie. 3. To analyze how the novel has such good morality messages for the people to concern.

1.4 LIMITATION OF THE PROBLEM Since literary work is built through the combination between intrinsic and extrinsic aspects, the writer understands that, ignoring one of those aspects is a non-sense regarding to the examining of a literary work. However, the writer, in writing this final project, has more proportion in the extrinsic aspect rather than the intrinsic one for emphasizing on the social problems faced by the main character, Cassie. The writer tends to use sociological approachment to examine the problem on the story. The central problem mainly concerned on the struggle of the main character, Cassie, for fighting the discrimination of individual generic rights done by her family and fighting the exploitation applied by her husband. The writer also concerns on the behaviors of the society which is reflected on their socio-culture that judges women abilities based on the women conservative stereotype. And what should be emphasized in this point is the writer focuses on the existence of 1900s to 1940s women problems. This point is purposed to limit the discussion for not being too much widen to the unnecessary deliberations.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY First, the writer is Danielle Steeles big fans and wants to know more about the main issue behind the story. Second, Danielle Steele is a

phenomenal author who her works have always been waited by million of his pop novels fans; she is really talented to create a heart-stealing novels that surprised a lot of novel freaks in the world with her amazing ideas. Third, begins from Steeles hits make the writer curious about the messages brought in her novels, furthermore, with her opinion and knowledge about the womens rights. Because the writer thinks Steeles novels contain a lot of good messages that she always wants to tell people about distinctions and similarities amongst men and women that still become a hot issues up to now. Fourth, the writer has responsibility to finish her study in Semarang State University, and this final project is one of her partial fulfillments of the requirement for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Department of Semarang State University.

1.6 OUTLINE OF THE FINAL PROJECT This final project is systematically organized in chapters. Each chapter will discuss different matter as follows: Chapter one endows with foreword which consists of these matters: background of the study, statement of the problems, objectives of the study, limitation of the problem, significance of the study, and outline of the final project. Chapter two is about review of related literature; the authors biography and the synopsis.

Chapter three is about the method of investigation in details. It deals with the object of the study, procedure of collecting the data, procedure of analyzing the data and technique of reporting the data. This chapter gives some notification about the general description of the life of American women in the period of the First World War to the beginning of the Second World War, the understanding of sex and genre concepts based on several feminism theories. Chapter four is the analysis. It is, of course, the most fundamental part of the study, because it gives primary information, how the main character, Cassie, really gets involved in such discrimination and exploitation of woman. Chapter five is the last chapter; it consists of culmination and submission of this final project.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

2.1 THEORETICAL APPROACH Since we were children, we have undergo various experiences, whether terrible or good ones. Not everyone writes his or her daily experiences in their note book. There are people who prefers write their worthy experiences, whether sad or happy in a diary. Through the diary, people can flash back their memory and experiences as lessons, even to be their motivation to face problems. Two major categories of literature are fiction and non-fiction. Fiction means literary works based on the imagination, such as novels, short stories, poetry, and drama. Non-fiction means literary works based on facts that can be verified, such as personal essays, travel writing, history, biography, autobiography, speech, and letters. According to Websters New World Dictionaries (2003:130), biography is the histories of individual lives, considered as a branch of literature. As non-fiction literary works, biography is a real life of a person. There are facts and experiences from person, whether it is bad or good examples, whether losing or winning something. Websters Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language (2003:139), states that biography is a form of literature dealing with the facts and events of individual experiences.

Some famous people write their life stories in a form of biography, which contains the success of their career. Through their biography, people can know their public figures personalities, their experiences, and their secret stories of their success. It is can be said that biography is a written history of a persons life.

2.2 BIOGRAPHY OF DANIELLE STEEL Danielle Steel's romance novels have sold millions of copies in dozens of languages and have kept her on the bestseller lists since the 1980s. Steel started her professional career in public relations and advertising, then turned to writing novels in the early 1970s. Like Barbara Cartland and Stephen King, Steel has offset the snubs of the literati with enormous popular success, and many of her novels, including Crossings (1982), Changes (1983) and Jewels (1992) have been made into TV movies (especially during the early 1990s). She has also written a series of children's books (called the Max and Martha series) and a few non-fiction books, including 1998's His Bright Light, a tribute to her son, Nick Traina, who committed suicide at the age of 19 after battling substance abuse and mental illness. Steel was born on August 14, 1947, in New York City, the only child of John Schuelein-Steel, a member of Munich's wealthy Lowenbrau beer family, and Norma Schuelein-Steel, an international beauty from Portugal. Steel's parents divorced when she was seven or eight years old. Afterwards, she was raised by relatives and servants in Paris and New York. She graduated

from the Lycee Francais when she was not quite fifteen and in 1963 entered New York's Parsons School of Design. However, she soon abandoned her dream of becoming "the new Channel" when the pressure to succeed caused her to develop a stomach ulcer. She then enrolled at New York University, where she studied until 1967. When she was eighteen, Steel married her first husband, a French banker with homes in New York, San Francisco, and Paris. Within a few years, she became bored with her jet-setting lifestyle and, against her husband's wishes, decided to find a job. In 1968, she was hired as vice president of public relations and new business for Super girls, a Manhattan public relations and advertising agency. A few years later the five-woman firm began to falter and Steel was looking to the future. One of her clients, then the editor of Ladies' Home Journal, suggested her to try writing, so Steel isolated herself at her home in San Francisco and wrote her first book, Going Home. Published by Dell paperbacks in 1973, the novel had moderate sales. Around the same time, Steel's marriage broke up, and she turned to writing in earnest. However, she composed five more novels that were rejected before Passion's Promise was published by Dell in 1977. During these years she also wrote advertising copy as well as poems about love and motherhood that appeared in women's magazines. Some of these poems were included in the abridged edition of her only volume of poetry, Love Poems: Danielle Steel (1981), which came out in 1984. After Passion's Promise, Dell published three more of Steel's romances: The Promise (1978), a novelization of a screenplay by Garry Michael White, Now

and Forever (1978), which was adapted for a film released by Inter Planetary Pictures in 1983, and Season of Passion (1979). Sales of The Promise, Steel's first big success, reached two million copies in 1979, and in the same year she signed a six-figure contract with Dell. Steel set a grueling pace for herself, composing two to three novels a year, and in the early 1980s several more best-selling paperbacks appeared. In addition, Dell's affiliate, Delacorte, began publishing Steel's books in hardcover. Thurston House (1983) was the last of her novels to originate as a paperback. Steel tailors her work habits to meet family considerations. In 1981 she married John Traina, a shipping executive who, like herself, had two children. The couple has since produced five children together. Steel works in concentrated marathon sessions, which affords her blocks of time she can devote to her large family. Unlike many of her heroines, Steel shies away from the limelight, refusing to do promotional tours, and lives a relatively quiet life that is frequently far from glamorous. When writing, she has been known to work eighteen-hour days, typing away on a 1948 metal-body Olympia in a flannel nightgown. Though she is an extremely wealthy woman - she recently signed a sixty-million-dollar contract with Delacorte - Steel shows no signs of relaxing her frantic pace. In 1994 she published three more novels, Accident, The Gift, and Wings, and since 1989, she has produced two series of books for children, the "Max and Martha" series and the "Freddie" series. Steel's romances feature both contemporary and historical settings, and their exotic and exciting locales offer readers fast-paced escape from the routine of daily

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life. They typically focus on a glamorous, well-to-do heroine who proves that women can "have it all": love, family, and career. However, Steel's characters are beset by obstacles on their road to fulfillment; often they are confronted with the task of rebuilding their life after an emotionally crippling tragedy. Sometimes Steel's heroines have one or more unlucky romances before they find lasting love, but all their relationships with men lead them to increased self-awareness, which, in many cases, helps them to establish successful careers A sampling of Steel's plots illustrates these themes. The heroine of Passion's Promise is a beautiful young journalist, Kezia St. Martin, who temporarily puts her career on hold to be with her lover, who is a social activist. The romance ends in tragedy but it provides St. Martin with the grounding she needs to come to terms with her family's affluence and to realize her goal of becoming a renowned writer. Family Album (1985) is about a famous actress who forsakes stardom to marry a wealthy playboy, watches anxiously as her husband squanders their fortune, and then achieves success as an Oscar-winning director. Zoya (1988) traces the eventful and dramatic life of the beautiful and resourceful Russian countess Zoya Ossupov. When the violent October Revolution explodes, she loses her position, wealth, and much of her family, and she flees to Paris, where she falls in love with a wealthy American army officer, whom she marries. Zoya and her husband live an exciting life in New York City during the Roaring Twenties but her happiness is destroyed once again when the stock market crashes, bankrupts her husband, and causes him to suffer a fatal heart attack. Another marriage

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brings more heartache. Zoya's second husband, a Seventh Avenue mogul who helps her launch a chain of department stores, enlists in the armed forces after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and is killed in action. Brokenhearted, but not broken, Zoya summons her courage and makes a new life for herself. Message from Nam (1990) takes the lovely, intelligent Paxton Andrews from her native Savannah, Georgia, to her college years at the University of California, Berkeley, where she studies journalism, and then to her life as a war correspondent in Vietnam. Paxton loses her first two loves to the war. When a third boyfriend is reported missing in action, Paxton abandons hope that he is still alive, but they finally find each other, and they take one of the last helicopters home from Saigon. In Kaleidoscope (1987) and No Greater Love (1991) Steel turns her attention to the love shared by siblings. Kaleidoscope is the story of three young sisters who are separated after their father kills their mother in a jealous rage and then commits suicide; the girls grow up living completely different lives yet after many trials and tribulations they are eventually reunited. One of the sisters survives the horrors of rape and incest to become a powerful television network executive. No Greater Love concerns a twenty-one-year-old woman, Edwina Winfield, who takes it upon herself to care for her younger brothers and sisters after their parents die on the Titanic, a tragedy that also claims the life of Edwina's fiance. Edwina's burdens are eased by her family's wealth, but she nonetheless makes great sacrifices and endures much loneliness in an effort to keep her brothers and sisters together. In a few of her novels, Steel shifts her

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focus to male characters. Fine Things (1987), for example, is about a department store executive, Bernard Fine, whose beloved wife dies from cancer a few years after their marriage, and Daddy (1989) describes the emotional recovery of Oliver Watson after his wife of eighteen years abandons him and their three children. Secrets (1985), another uncharacteristic novel, has six major characters, all of whom work on the set of a television soap opera. While, Steel can lay claim to one of the largest reader-ships in popular fiction, she is anything but a favorite among critics. Even when reviewers acknowledge that Steel is a commercial writer who does not pretend to write serious literature, they seem compelled to point out what they see as major weaknesses in her novels: bad writing, shallow characterization, preposterous plot twists, unconvincing dialogue, and rigid adherence to the "poor little rich girl" formula. Her novels are also faulted as being unrealistic because they focus on the lives of the wealthy and privileged. Critics reserve their harshest comments on Steel's prose style, which is generally considered to be sloppy and careless. A number of critics have expressed amazement that Steel's books do not undergo more extensive editing, and some have appeared to take delight in pointing out her run-on sentences, non sequiturs, and frequent repetition of certain words and phrases. In a review of Daddy, for example, Edna Stumpf remarked, "Ms. Steel plays with the themes of love and work like a child with a Barbie doll. She strips a life down, only to dress it up in billows of her famous free-associative prose, as scattered with commas as a

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Bob Mackie gown is with bugle beads." While some critics might prefer to dismiss Steel without comment, her enormous popularity makes her impossible to ignore. Beginning with her third hardcover, Crossings (1982), all of Steel's novels have received coverage in the New York Times Book Review. Steel responded to her critics in the Spring, 1987, issue of Book talk: "Each book is different. I do historical plots, books about men, about women, about totally different things. I don't think the press likes big commercial authors. I have seen devastating reviews on my books, Jackie Collins', Judith Krantz', and Sidney Sheldon's books. We all get beaten up by the press. They usually pick a remote, esoteric writer to do the review, which is so unfair. There is obviously something to our books or millions of people wouldn't be buying them." Despite their low appraisals of Steel's talents as a writer, critics concede that her tear-jerking tragedies and happy endings meet some need in her millions of readers, be it a desire for satisfying diversion or for emotional catharsis. Steel's fans have also been able to enjoy her stories in the form of television movies. In 1986 Crossings was presented as an ABC miniseries starring Cheryl Ladd, Jane Seymour, and Christopher Plummer; NBC made television movies from Kaleidoscope and Fine Things in 1990, and aired Palomino (1981), Changes (1983), and Daddy in 1991; a miniseries called Danielle Steel's "Zoya," with Melissa Gilbert and Bruce Boxleitner. Several of Steel's other novels, including Thurston House and Wanderlust (1986), have also been optioned for television films and miniseries.

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2.3 THE SYNOPSIS Wings begin when Cassie O Malley has just been born, at her fathers airport. Her father is a retired flying ace, and one of his fellow "aces" comes to his airport seeking work. Nick "Stick" Galvin is immediately hired as the only assistant at O Malleys Airport. Flash forward: Cassie is now seventeen, and is just as obsessed with airplanes and flying as her father and her fathers friend Nick. Her father, however, being prejudiced about female pilots, ignores her natural skill and turns to her younger brother, Chris, who would much rather is an architect. So, Cassie pays Chris to take her up in an airplane so she can fly it for a little bit. Nick soon realizes that its Cassie, not Chris, who is flying, and he agrees to give her private flying lessons so she wont "give him a heart attack". He tells her shes a natural, and they eventually convince her father of it too. Cassie begins to fly in the local air shows. At one such air show, after Cassie pulls a stunt that scares half the town, she meets Desmond Williams, one of the richest men in the world and owner of one of the largest air companies anywhere. He offers her a deal for test-flying his planes out in Los Angeles, which she accepts against Nicks wishes. However, after the first contract is up and the second has been signed, trouble starts. Desmond, now her husband, starts ignoring her and pushing her to fly around the world. They eventually negotiate for a Pacific run, but Desmond has become so cruel that Cassie finds herself wondering why she ever married him. At the close Cassie joins an Air Force women's plane-

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ferrying unit (nicely researched by Janet Dailey in Silver Wings, Santiago Blue, 1984) and the lovers collide in each other's arms. At the close Cassie joins an Air Force women's plane- ferrying unit.

2.4 THE NOVEL Novel gives readers pleasure and information. It also makes them interested in using their mind to analyze it. But the most important thing of novel is that, it represents the plot as if it represents person and events in real life. Although novel is imaginative, the authors cannot avoid or they have to use the human experience in their novels to make the content of novels closer to the reader. A good writer gives his characters the appearance and personality of real people. He places theme in a scene where they might very likely live and involves them in a train of events that could easily happen to such people. But he may provide contrasts that may not exist in real life. He may contrast a weak character from an energetic one to emphasize the weakness or strength of each. Gordon Hall Gerould also said about it in his book How to Read Fiction that the novel is not properly a dissection of human beings but an attempt to picture them as they are and to interpret them. All of the miracles maybe in it. (1969:18). Everyone can picture his life through novel and perhaps take good values or advantages by reading novel to be applied in the real life. As we know, there are so many types of novel. But one general distinction is realistic and romantic novels. The realistic novel generally deals with life as it is and depicts characters and events that could be

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real. While romantic novel gives greater freedom to the imagination, it deals with the more unusual aspects of life. It is usually more concerned in telling an exciting story than analyzing character. But for the former discussion, the study only discusses one of the types of romantic novels. One of the contemporary novels that depict the life of modern people with their conflict on career and love relation is Wings by Danielle Steele. The novel combines heroism and romance. It is well-liked for its heroic characters. The novel, Wings, takes a story about a young woman whose real love is for airplanes and flying. Steel fans will not need to be told that is, of course, flying is much going to be the cause of the novel's sadness, but the author does a good job in capturing the intense pleasure of flying brings for (mostly) men and (some) women; the technical stuff--dry stick for landings, how to recover from an engine stall, and so on--is quite convincing to a nonflier. But there are three generators to this narrative: the danger of flying, the danger and seduction of glamorous life, and the struggle of a woman to find and assert herself in a man's world. These last two themes are, routinely, part of the Steel formula, but the last is noticeably prominent here. Since the novel is set in the years leading up to the bombing of Pearl Harbor, heroine Cassie has to struggle against a lot of unthinking male prejudice, initially from her father, and then from her cold and manipulative husband. But, of course, Cassie prevails, finds the authentically kind and generous man, and even survives a crash that leaves her alone and delirious on a desert island in the pacific. Less emotional and more adventurous than recent Steel novels, this is yet a page-

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turner from beginning to end.

2.5 THE DISCRIMINATION Originally the act of noting differences, discrimination now denotes differentiation between people on grounds such as gender, color, sexuality, disability, or class. Discrimination in a political system can be explicit or covert. South Africa under apartheid would be a case of institutionalized exclusion of black people from public political life recognized by the state. Similar explicit exclusions are practiced against women in many Middle Eastern countries. However, discrimination on grounds of ethnicity and gender can also be seen to operate at a more informal level. Levels of education, employment, political representation, percentages of those convicted of crimes, living in poverty, and so on, have been employed as measures by organizations monitoring discrimination in various societies to indicate how informal exclusions operate. Sex discrimination refers to differential treatment based on sex. Gender, the meaning attached to being male or female, carries different connotations of value in different cultures. Traditionally in American culture a higher value has been given to whatever is defined as male. Anglo colonists brought with them the ancient English custom of covertures, by which a married woman's civil identity was "covered by" or absorbed into her husband's for virtually all purposes except crime. Therefore, all of the personal property she brought to the marriage became her husband's as well as any

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earnings or income thereafter. Unable to sign a legal contract, she had to be a widow in order to make a will. With voting rights initially tied to property ownership, blocking women's access to economic resources also meant denying their political rights. The advent of industrial capitalism in the nineteenth century brought new economic opportunities for men but closed options for women. As the gendered work that men and women performed within the household economy was transferred to mill and factory, jobs were gendered. Little value and low pay was attached to tasks usually performed by women. For minority women, sex discrimination in employment compounded racial and ethnic

discrimination, relegating them to jobs at the very bottom of the economic scale. Occupational segregation and lower wages, as well as unrecognized, uncompensated labor for those doing housework, left most women economically dependent on men. As a result, the feminization of poverty long predated the twentieth century. Those women who remained in the home performed work central to the history of U.S. labor. But because the home came to be seen as a place of refuge from work, women's labor there went unacknowledged and, was never assigned monetary value. In 2002, the U.S. Gross Domestic Product, the measure of the nation's total output, still did not include an estimate for the value of household work. People, whose sexual orientation places them in minority categories, such as lesbians, homosexuals, and bisexuals, have sought legal protection from this type of discrimination. The political and legal fight against this discrimination has been the

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general aim of the gay rights movement, which established its presence in American society and politics with the 1969 Stonewall Riots in New York City. The issue of discrimination based on sexual orientation is a controversial one. In 2001, for example, the Maryland legislature passed a law banning such discrimination in the public and private sector. Subsequently, citizens in the state drew up a petition to subject the ban to a statewide referendum to be held the following year. By placing the ban on a referendum, the law's detractors were able to suspend its enforcement for a year until the vote on the referendum could take place. Nevertheless, despite the controversy, the movement to ban sexual discrimination continues to grow. The Human Rights Campaign Foundation reported that in 2002, 161 employers, including state and local governments, unions, colleges and universities, and private corporations, enacted for the first time policies that ban this type of discrimination. In constitutional law, the grant by statute of particular privileges to a class arbitrarily designated from a sizable number of persons, where no reasonable distinction exists between the favored and disfavored classes. Federal laws, supplemented by court decisions, prohibit

discrimination in such areas as employment, housing, voting rights, education, and access to public facilities. They also proscribe discrimination on the basis of race, age, sex, nationality, disability, or religion. In addition, state and local laws can prohibit discrimination in these areas and in others not covered by federal laws. Gender discrimination is discrimination against a person or group on

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the grounds of sex or gender identity. Socially, sexual differences have been used to justify societies in which one sex or the other has been restricted to significantly inferior and secondary roles. While there are non-physical differences between men and women, there is little agreement as to what those differences are. Unfair discrimination usually follows the gender stereotyping held by a society.

2.6 THE EXPLOITATION In Marxism, the kinds of exploitation described by other theories (see further below) are usually called "super-exploitation, exploitation that goes beyond the normal standards of exploitation prevalent in capitalist society. While other theories emphasize the exploitation of one individual by an organization (or vice versa), the Marxist theory is primarily concerned with the exploitation of an entire segment or class of society by another. This kind of exploitation is seen as being an inherent feature and key element of capitalism and free markets. In fact, in Das Kapital, Karl Marx typically assumed the existence of purely competitive markets. In general, it is argued that the greater the "freedom" of the market, the greater the power of capital, and the greater the scale of exploitation. The perceived problem is with the structural context in which free markets operate (detailed below). The proposed solution is the abolition of capitalism and its replacement by a better, non-exploitative, system of production and distribution (first socialism, and then, after a certain period of time, communism).

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1. In the Marxist view, "normal" exploitation is based in three structural characteristics of capitalist society: the ownership of the means of production by a small minority in society, the capitalists; 2. The inability of non-property-owners (the workers, proletarians) to survive without selling their labor-power to the capitalists (in other words, without being employed as wage laborers); 3. The state, which uses its strength to protect the unequal distribution of power and property in society. Because of these human-made institutions, workers have little or no choice but to pay the capitalists surplus-value (profits, interest, and rent) in exchange for their survival. They enter the realm of production, where they produce commodities, which allow their employers to realize that surplusvalue as profit. They are always threatened by the "reserve army of the unemployed". In brief, the profit gained by the capitalist is the difference between the value of the product made by the worker and the actual wage that the worker receives; in other words, capitalism functions on the basis of paying workers less than the full value product of their labor. For more on this view, see the discussion of the labor theory of value. Some Marxian theories of imperialism extend this kind of structural theory of exploitation further, positing exploitation of poor countries by rich capitalist ones (or by transnational corporations). Some Marxist-feminists use a Marxian-style theory to understand relations of exploitation under patriarchy, while others see a kind of exploitation analogous to the Marxian sort as existing under

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institutional racism.

CHAPTER III METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

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3.1 OBJECT OF THE STUDY The object of the study is Danielle Steeles one of the most famous master peaces. Wings is set in a time of constant change, when the world was on the brink of war and the skies were filled with adventurers, a time when courage and daring forever changed modern-day aviation. This is a famous novel and, through the main character, Cassie O Malley, it gives good examples of a womans struggle which deals with discrimination and exploitation of American woman during the world war. This novel tells about the romances of a good-hearted, gorgeous girl from Illinois farm country who leaves Dad's tiny airport to become a glamorous aviatrix between World Wars I and II. There's a necessary reference to the workings of planes but nothing to tax the reader bent on romance in this tale of Cassie O'Malley (one of Steel's stunning redheads), who has to fight the prejudice of father Pat, who believes women belong on the ground. Cassie grows up grease-monkeying around O'Malley's Airport and sneaking in flights with brother Chris (who doesn't care for planes). Then she secretly begins lessons with her father's WW I pal, Nick Galvin (when Cassie was a baby he arrived as ``a fresh- faced kid...with a thatch of dark hair hanging into his blue eyes''). Cassie at 17 turns down the local grocer and falls in love with Nick, who returns her affection but thinks he's too old for her. Enter aircraft tycoon Desmond Williams, with ``wavy blond hair and movie star good looks''--always a bad sign. Desmond offers Cassie a great job testing

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his planes, but it also involves publicity: press conferences, Hollywood escorts, smashing clothes, etc. Then, despite the obvious dangers in the warbound 1940s, Desmond plans a world tour for Cassie. Nick (about to join the RAF) says no; a quarrel ensues, and Cassie marries Desmond thinking she loves him (``her silvery flesh shimmered next to his in the moonlight''). Cassie makes the tour with a (doomed) good friend as co-pilot; a crash on a desert island is followed by Pearl Harbor heroics. At the close Cassie joins an Air Force women's plane- ferrying unit (nicely researched by Janet Dailey in Silver Wings, Santiago Blue, 1984) and the lovers collide in each other's arms. For Steel fans, the novel is soothingly predictable; for others, deadly as a wait in baggage claims. (First printing of 1,000,000; Literary Guild dual main selection).

3.2 TYPES OF DATA The data will be in forms of sentences and utterances that show the spirit of individualism of Cassie O Malley. The data taken not only from the main character, Cassie, utterances; the data will be in the form of words, phrase, and sentences.

3.3 ROLE OF THE RESEARCHER The writer held the role as a data collector and data analyzer. The writer collected the data from the novel, Wings, which concerning in the main

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characters social behavior, career, conflict, and self-reliance, then inventoried the data and classified the data. The writer tried to explain the spirit of individualism of Cassie OMalley through the main characters characteristics and explain the reflection in the terms of womens discrimination and exploitation.

34 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION In finding and combining the data, the writer did some observations with the following methods: 1. Reading the novel carefully The writer read the novel several times in order to understand the content. First, the writer read the whole novel in order to know about the story inside the novel, and then read it in part repeatedly to understand and find the relevant data. 2. Identifying the Data After reading the novel several times, the writer made some notes on the pages that might contain the required data (utterances, sentences, and paragraph containing the spirit of individualism found in the main characters role and accomplishment). The writer used bracket to identify the relevant data from the sentences or paragraphs in the novel. 3. Inventorying After the writer got the data from the novel, the writer inventoried the data. For the ease of inventorying the data, the writer uses the table.

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The table consists of number of data; page and paragraph from the novel; and the data of characteristics of individualism and self-reliance that have been identified before. Below is the example of the table. No. of data Page Sentences

4. Classifying The writer classified the inventoried data into the characteristics of womens discrimination and exploitation; the writer gives comment on the classified data. The comment is used to analyze the data; the writers opinion correlated with the theory of discrimination and exploitation. The classified data are used to answer the questions number 2 and number 3. The question number 1 is answered by the inventoried data from appendix 1. The classified data will be in the form of table, as we can see below: No 1. Data No. Page Page 95

Sentences
You have to stop behaving this way Cassie, I should never had let you loll around the air port all these years. But you love it so, and I thought it would be nice for your father. But you have to give up these foolish dreams, Cassie. Youre a college girl now. One day youll be a teacher. You can go flying around like some silly gypsy. I guess Nick was right after all. He said almost humbly. Youre quite a flyer, Cas.

Types of data Self Reliance

Comment It was a strong statement of how Cassie had a weigh down in achieving her ambition.

2.

Page 122

Self Reliance

He knew what he thinks and willing to tell to everyone

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Thank you Dad He gives her a hug, and it was the greatest moment of her life as he held her. They watched Billy Nolan fly again after that, and he won first prize in his last race too. Cassie had won a second and three first, with was better then shed dreamed. And the newspaper kept taking her picture

means that George W. believe himself. He believed that what he thinks about is important to tell.

The writer classified the data from 54 inventoried data into 6 data as the signs of believe in our own initiative or thought, 19 data as signs of self-confidence, 8 data as signs of self-responsible, 9 data as signs of woman exploitation, 4 data as signs of woman's struggle, and 8 data as signs of discrimination to plan for our future to answer question number 2. To answer question number 3, the writer classified the data from 54 inventoried data into 25 data that are related to Cassies desired ambition, and 29 data that are related to Cassie's burdens of reaching her ambition. All the classified data are compiled in the appendix 2 and appendix 3.

5. Simplifying
After classifying the data, the writer analyzed them. The writer chose some data as symbols of the characteristics of individualism, the reflection of spirit of the main character's struggle in political career, and its obstacles, because there are many data that represent the same symbol.

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35 METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS This is a qualitative study in the form of sentences, clauses, and phrases. The data are about the analysis of characteristics of discrimination and exploitation as found in Cassie O' Malley's way of life. The writer only concern about the characteristics of discrimination and exploitation and the reflection of spirit of the main character's woman's struggle in the desired career. There are some methods that the writer used in analyzing data. First, in order to answer the first question, the writer exposed the data from the novel, then explained the data, and interpreted them with the theory of woman discrimination and exploitation. Second, to answer the second question, the writer exposed the data from the novel, then explained the data, interpreted the data with the term of characteristics of woman discrimination and exploitation. To answer the third question, the writer exposed the data from the novel, then explained the data, interpreted the data to Cassie O' Malley's desired career and its burden, obstacle and challenge, and the last step is elaborated the data to give a deeper understanding to the readers.

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